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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-華東師范大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題
Forpeoplewithdisabilitiesrecentimprovementshavemadethetheatrefully(
)bywheel-chair.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.accessible
B.available
C.pertinent
D.transparent
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)accessible“易接近的;可進(jìn)入的”;B選項(xiàng)available“可獲得的;有空的”;C選項(xiàng)pertinent“恰當(dāng)?shù)?;切題的”;D選項(xiàng)transparent“透明的;顯然的”。句意:對(duì)于殘疾人來說,最近的改進(jìn)使劇院完全可以由輪椅······。此處涉及“劇院”和“輪椅”,顯然A選項(xiàng)符合邏輯。
2.單選題
Womenhavesignificantadvantagesovermeninspacebecausetheyneedlessfoodandlessoxygenandthey_______radiationbetter.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.standupto
B.standinfor
C.standupfor
D.standinwith
【答案】A
【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)standupto“經(jīng)得起;抵抗;勇敢地面對(duì)”;B選項(xiàng)standinfor“代替”;C選項(xiàng)standupfor“擁護(hù);堅(jiān)持”;D選項(xiàng)standinwith“與……聯(lián)合;同……分擔(dān)”。句意:女性在太空中比男性有顯著優(yōu)勢(shì),因?yàn)樗齻冃枰俚氖澄锖透俚难鯕?,而且她們更能_______輻射。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境,standupto“經(jīng)得起;抵抗”搭配radiation“輻射”比較合理,意指女性更能承受輻射。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
3.單選題
Theteam’seffortstoscorewere(
)bytheopposinggoalkeeper.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.frustrated
B.prevented
C.discouraged
D.accomplished
【答案】A
【解析】固定搭配。句意:該隊(duì)隊(duì)員試圖得分的努力被對(duì)方守門員(
)了。
frustrated和effort搭配表示“挫敗...的努力”;prevent一般與from搭配表示“被...阻止”;discourage阻攔,阻止;accomplish完成,實(shí)現(xiàn)。
4.單選題
Asa()actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.flexible
B.versatile
C.sophisticated
D.productive
【答案】B
【解析】句意:作為一個(gè)多才多藝的演員,他能表演、唱歌、跳舞和演奏多種樂器。
考查形容詞辨析。flexible靈活的,柔韌的;versatile多才多藝的,萬能的,通用的;sophisticated復(fù)雜的,久經(jīng)世故的,富有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的;productive多產(chǎn)的,富有成效的。根據(jù)后面句意“他能表演、唱歌、跳舞和演奏多種樂器”可知B項(xiàng)正確。
5.單選題
Thequestionis______tolandmenthere.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.ifsafeitwill
B.ifwillbesafe
C.whetheritwillbesafe
D.whethersafeitwillbe
【答案】C
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.ifsafeitwill如果安全B.ifwillbesafe如果安全
C.whetheritwillbesafe是否安全D.whethersafeitwillbe是否安全
【答案】C
【考查點(diǎn)】表語(yǔ)從句。
【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處應(yīng)該是填入一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句,而if不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,但是whether可以,而且從句中應(yīng)該用陳述語(yǔ)序。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A、B項(xiàng)不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句;
D項(xiàng)從句不是陳述語(yǔ)序。
【句意】問題是讓人在那里著陸是否安全。
6.單選題
Weworktomakemoney,butitis(
)athatpeoplewhoworkhardandlongoftendonotmakethemostmoney.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.dilemma
B.conflict
C.prejudice
D.paradox
【答案】D
【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。dilemma“困境;進(jìn)退兩難”;conflict“沖突,矛盾”;prejudice“偏見;侵害”;paradox“悖論;似非而是的論點(diǎn);自相矛盾的人或事”。句意:我們工作時(shí)為了掙錢,但是矛盾的是,工作努力并且時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的人通常并不是掙錢最多的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
7.單選題
Anumberofdevelopmentscombinedtodestroythemonetarysystem,leadingtoacrisisinwhichthecollapseofonecountry'seconomyandcurrency-inamodernversionofthecommercialdominotheory-leadstofiscal()thatspreadsuncomfortablyaroundtheworld,wreakinghavoconglobalcapitalism.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.contamination
