考研考博-英語-天津科技大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津科技大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Althoughisunusualtodenouncemuseum-goersfornotpainting,itisquitecommon,eventopthose,whoareunenthusiasticaboutsports,tocriticizespectatorsforathletic______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.snobbery

B.ignorance

C.arrogance

D.inactivity

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)snobbery“勢(shì)利，諂上欺下”，B項(xiàng)ignorance“無知，愚昧”，C項(xiàng)arrogance“自大，傲慢態(tài)度”，D項(xiàng)inactivity“不做任何事，不活動(dòng)”。由quitecommon和even可知，前后兩句是對(duì)應(yīng)的，那么根據(jù)前面的notpainting對(duì)應(yīng)可知，athletic______也要表示否定，且空格部分表示的是事情，并不是人，所以只有D項(xiàng)符合。句意：盡管譴責(zé)藝術(shù)館參觀者不揮毫作畫這樣的事甚為罕見，但是即使對(duì)于那些并不怎么熱衷于體育活動(dòng)的人來說，去批評(píng)體育觀眾在體育上的不參與，這樣的事卻相當(dāng)普遍。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

2.單選題

InhistypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication,Mr.HayesconfrontedIsabetaaboutnotlookingathim.Reluctantly,sheexplainedwhy.AsanewcomerfromMexico,shehadbeentaughttoavoideyecontactasamarkofrespecttoauthorityfigures,teachers,employers,parents.Mr.Hayesdidnotknowthis.HetheninformedherthatmostAmericasinterpretlackofeyecontactasdisrespectanddeviousness.Ultimately,heconvincedIsabelatotryandchangeherhabit,whichsheslowlydid.

PeoplefrommanyAsian,LatinAmerican,andCaribbeanculturesalsoavoideyecontactasasignofrespect.ManyAfricanAmericas,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.Amaster’sthesisbySamuelAvoian,agraduatestudentatCentralMissouriStateUniversity,tellshowmisinterpretingeye-contactcustomscanhaveanegativeimpactwhenwhitefootballcoachesrecruitAfricanAmericanplayersfortheteams.

Hereportsthat,whenspeaking,whitecommunicatorsusuallylookawayfromthelistener,onlyperiodicallyglancingatthem.Theydotheopposite,whenlisteningtheyareexpectedtolookatthespeakerallthetime.

ManyAfricanAmericascommunicateinanoppositeway.Whenspeaking,theytendtoconstantlystareatthelistener;whenlistening,theymostlylookaway.Therefore,ifwhitesportsrecruitersarenotinformedaboutthesesignificantdifferences,theycanbemisledaboutinterestandattentivenesswheninterviewingprospectiveAfricanAmericanballplayers.

InmulticulturalAmerica,issuesofeyecontacthavebroughtaboutsocialconflictsoftwodifferentkindsinmanyurbancenters;non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.Thecustomerstranslatedthelackofeyecontactasasignofdisrespect,ahabitblamedforcontributingtotheopenconfrontationtakingplacebetweensomeAsiansandAfricanAmericasinNewYork,Texas,andCalifornia.ManyteacherstoohaveprovidedstoriesaboutclassroomconflictsbasedontheirmisunderstandingAsianandLatinAmericanchildren’lackofeyecontactasbeingdisrespectful.

Ontheotherhand,directeyecontacthasnowtakenonanewmeaningamongtheyoungergenerationandacrossethnicborders.Particularlyinurbancenters,whenoneteenagerlooksdirectlyatanother,thisisconsideredaprovocation,sometimescalledmad-dogging,andcanleadtophysicalconflict.

Mad-dogginghasbecomethesourceofmanycampusconflicts.Inonehighschool,itresultedinafightbetweenCambodiannewcomersandAfrican-Americanstudents.TheCambodianshadbeenstaringattheotherstudentsmerelytolearnhowAmericansbehave,yettheothersmisinterpretedtheCambodians'intentionsandthefightbegan.