B.contagion
C.inflammation
D.inflation
【答案】B
【解析】名詞詞義辨析。contamination“污染”;contagion“傳染”;inflammation“發(fā)炎”;inflation“膨脹”。句意:根據(jù)現(xiàn)代版本的多米諾骨牌效應(yīng),一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政的變化將會(huì)影響全球,并對(duì)全球資本主義造成嚴(yán)重破壞。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
8.單選題
Shewaskeento________acause,andhasbecomeanadvocateagainstchildobesity.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.pickup
B.giveup
C.raiseup
D.takeup
【答案】D
【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】
A.pickup撿起,拾起B(yǎng).giveup放棄,讓出
C.raiseup舉起,抬起D.takeup從事,開始工作
【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。
【解題思路】空格處和下文的“acause(事業(yè))”構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓邏輯,bekeentodosth.是固定搭配,意為“熱衷于做某事”,表示她熱衷于怎么樣這項(xiàng)事業(yè)。后半句說到“已經(jīng)成為反對(duì)兒童肥胖的倡導(dǎo)者(becomeanadvocate)”,由此可知,這項(xiàng)事業(yè)指的是反對(duì)兒童肥胖,她應(yīng)該是從事著反對(duì)兒童肥胖的工作并熱衷于此。takeup指從事某項(xiàng)工作,因此D選項(xiàng)takeup“從事,開始工作”最符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)pickup“撿起,拾起”指將某物從平面上舉起,不能和“cause(事業(yè))”進(jìn)行搭配;
B選項(xiàng)giveup“放棄,讓出”指停止嘗試做某事或擁有某物,與題干語(yǔ)義相矛盾,應(yīng)該是“從事工作”而不是“放棄工作”;
C選項(xiàng)raiseup“舉起,抬起”指把某物舉起或移動(dòng)到更高的水平,側(cè)重于物理意義上的抬高,不能和“cause(事業(yè))”進(jìn)行搭配。
【句意】她熱衷于從事這項(xiàng)事業(yè),并且已經(jīng)成為反對(duì)兒童肥胖的倡導(dǎo)者。
9.單選題
Theinventor()hisoriginaldesigninordertoincreasethemachine’sefficiencytoahigherlevel.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.executed
B.cultivated
C.modified
D.decorated
【答案】C
【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)executed“執(zhí)行”;B選項(xiàng)cultivated“培養(yǎng)”;C選項(xiàng)modified“修改”;D選項(xiàng)decorated“裝飾”。句意:發(fā)明家為了把機(jī)器的效率提高到一個(gè)更高的水平……原來的設(shè)計(jì)。increasethemachine’sefficiency提高效率與originaldesign原來的設(shè)計(jì)之間的關(guān)系,有不足之處即要做出挑戰(zhàn)與改變,故C選項(xiàng)更符合語(yǔ)義。
10.翻譯題
PutthefollowingintoChinese.
Wheretheparadigmofwarapplies,theexecutivedominatesindecidingwholivesordies.JusticeO'ConnornonethelessclaimedinHamdi(案件名稱)thatthewaronterrordoesnotgivetheexecutiveablankcheck(自由處理權(quán))todoasitpleasesinthenameofsecurity.Ifoneacceptsthispremise,thenthequestionbecomeshowtocontroltheexecutive’swarpowerwithoutundulyhamperingit.UnderaMathews-styleapproach,todeterminewhetherdueprocessdemandsaparticularproceduralcontrolovertargetedkilling(ARA),oneshould:(a)identifytherangeoflegitimateintereststhattheproceduremightprotect;(b)assessthedegreetowhichadoptionoftheprocedureactuallywouldprotecttheseinterests;and(c)weighthesemarginalbenefitsagainstthedamagetheproceduremaycausetootherlegitimateinterests.
Judicialcontroloftargetedkillingcouldincreasetheaccuracyoftargetselection,reducingthedangerofmistakenorillegaldestructionoflives,limbs,andproperty.Independentjudgeswhodouble-checktargetingdecisionscouldcatcherrorsandcauseexecutiveofficialstoavoidmakingtheminthefirstplace.
Morebroadly,judicialcontroloftargetedkillingcouldservetheinterestsofallpeople—
targetsandnon-targets—inblockingtheexecutivefromexercisinganunaccountable,secretpowertokill.Ifpossible,weshouldavoidaworldinwhichtheCIAorotherexecutiveofficialshaveunbelievablepowertodecidewhogetstoliveandwhodiesinthenameofashadowwarthatmightneverend.Everyonehasacognizableinterestinstoppingaslideintotyranny.
【答案】在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)模式適用的情況下,行政機(jī)構(gòu)主導(dǎo)決定誰(shuí)生誰(shuí)死。盡管如此,奧康納法官在哈姆迪案件中聲稱,反恐戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)并沒有給行政機(jī)構(gòu)自由處理權(quán),讓他們以安全的名義隨心所欲地行事。如果人們接受這一前提,那么問題就變成了如何在不過度阻礙行政權(quán)力的前提下控制其戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)權(quán)力。根據(jù)馬修斯風(fēng)格的方法,要確定正當(dāng)程序是否需要對(duì)有目標(biāo)的殺戮(ARA)進(jìn)行特定的程序控制,應(yīng)該:(a)確定程序可能保護(hù)的合法利益范圍;(b)評(píng)估采用這一程序?qū)嶋H能在多大程度上保護(hù)這些利益;(c)權(quán)衡這些邊際利益與程序可能造成的其他合法利益的損害。
對(duì)有針對(duì)性殺戮的司法控制可以提高目標(biāo)選擇的準(zhǔn)確性,減少錯(cuò)誤或非法毀壞生命、肢體和財(cái)產(chǎn)的危險(xiǎn)。反復(fù)檢查目標(biāo)決策的獨(dú)立法官可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,并導(dǎo)致行政官員一開始就避免制造這些錯(cuò)誤。
從更廣泛的意義上講,對(duì)有針對(duì)性殺戮的司法控制可以服務(wù)于所有人的利益,不管是目標(biāo)人群和還是非目標(biāo)人群,它可以阻止行政部門行使不負(fù)責(zé)任的秘密權(quán)力來進(jìn)行殺戮。如果可能的話,我們應(yīng)該避免這樣一個(gè)世界:中央情報(bào)局或其他行政官員擁有令人難以置信的權(quán)力,以可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)結(jié)束的影子戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的名義來決定誰(shuí)生誰(shuí)死。每個(gè)人對(duì)于反對(duì)暴政都有明顯的興趣。
11.單選題
Youseethelightning(
)ithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.theinstant
B.foraninstant
C.ontheinstant
D.inaninstant
【答案】A
【解析】考查狀語(yǔ)從句。分析“Youseethelightning____ithappens”可知空格處缺少一個(gè)連詞,結(jié)合句意可知選A,theinstant表示“一……就……”,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,其他選項(xiàng)不能引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。句意:閃電一發(fā)生,你就看到了,但隨后才聽到雷聲。
12.單選題
Iam()toMr.MorrisonbecauseofthekindnessandconcernthatheshowedmewhenIfirstgothere.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.gratified
B.indebted
C.due
D.desirous
【答案】B
【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。gratified“稱心的,寬慰的”;indebted“感激的,受惠的”;due“到期的,應(yīng)付的”;desirous“渴望的,想要的”。句意:因?yàn)楫?dāng)我第一次到這兒時(shí)莫里森先生的友善和關(guān)心,我對(duì)此是感激的。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
13.單選題
Todaywemakeroomforaremarkablynarrowrangeofpersonalitystyles.We’retoldthattobegreatistobebold,tobehappyistobesociable.Weseeourselvesasanationofextroverts—whichmeansthatwe’velostsightofwhowereallyare.One-thirdtoone-halfofAmericansareintroverts—intheotherwords,oneoutofeverytwoorthreepeopleyouknow.Ifyou’renotanintrovertyourself,youaresurelyraising,managing,marriedto,orcoupledwithone.
Ifthesestatisticssurpriseyou,that'sprobablybecausesomanypeoplepretendtobeextroverts.Closetintrovertspassundetectedonplaygrounds,inhighschoollockerrooms,andinthecorridorsofcorporateAmerica.Somefooleventhemselves,untilsomelifeevent—alayoff,anemptynest,aninheritancethatfreesthemtospendtimeastheylike―jolts(震驚)themintotakingstockoftheirtruenatures.Youhaveonlytoraisethissubjectwithyourfriendsandacquaintancestofindthatthemostunlikelypeopleconsiderthemselvesintroverts.Itmakessensethatsomanyintrovertshideevenfromthemselves.WelivewithavaluesystemthatIcalltheExtrovertIdeal—theomnipresent(無所不在的)beliefthattheidealselfisgregarious(社交的),andcomfortableinthespotlight.Thearchetypalextrovertprefersactiontocontemplation,risk-takingtoheed-taking,certaintytodoubt.Hefavorsquickdecisions,evenattheriskofbeingwrong.Sheworkswellinteamsandsocializesingroups.Weliketothinkthatwevalueindividuality,butalltoooftenweadmireonetypeofindividual―thekindwho’scomfortable“puttinghimselfoutthere.”Sure,weallowtechnologicallygiftedlonerswholaunchcompaniesingaragestohaveanypersonalitytheyplease,buttheyaretheexceptions,nottherule,andourtoleranceextendsmainlytothosewhogetfabulouslywealthyorholdthepromiseofdoingso.
Introversion—alongwithitscousinssensitivity,seriousness,andshyness—isnowasecond-classpersonalitytrait,somewherebetweenadisappointmentandapathology(變態(tài)).IntrovertslivingundertheExtrovertIdealarelikewomeninaman’sworld,discountedbecauseofatraitthatgoestothecoreofwhotheyare.Extroversionisanenormouslyappealingpersonalitystyle,butwe’veturneditintoanoppressivestandardtowhichmostofusfeelwemustconform.
TheExtrovertIdealhasbeendocumentedinmanystudies,thoughthisresearchhasneverbeengroupedunderasinglename.Talkativepeople,forexample,areratedassmarter,better-looking,moreinteresting,andmoredesirableasfriends.Velocityofspeechcountsaswellasvolume:werankfasttalkersasmorecompetentandlikablethanslowones.Eventhewordintrovertisstigmatized—oneinformalstudy,bypsychologistLaurieHelgoe,foundthatintrovertsdescribedtheirownphysicalappearanceinvividlanguage,butwhenaskedtodescribegenericintrovertstheydrewablandanddistastefulpicture.
ButwemakeagravemistaketoembracetheExtrovertIdealsounthinkingly.Someofourgreatestideas,art,andinventions—fromthetheoryofevolutiontovanGogh’ssunflowerstothepersonalcomputer—camefromquietandcerebralpeoplewhoknewhowtotuneintotheirinnerworldsandthetreasurestobefoundthere.