Mad-doggingseemstobeconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontactasasignofrespect.Thus,intheurbancontemporaryyouthscene,ifonelooksdirectlyatanother,thisdisrespects,or"disses"thatperson.Muchlikethearchaicphrase"Idemandsatisfaction”，whichbecametheoverturetoaduel,mad-doggingmaybecomeapreludetoaphysicalencounter.AttheentrancestoUniversalStudio’s"CityWalk"attractioninLosAngeles,theyhavepostedCodeofConductsigns.Thesecondrulewarnsagainst"physicallyoverballythreateninganyperson,fighting,annoyingothersthroughnoisyorboisterousactivitiesorbyunnecessarystaring..."

1.ManyAfricanAmericansfromtheSouth（

）.

2.Whenlisteningtotheothers,whitecommunicatorstendto

（

）.

3.ManycustomersinAmericancitiesareangrywithKoreanshopkeepersbecause（

）.

4.Mad-doggingrefersto

（

）.

5.Thearchaicphrase,"Idemandsatisfaction"（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.adoptatypicallyAmericanopenstyleofcommunication

B.oftenmisinterpretthemeaningofeyecontact

C.avoideyecontactasasignofrespect

D.aretaughttoavoideyecontactwhenevertellingtotheothers

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.lookatthespeakerallthetime

B.glanceatthespeakerperiodically

C.lookawayfromthespeaker

D.stareatthespeaker

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Koreanshopkeepersdonotlookatthemdirectly

B.theyexpectamoreenthusiasticreflectionfromtheshopkeepers

C.therearesomesocialconflictsinmanyurbancenters

D.theyarenotinformedaboutdifferencebetweencultures

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thesourceofmanycampusconflictsacrossethnicbordersinurbancenters

B.physicalconflictamongtheyoungergenerationinurbancenters

C.alackofeyecontactasasignofrespect

D.aprovocationfromoneteenagertoanotherofadifferentethnicbackground

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.wasconnectedwiththeavoidanceofeyecontact

B.oftenledtoafight

C.wasasignofdisrespect

D.oftenresultedinsomekindofmisinterpretation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘許多非洲裔美國(guó)人來自南方…?！傻诙沃械谝痪洹癙eoplefrommanyAsian,LatinAmerican,andCaribbeanculturesalsoavoideyecontactasasignofrespect.ManyAfricanAmericas,especiallyfromtheSouth,observethiscustom,too.很多亞洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比海文化的人也通過避開眼神來表示尊敬。很多非裔美國(guó)人，尤其是來自南部的那些人，也遵守這個(gè)風(fēng)俗。”確定C選項(xiàng)“避開眼神接觸作為尊敬的表示”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘當(dāng)聽到別人說話時(shí)，白人交流者傾向于…’。由第三段第二句“Theydotheopposite,whenlisteningtheyareexpectedtolookatthespeakerallthetime.他們做的正好相反，當(dāng)他們?cè)诼牭臅r(shí)候，他們總是要看著說話的人?！贝_定A選項(xiàng)“一直看著講話者”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘許多美國(guó)城市的顧客對(duì)韓國(guó)店主感到憤怒，因?yàn)椤?。由第五段中第二句“non-KoreancustomersbecameangrywhenKoreanshopkeepersdidnotlookatthemdirectly.當(dāng)韓國(guó)人店主沒有直視他們時(shí)，非韓國(guó)顧客會(huì)變得生氣。”確定A選項(xiàng)“韓國(guó)人店主沒有直視他們”正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘Mad-dogging指的是…’。由倒數(shù)第四段第二句"Particularlyinurbancenters,whenoneteenagerlooksdirectlyatanother,thisisconsideredaprovocation,sometimescalledmad-dogging,andcanleadtophysicalconflict.尤其是在城市中心，當(dāng)一個(gè)青少年直視另一個(gè)青少年時(shí)，這被認(rèn)為是一種挑釁，有時(shí)被稱為“瘋狂跟蹤”，并可能導(dǎo)致身體沖突。”確定D選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)青少年對(duì)另外一位來自不同文化背景的青少年的一種挑釁”正確。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘古老的短語“我要求滿足”…’。由倒數(shù)第二段第三句“Muchlikethearchaicphrase"Idemandsatisfaction",whichbecametheoverturetoaduel,mad-doggingmaybecomeapreludetoaphysicalencounter.就像古老的短語“我要求滿足”(Idemandsatisfaction)成為決斗的序曲一樣，冷眼盯著可能成為身體接觸的前奏?！贝_定B選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致打架”正確。

3.單選題

IhavedevotedfourweekendstowritingpapersandnowIfeelI（

）arest.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deserve

B.preserve

C.conceive

D.receive

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。deserve“應(yīng)得，應(yīng)受”；preserve“保存”；conceive“設(shè)想‘懷孕”；receive“收到”。句意：我花了四個(gè)周末寫論文，現(xiàn)在覺得我應(yīng)該休息一下了。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.單選題

Someplantscontainsubstancesthatinterferewiththedigestiveprocessesofanimals.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.disrupt

B.encourage

C.augment

D.trigger

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。interferewith表示“干涉，妨礙”；A項(xiàng)disrupt“破壞，瓦解”，B項(xiàng)encourage“鼓勵(lì)”，C項(xiàng)argument“爭(zhēng)論”，D項(xiàng)trigger“引發(fā)，觸發(fā)”。句意：有些植物含有干擾動(dòng)物消化過程的物質(zhì)。根據(jù)句意該題選A。

5.單選題

Oneeffectofthe（

）economyof2009onstateandlocalgovernmentsisadecreaseinincome,sales,andpropertytaxrevenues.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.prosperous

B.sluggish

C.substantial

D.pervasive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。prosperous意為“繁榮的，興旺的”；sluggish意為“緩慢的，遲緩的”；substantial意為“大量的，重大的”；pervasive意為“遍布的，普遍的”。

句意：2009年經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢對(duì)國(guó)家和地方政府的影響是收入、銷售和財(cái)產(chǎn)稅收入的減少。

6.單選題

Sheoftensayshergreatesthappiness（

）servingthehandicappedchildren.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.consistsin

B.relieson

C.composesof

D.comprisesin

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。consistin“在于”；relyon“依賴”；composeof“由······構(gòu)成”；comprisein“包括在”。句意：她經(jīng)常說她最大的幸福在于為殘疾兒童服務(wù)。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

7.單選題

Formultinationalcorporations,taxplanninghasbecomeextremelycomplexaffairs.Ithasbeenstatedthatnomultinationalcorporationpossessestheultimatetaxexpertise.Therefore，inadditiontohavingtheirownexperts,MNCsrelyonheavilyonlocaltaxexpertsandlegalcounsel.

Taxeshaveaveryimportantimpactonforeigndirectinvestmentdecisions.Taxeswilldeterminethefinancialstructureofsubsidiary，andtheywillinfluencepricingdecisions.Theymayalsoleadtotheformationofholdingcompanies.AnMNCmaydecidetoestablishabranchratherthanasubsidiarybecauseofagiventaxsituation.Theabsenceofataxtreatybetweenthecountryofawould-beinvestorandthenationwhereaforeigninvestmentistotakeplacemightleadtocancellationofinvestmentplans.Anunfavorabledepreciationallowancemaykeeptheforeigninvestorout.ThisunitwilldealwiththedifferenttaxsystemsintheworldandtheirimpactonanMNC’sglobalstrategy.

Basically,anytaxsystemcanbedividedintodirectandindirecttaxes.Corporateandindividualincometaxesaredirect，value-addedtaxes，salestaxes，andimportdutiesareindirecttaxes.Corporateincometaxes(taxesleviedonearning)varyamongtheindustrializednations.France,theUnitedStates,Holland,Canada,andGermanyhaveratesofaround50percent;Italy，theUnitedKingdomandJapanhaveratesofbetween36and40percent.

Lessdevelopedcountriesusuallyhavelowercorporatetaxratesinordertoattractforeigninvestment.Thus,Brazilhasarateof30percent,andIndonesiahasa40percenttaxrate.Acorporatetaxisleviedontaxableearnings.Taxableearningsaremoresignificantthanthetaxrateitself.Theydeterminewhatcanbedeductedbeforethetaxiscomputed;inotherwords,theseitemsaretaxdeductible.Countriesdiffergreatlyindeterminingtaxableearnings.Someallowaccelerateddepreciation,wherebytheasset(usuallytheplantorequipment)iswrittenoffatasubstantiallyhigherrateduringthefirstyearsthaninthelateryears.Thisallowsforsmallertaxableearningsintheearlyyears.Othercountriesallowtax-freeinvestmentreserves.Theseareusedatalaterstageforinvestmentinundevelopedareasofcountriesoraresentwhencountriesareinarecession.