1.Accordingtotheauthor,thereexists,asfaraspersonalitystylesareconcerned,adiscrepancybetween(
).
2.TheidealextrovertisdescribedasbeingallthefollowingEXCEPT
(
).
3.Accordingtotheauthor,oursocietyonlypermits
(
)
tohavewhateverpersonalitytheylike.
4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsBESTreflectstheauthor’sopinion?
5.Theauthorwindsupthepassagewitha
(
)
note.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.whatpeoplesaytheycandoandwhattheyactuallycan
B.whatsocietyvaluesandwhatpeoplepretendtobe
C.whatpeopleprofessandwhatstatisticsshow
D.whatpeopleprofessandwhattheyhidefromothers
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.doubtful
B.sociable
C.determined
D.bold
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.theyoung
B.theordinary
C.theartistic
D.therich
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Introversionisseenasaninferiortraitbecauseofitsassociationwithsensitivity.
B.Extroversionisarbitraryforcedbysocietyasanormuponpeople.
C.Introvertsaregenerallyregardedaseitherunsuccessfulorasdeficient.
D.Extroversionandintroversionhavesimilarpersonalitytraitprofiles.
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.cautious
B.warning
C.positive
D.humorous
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:A
第3題:D
第4題:B
第5題:B
【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Weseeourselvesasanationofextroverts...One-thirdtoone-halfofAmericansareintroverts(我們把自己看作是一個(gè)外向的國(guó)家……三分之一到一半的美國(guó)人是內(nèi)向的)和第二段中的Ifthesestatisticssurpriseyou,that'sprobablybecausesomanypeoplepretendtobeextroverts.(如果這些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)讓你感到驚訝,那可能是因?yàn)樘嗳思傺b外向)可知人們宣稱的結(jié)果與統(tǒng)計(jì)的結(jié)果存在不一致,因此選C。
2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的Thearchetypalextrovertprefersactiontocontemplation,risk-takingtoheed-taking,certaintytodoubt.(典型的外向型傾向于行動(dòng)而不是沉思,傾向于冒險(xiǎn)而不是謹(jǐn)慎,傾向于確定而不是懷疑)可知“懷疑”不是理想的外向者的特質(zhì),因此選A。
3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中的weallowtechnologicallygiftedlonerswholaunchcompaniesingaragestohaveanypersonalitytheyplease,buttheyaretheexceptions,nottherule,andourtoleranceextendsmainlytothosewhogetfabulouslywealthyorholdthepromiseofdoingso.(我們?cè)试S在車庫(kù)里開辦公司的技術(shù)天才孤獨(dú)者擁有他們喜歡的任何性格,但他們是例外,而不是規(guī)則。我們的寬容主要延伸到那些非常富有的人身上,或是那些信守承諾的人身上)可知社會(huì)允許富人擁有他們喜歡的個(gè)性,因此選D。
4.主旨大意題。由文章第三段中的Extroversionisanenormouslyappealingpersonalitystyle,butwe’veturneditintoanoppressivestandardtowhichmostofusfeelwemustconform.(外向是一種非常吸引人的個(gè)性風(fēng)格,但我們已經(jīng)把它變成了一種壓迫性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),我們大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為我們必須遵守)可知B選項(xiàng)“外向是被社會(huì)作為一種規(guī)范強(qiáng)加給人們的武斷行為”符合題意。
5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞windsup(結(jié)束)定位到文章的最后一段中,由ButwemakeagravemistaketoembracetheExtrovertIdealsounthinkingly.(但是我們犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤,不加思考地接受外向的理想主義)可知作者的語(yǔ)氣是警告的,因此選B。
14.單選題
Itisrequiredthatduringtheprocess,greatcarehastobetakentoprotectthe()silkfromdamage.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.sensitive
B.sensible
C.tender
D.delicate
【答案】D
【解析】形容詞辨析。sensitive敏感的,易受影響的;sensible明智的,合乎情理的;tender脆弱的,溫柔的;delicate嬌弱的,纖細(xì)的,易碎的。句意:在加工過程中,應(yīng)注意保護(hù)絲綢不受損壞。故D項(xiàng)符合句意。
15.單選題
The(
)preventsthepeopleinthetwoneighboringnationsfromlivinginpeace.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.brevity
B.amenity
C.enmity
D.fidelity
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。brevity“簡(jiǎn)潔”;amenity“舒適,愉悅”;enmity“敵意,憎恨”;fidelity“忠誠(chéng)”。題干中提到有一種東西會(huì)阻止兩鄰國(guó)友好相處,這種東西很明顯是enmity,選項(xiàng)C符合題意。
16.單選題
HesuddenlysawSue__theroom.Hepushedhisway____thecrowdofpeopletogettoher.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.across,across
B.over,through
C.over,into
D.across,through
【答案】D
【解析】考查介詞的用法。across表示從物體表面穿過,一般指穿過馬路,街道等沒有遮掩的地方;through表示從空間內(nèi)部穿過,一般指穿過森林等有遮掩的地方;over表示從上面越過;into表示進(jìn)入。句意:他突然看見Sue走到了房間那邊,他擠過人群向她走過去。
根據(jù)題意,只有D項(xiàng)符合。
17.單選題
Johnwouldhavepaid()forthejackethadthesalesmaninsistedbecausehereallyloveditscolorandstyle.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.twiceasmuch
B.twotimesmore
C.muchastwice
D.asmuchtwice
【答案】A
【解析】考查倍數(shù)的表達(dá)。倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞+as,
這里實(shí)際上省略了第二個(gè)as及其后面的內(nèi)容,
只有選項(xiàng)A為正確的倍數(shù)表達(dá)方式。
18.單選題
Soilonthemountainslopesisverysusceptible()erosion.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.of
B.to
C.with
D.by
【答案】B
【解析】考查介詞辨析及搭配。A項(xiàng)of“……的”,B項(xiàng)to“到、朝、對(duì)于”,C項(xiàng)with“和……”,D項(xiàng)by“由、被、到……之前”;句意:山坡上的土壤很容易被侵蝕。besusceptibleto“易受……的影響”;因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
19.單選題
Despitethefactthatthetwocouncilmembersbelongedtodifferentpoliticalparties,they(
)theissueofhowtofinancethetowndebt.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.agreedon
B.complicated
C.attestedto
D.avoided
【答案】A
【解析】動(dòng)詞和詞組辨析。句意‘盡管兩位委員會(huì)成員屬于不同的政黨,但他們就如何為該鎮(zhèn)的債務(wù)融資達(dá)成一致’A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)…取得一致意見”;B選項(xiàng)“使復(fù)雜化”,原型是complicate;C選項(xiàng)“證明,證實(shí)”;D選項(xiàng)“躲開,避免”;根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞despite和belongedtodifferentpoliticalparties可以推斷出填入空白處的詞是要和前面的意思形成對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折,所以A選項(xiàng)正確。
20.單選題
7.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Heisabig-wavesurfer.
B.Heisatroublemaker.
C.Heisaniceguy.
D.Heisveryweird.
【答案】B
【解析】W:Joeisalwaystryingtomakewaves.
M:Right.Heisreallyajerk.
Q:WhatdothespeakersthinkofJoe?
【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。男士說:Heisreallyajerk(他是一個(gè)不折不扣的混蛋)。
21.單選題
Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.Nochildimitateseveryactionhesees.Sometimes,theexampletheparentwantshimtofollowisignoredwhilehetakesovercontrarypatternsfromsomeotherexample.Thereforewemustturntoamoresubtletheorythan“Monkeysee,monkeydo.”
Lookatitfromthechild’spointofview.Hereheisinanewsituation,lackingareadyresponse.Heisseekingaresponsewhichwillgaincertainends.Ifhelacksareadyresponseforthesituation,andcannotreasonoutwhattodo,heobservesamodelwhoseemsabletogettherightresult.Thechildlooksforanauthorityorexpertwhocanshowwhattodo.
Thereisasecondelementatworkinthissituation.Thechildmaybeabletoattainhisimmediategoalonlytofindthathismethodbringscriticismfrompeoplewhoobservehim.Whenshoutingacrossthehouseachieveshisimmediateendofdeliveringamessage,heistoldemphaticallythatsucharacketisunpleasant,thatheshouldwalkintothenextroomandsayhissayquietly.Thus,thedesiretosolveanyobjectivesituationisoverlaidwiththedesiretosolveitproperly.Oneoftheearlythingsthechildlearnsisthathegetsmoreaffectionandapprovalwhenhisparentslikehisresponse.Thenotheradultsrewardsomeactionsandcriticizeothers.Ifoneistomaintainthesupportofothersandhisownself-respect,hemustadoptresponseshissocialgroupapproves.
Infindingtrialresponses,thelearnerdoesnotchoosemodelsatrandom.Heimitatesthepersonwhoseemsagoodpersontobelike,ratherthanapersonwhosesocialstatushewishestoavoid.Ifthepupilwantstobeagoodviolinist,hewillobserveandtrytocopythetechniquesofcapableplayers;whilesomeotherpersonmaymostinfluencehisapproachtobooks.
Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusesomepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituation,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess.
1.Forachildthefirstelementinhislearningbyimitationis________.
2.Apartfromachievinghisdesiredresults,achildshouldalsolearnto________.
3.Childrentendtoimitatetheirmodels________.