ArecenttypeoftaxthathaswonrecognitionintheEuropeanCommonMarketisvalue-addedtax(VAT).Thisisanationalsalestaxleviedateachstageofproductionoratthesaleofconsumergoods.Thetaxisassessedinproportiontothevalueaddedduringthatstage.Generally,manufacturinggoods,suchasplantandequipment,havebeenexemptedfromthistax.Inmostcases,fooditemsalsohavebeenexempted.

HereisanexampleofhowVATworks.Atreeownerwhosellspartofatreetoalumbermillfor$1mustsetasidetencentsVATtopaytothegovernment.Thelumbermillprocessesthetreeintobuildingmaterialandsellsthewoodfor$3toalumberwholesaler.Themilladds$2invalue，andthussetsaside10percentoftheaddedvalue,ortwentycents,topaytothegovernment.AndsotheVATcontinuesuntilthefinalsale.

TheVATsystemoffersadvantages,suchasrebatesonexports.Profitableandunprofitablefirmsaretaxedalike,asthereisnopossibilityoftaxdeductionstodeterminetaxableincome.Abadlyruncompanyis,therefore,forcedtoimproveorgooutofbusiness.Further,VATiseasytocalculateandcollect.ButVATisoftenaccusedofhavingcontributedtoseriousinflationincountrieswhereitwasintroduced,notablyinWesternEurope.

1.Taxsystemscanbedividedinto________.

2.Onearrivesattaxableearningswhen________.

3.Thereasonnomultinationalcorporationpossessestheultimatetaxexpertiseisthat___________.

4.WhichofthefollowingisnotanadvantageofaVATsystem?

5.Whydidthelessdevelopedcountriesusuallyhavelowercorporatetaxrates?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.incometaxesanddirecttaxes

B.indirecttaxesanddirecttaxes

C.value-addedtaxesandsalestaxes

D.importdutiesandsalestaxes

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.alltax-deductibleitemshavebeensubtracted

B.accelerateddepreciationisallowedfor

C.tax-freeinvestmentreservesareallowedfor

D.assetsarewrittenoff

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.anMNCisnotallowedtolearnultimatetaxexpertise

B.taxeshaveaveryimportantimpactonforeigndirectinvestmentdecision

C.therearetoomanycountriesandregionsinvolvedandtheirtaxsystemsarecomplicated

D.anunfavorabledepreciationallowancemaykeeptheforeigninvestorout

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Rebatesonexports.

B.Profitableorunprofitablefirmsaretaxedalike.

C.Easytocalculateandcollect.

D.Contributionstoseriousinflation.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theywanttoinvestmoremoneyonotherprojects.

B.Thelessdevelopedcountrieswanttoattractmoreforeigninvestment.

C.Extramoneyshouldbespentonforeigninvestment.

D.Corporatetaxratesarelessimportanttothedevelopmentofthelessdevelopedcountries.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段第一句，“Basically,anytaxsystemcanbedividedintodirectandindirecttaxes.”，可知任何稅收系統(tǒng)都可分為直接和間接兩種。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.推斷題。根據(jù)第四段，“Taxableearningsaremoresignificantthanthetaxrateitself.Theydeterminewhatcanbedeductedbeforethetaxiscomputed;inotherwords,theseitemsaretaxdeductible.”，可知應(yīng)納稅收入比稅率重要，計(jì)算出稅收前，它們決定應(yīng)該扣除哪些，換句話說，這些項(xiàng)目是可以減免稅收的?？赏茢喑隹鄢怂锌煽鄢?xiàng)目后，剩下的就是應(yīng)納稅的收入。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.推斷題。根據(jù)文章開頭，“Formultinationalcorporations,taxplanninghasbecomeextremelycomplexaffairs.Ithasbeenstatedthatnomultinationalcorporationpossessestheultimatetaxexpertise.”，可知對(duì)于跨國(guó)公司來說，因?yàn)槎愂沼?jì)劃是非常復(fù)雜的事情，所以沒有哪個(gè)跨國(guó)公司擁有終極的稅收技術(shù)。根據(jù)文章第三段，“Corporateincometaxes(taxesleviedonearning)varyamongtheindustrializednations.”，可知企業(yè)所得稅在工業(yè)化國(guó)家各不相同，下文也提到了不同國(guó)家有不同的稅率?？赏茢喑鲆?yàn)楦鲊?guó)的稅率不同，所以稅收體系相當(dāng)復(fù)雜。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段最后一句，“ButVATisoftenaccusedofhavingcontributedtoseriousinflationincountrieswhereitwasintroduced,notablyinWesternEurope.”，可知在引入增值稅的國(guó)家，增值稅經(jīng)常被指控為可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的通貨膨脹，特別是在歐洲國(guó)家。導(dǎo)致通貨膨脹是增值稅的缺點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一句，“Lessdevelopedcountriesusuallyhavelowercorporatetaxratesinordertoattractforeigninvestment.”，可知為了吸引外資，欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家通常規(guī)定較低的稅率。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