4.“Anidentifyingfigure”(Para.5)referstoaperson________.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.theneedtofindanauthority
B.theneedtofindawaytoachievethedesiredresult
C.theneedformoreaffectionfromhisparents
D.thedesiretomeetthestandardsofhissocialgroup
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.behaveproperly
B.attainhisgoalassoonaspossible
C.showhisaffectionforhisparents
D.talkquietly
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.whodonotcriticizethem
B.whobringthemunexpectedrewards
C.whomtheywanttobelike
D.whosesocialstatusishigh
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.whoservesasamodelforothers
B.whoisalwayssuccessful
C.whocanbedependedupon
D.whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccess
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:A
【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Forachildthefirstelementinhislearningbyimitationis________.對(duì)孩子來說,模仿式學(xué)習(xí)的第一個(gè)因素是________。
A.theneedtofindanauthorityA.需要找到權(quán)威
B.theneedtofindawaytoachievethedesiredresultB.需要找到達(dá)到預(yù)期結(jié)果的方法
C.theneedformoreaffectionfromhisparentsC.需要從父母那里得到更多的愛
D.thedesiretomeetthestandardsofhissocialgroupD.希望達(dá)到所在的社會(huì)群體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
【答案】B
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞firstelement定位到第三段第一句,該處講到“還有第二個(gè)因素在起作用(secondelement)”,推測(cè)第一因素在第二段,結(jié)合第二段第三、四句,該處講到“他在尋求(seeking)一種能達(dá)到特定目的的反應(yīng)(gaincertainends)……他觀察到(observes)一個(gè)似乎能夠得到正確結(jié)果(rightresult)的模型。”,可知模仿式學(xué)習(xí)的第一個(gè)因素是需要達(dá)到自己想要的結(jié)果,因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“需要找到權(quán)威”:對(duì)應(yīng)第二段最后一句,該處講到“孩子們會(huì)尋找一個(gè)權(quán)威人士(authority)或?qū)<襾砀嬖V他們?cè)撟鍪裁矗╳hattodo)”,可知尋求權(quán)威的建議是是方法,而不是原因,屬于偷換概念;
C選項(xiàng)“需要從父母那里得到更多的愛”:對(duì)應(yīng)第三段倒數(shù)第三句,該處講到“當(dāng)父母喜歡他的反應(yīng)時(shí)(whenhisparentslikehisresponse),他會(huì)得到更多的愛(affection)和認(rèn)可?!?,這是屬于第二因素的內(nèi)容,而非第一因素,屬于張冠李戴;
D選項(xiàng)“希望達(dá)到所在的社會(huì)群體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”:對(duì)應(yīng)第三段最后一句,該處講到“如果一個(gè)人想得到他人的持續(xù)支持和維持自己的自尊(supportofothersandhisownself-respect),他必須以社會(huì)群體認(rèn)可的方式回應(yīng)(responseshissocialgroupapproves)?!?,這是屬于第二因素的內(nèi)容,而非第一因素,屬于張冠李戴。
第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Apartfromachievinghisdesiredresults,achildshouldalsolearnto________.除了達(dá)到他想要的結(jié)果,一個(gè)孩子還應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)________。
A.behaveproperlyA.行為恰當(dāng)
B.attainhisgoalassoonaspossibleB.盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)
C.showhisaffectionforhisparentsC.對(duì)父母表達(dá)愛
D.talkquietlyD.小聲說話
【答案】A
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】此題定位到第三段第四、五、六句,該處講到“解決任何客觀問題(solveanyobjectivesituation)的愿望就變成了正確解決問題(solveitproperly)的愿望。孩子早期學(xué)到的一件事是,當(dāng)父母喜歡他的反應(yīng)時(shí),他會(huì)得到更多的愛和認(rèn)可。然后其他成年人獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)一些行為,批評(píng)其他行為。”,可知除了達(dá)到希望的結(jié)果,還需要行為恰當(dāng),因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)“盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)”:對(duì)應(yīng)第三段第二句,該處講到“孩子可能會(huì)達(dá)到他的即時(shí)目標(biāo)(immediategoal),卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他的方法受到了其觀察者的批評(píng)?!保@里表達(dá)的是孩子在實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)下想要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)時(shí),如果方式不符合社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),會(huì)受到批評(píng),并沒有鼓勵(lì)孩子盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo),屬于偷換概念;
C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)父母表達(dá)愛”:文中沒有提到對(duì)父母表達(dá)愛意,屬于無中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“輕言細(xì)語(yǔ)”:對(duì)應(yīng)第三段第三句,該處講到“他應(yīng)該走到隔壁房間,小聲說話(sayhissayquietly)”,這是針對(duì)吵鬧的孩子說的,而不是所有的孩子,屬于以偏概全。
第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】
Childrentendtoimitatetheirmodels________.孩子們傾向于模仿________的榜樣。
A.whodonotcriticizethemA.不批評(píng)他們
B.whobringthemunexpectedrewardsB.給他們帶來了意想不到的回報(bào)
C.whomtheywanttobelikeC.他們想要與之相像
D.whosesocialstatusishighD.社會(huì)地位高
【答案】C
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞imitatetheirmodels定位到第四段第二、三句,該處講到“他模仿那些看起來不錯(cuò)的人(seemsagoodperson)……如果一個(gè)學(xué)生想成為一名優(yōu)秀的小提琴家(wantstobeagoodviolinist),他會(huì)觀察和模仿(observeandtrytocopy)優(yōu)秀演奏者(capableplayers)的技巧。”,可知孩子們傾向于模仿有自己想要的品質(zhì)的人,因此C選項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A選項(xiàng)“不批評(píng)他們”:文中沒有提到模仿不批評(píng)他們的人,屬于無中生有;
B選項(xiàng)“給他們帶來了意想不到的回報(bào)”:文中沒有提到給他們帶來意外回報(bào)的人,屬于無中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)地位高”:對(duì)應(yīng)第四段第二句,該處講到“他模仿那些看起來不錯(cuò)的人,而不是那些他希望避免其社會(huì)身份的人(whosesocialstatushewishestoavoid)?!?,這里表達(dá)的是孩子會(huì)模仿自己想成為的、具有某個(gè)社會(huì)身份的人,而不是模仿社會(huì)地位高的人,屬于偷換概念。
第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】
“Anidentifyingfigure”(Para.5)referstoaperson________.“標(biāo)志性人物”(第5段)是指________的人。
A.whoservesasamodelforothersA.為他人樹立榜樣
B.whoisalwayssuccessfulB.總是成功
C.whocanbedependeduponC.可以信賴
D.whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccessD.因他的成功而獲益
【答案】A
【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義推斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞Anidentifyingfigure定位到第五段第一句,該處講到“對(duì)某一品質(zhì)的崇拜(Admirationofonequality)往往會(huì)使我們對(duì)一個(gè)人的整體產(chǎn)生崇拜(admireapersonasawhole),而這個(gè)人也就成為了______?!?,結(jié)合該段第二句“很大程度地模仿(imitatingmuch)他們所做的”,可知橫線處是指對(duì)某個(gè)人有崇拜之情,并且模仿他,因此A選項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
B選項(xiàng)“總是成功”:對(duì)應(yīng)第五段第一句“對(duì)某一品質(zhì)的崇拜(Admirationofonequality)往往會(huì)使我們對(duì)一個(gè)人的整體產(chǎn)生崇拜”和最后一句“因?yàn)槟7滤麄儠?huì)通向成功的道路(leadstosuccess)”,不是因?yàn)樗麄兛偸浅晒Χ7滤麄?,而是因?yàn)槟7滤麄兊膬?yōu)秀品質(zhì)會(huì)帶來成功,屬于偷換概念;
C選項(xiàng)“可以信賴”:文中沒有提到,屬于無中生有;
D選項(xiàng)“因他的成功而獲益”:對(duì)應(yīng)文章最后一句,該處講到“因?yàn)槟7滤麄儠?huì)通向成功的道路(leadstosuccess)”,通過模仿他們,自己可能會(huì)成功,而不是因?yàn)樗麄兊某晒ψ约韩@得直接的好處,屬于偷換概念。
22.翻譯題
品德是由那些價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組成。它們可以作為你的生活指南,能使你的生活充滿意義和深刻內(nèi)涵,并且是建立在“你是哪種人”的基礎(chǔ)上。它們包含諸如正直、誠(chéng)實(shí)、勇敢、公正和寬宏這些特點(diǎn)——這些特點(diǎn)是在我們生活中經(jīng)過一次次必要的艱難選擇而形成的。
【答案】Moralitiesconsistofthosestandardsofvaluesandstandardsofconduct.Theyserveasaguidetolifethatfillslifewithmeaningandprofoundcontent,andisbasedon“whichoneyouare”.Theyhavesuchcharacteristicsasintegrity,honesty,courage,justiceandmagnanimity.Thesecharacteristicsareshapedbythenecessaryhardchoiceswemakeoverandoverinourlives.
23.單選題
MargaretMead'sreputationwasestablishedwiththepublicationofherbookin1928andwasenhancedbyhermanysubsequentcontributionstoanthropology.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.obscured
B.entranced
C.heightened
D.restored
【答案】C
【解析】句意:enhanced意為“提高,增強(qiáng)”。obscured掩蓋,遮蔽;entranced著迷的,狂喜的;heightened提高,升高;restored修復(fù),恢復(fù)。選項(xiàng)C與之意思相近。
24.單選題
Thesunisnotgrowingweaker,yetitslightappearstobedimming.Between1960and1990,somescientistsbelieve,theamountofsolarradiationreachingEarth’ssurfacemayhavedeclinedasmuchas10%—andinsomeplaces,HongKong,forexample,morethan35%.
Whatwasgoingon?Well,itappearsthatincreasedairpollutionduringthose30years—overAsia,inparticular—withthehelp,perhaps,ofsomeincreasedcloudiness,mayhaveexertedacoolinginfluenceonthesurfaceoftheplanetevenascarbondioxideandothergreenhousegaseswereencouragingtheatmospheretowarm.Theimpactsofthattug-of-warontheclimatesystemcouldbedevilishlydifficulttountangle.Atthesametime,notaskcouldbemoreurgent.Forifglobalpollutionhashelpedkeepglobalwarmingincheck,saysVeerabhadranRamanthan,anatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiego,thenthefullimpactofthebuildupofgreenhousegaseshasyettobefelt.Thisweek,attheAmericanGeophysicalUnionmeetinginMontreal,Ramanathanandotherswillbepresentingthelatestdataonthesolar-dimmingproblemandponderingitsimplicationsfortheclimatesystemasawhole.
Manyscenariosforglobalwarming,forexample,invokeaspeedupinthehydrologicalcyclebywhichwaterevaporatesandthencomesdownasrain.Thecoolingproducedbysolardimming,however,mayslowtherateofevaporation,whilehigherupintheatmospherethepollutantsresponsibleforabsorbingandreflectingsunlightarelikelytointerferewiththeprocessthatproducesrain.
Why?Thesepollutants,whichtaketheformoftiny,airborneparticlescalledaerosols,actasnucleiaroundwhichclouddropletsform.Theproblemis,therearetoomanyaerosolsintheatmospherecompetingforwatermolecules,sotheclouddropletsthatformaretoosmallandneverbecomeweightyenoughtofalltotheground.Asaresult,saysBeateLiepert,anatmosphericphysicistatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatory,theatmospherecouldbefilledwithmoisturewhileEarth’ssurfacethirstsforrain.
Manyquestionsremain,includingthetrueextentofthedimming.Oneanalysispegstheaverageworldwidedarkeningtobeabout4%overthreedecades,whileanothercomputesittobemorethantwicethatmuch.TherearealsoquestionsaboutthereliabilityofthedevicesthatmeasurethesunlightreachingEarth’ssurface.Knownasradiometers,theseinstrumentsarenothingmorethanflat,blacksolarcollectorscappedwithglass.Theyaresometimesfinicky:asmudgeofdirtoraspeckofdustcancausebogusreadingsandchangethecalculatedresults.
Solardimming,inotherwords,isaproblemstillintheprocessofbeingdefined,andasitsdimensionsbecomeclearer,sowillthenatureofthechallengetheworldfaces.Althoughscientistshavedonealotofthinkingaboutglobalwarming,theyarejustbeginningtograpplewiththeproblemofhowglobalwarmingandsolardimminginteract.AsRamanthanputsit,“It’slikewehaveanewgorillasittingdownatthetable”—anditcouldturnouttobeaverybiggorillaindeed.
1.Bytug-of-war,(line4,Paragraph2),theauthormeans(
).
2.Howdothescientistsfeelaboutthecurrentclimatesituation?
3.Whenmentioning“it’slikewehaveanewgorillasittingdownatthetable”(Line4,Paragraph6),theauthorimpliesthat(
).
4.Whichofthefollowingcannotserveasfactorofcausingthecoolingsurfaceoftheplanet?
5.WhichofthefollowingisTUREaccordingtothetext?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.thedifferenteffectofsolardimmingandglobalwarming
B.theimpactofthesolardimmingontheclimatesystem
C.theinfluenceofthesolardimmingontheglobalwarming
D.theinteractionbetweenthesolardimmingandglobalwarming
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Serious
B.Optimistic
C.Carefree
D.Panicked
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.scientistshouldhaveacloselookatthesolardimmingproblem
B.wearefacinganewproblemwhichisverycomplicatedanddifficulttomanage
C.wearejustbeginningtohaveresearchonthisnewfield
D.thenewsolardimmingproblemisbeyondscientists’abilitytotackle
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Thelackoftherainintheplanet.
B.Theincreasingofthepollutants.
C.Theformingoftheclouddroplets.
D.Thelessweightoftheclouddroplets.
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.Theinstrumentsusedinthestudyaretoosimpletofunctionwell.
B.Livingthingsintheearthwillbegreatlyinfluencedbysolardimming.
C.Thereisstillalongwaytogointhestudyofsolardimming.
D.Thefindingsthatthesolardimminghasinfluenceonthesurfaceoftheplanetaredoubtful.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:B
第4題:A
第5題:C
【解析】1.詞義題。由第二段“Whatwasgoingon?Well,itappearsthatincreasedairpollutionduringthose30years—overAsia,inparticular—withthehelp,perhaps,ofsomeincreasedcloudiness,mayhaveexertedacoolinginfluenceonthesurfaceoftheplanetevenascarbondioxideandothergreenhousegaseswereencouragingtheatmospheretowarm.Theimpactsofthattug-of-warontheclimatesystemcouldbedevilishlydifficulttountangle.發(fā)生了什么事?在這30年里,空氣污染的加劇——尤其是在亞洲——在云層增加的幫助下,可能對(duì)地球表面產(chǎn)生了降溫的影響,而二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體卻在促使大氣變暖。這種拉鋸戰(zhàn)對(duì)氣候系統(tǒng)的影響可能極其難以理清?!笨芍猼ug-of-war指全球變暖以及云層增加導(dǎo)致地面降溫,太陽(yáng)變暗的相互作用。故D項(xiàng)正確。
2.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由第二段“Atthesametime,notaskcoul
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