8.單選題

Iwasalwaystaughtthatitwas（

）tointerrupt.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rude

B.coarse

C.rough

D.crude

【答案】A

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)rude“粗魯?shù)模瑹o禮的”；B選項(xiàng)coarse“粗糙的，粗俗的”；C選項(xiàng)rough“粗野的，粗略的”；D選項(xiàng)crude“天然的，未加工的”。句意：我總是被教導(dǎo)打斷別人說話是粗魯?shù)摹＿x項(xiàng)A符合句意。

9.翻譯題

1.無論你的智商有多高，你的看法都受到個(gè)人經(jīng)歷的局限，因此要學(xué)會(huì)吸納他人有用的觀點(diǎn)。

2.事實(shí)上，只有勤奮加方法得當(dāng)才能使你在學(xué)習(xí)上比他人有優(yōu)勢(shì)。

3.作為對(duì)政府檢查員批評(píng)的回應(yīng)，公司改變了一些做法，而不是放棄自己的規(guī)定

4.OninternationalrelationsChinawouldcontinuetodeveloprelationswithforeigncountriesinseekingafavorableinternationalenvironmentforitsreformandtomakecontributionstoworldpeaceanddevelopment.

5.Managementhasgranteda10%payriseinresponsetounionpressurebutrefusedtomakeanyfurtherconcession.

【答案】1.NomatterhowhighyourIQis,yourviewislimitedbytheexperience,soyoushouldlearntoincorporatetheusefulperspectivesofothers.

2.Infact,onlyhardworkincombinationwithpropermethodswillgiveyouanadvantageoverothers.

3.Inresponsetocriticismbygovernmentinspectors,thecompanychangedsomeofitspracticesratherthangaveupitsrules.

4.在國(guó)際關(guān)系方面，中國(guó)將繼續(xù)發(fā)展與外國(guó)的關(guān)系，尋求一個(gè)對(duì)自己改革有利的國(guó)際環(huán)境，繼續(xù)對(duì)世界和平和發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)。

5.在工會(huì)的壓力下，資方已同意提高10%的薪酬，但是拒絕作出進(jìn)一步的讓步。

10.翻譯題

Likewaistlinesinmanyprosperouscountries,cellphonesaregoingXXLandsomeoftheirownersarestrugglingtotuckthemin.

JeremyRoche,47yearsold,ownsaSamsungGalaxyNoteIIphonethatisabout75%largerthantheoriginalAppleInc.iPhone,androughlythesizeandheftofanextra-largeHershey’schocolatebar,withaboutaninchnibbledofftheend.It“didfeelweird”atfirsttoholdhisbigphonetohisheadforcalls,hesays,butnowheloveshisamplescreen.

Afteryearsofevolutionfrombrick-sizemonstrositiesintoslimpocketdevices,cellphonesaregoinginreverse.SouthKorea'sSamsungElectronicsCo.iscredited—orblamed一withbringingbigphonesbackintothemainstreamwithdevicesliketheoriginal5.3-inchNote,introducedoutsidetheU.S.inlate2011.

Sometechreviewersatthetimederidedthebigphoneas“silly”，and“aphonedesignedforgiants.”Butsalesboomed,andothermakershavefollowedwithstill-bigger“phablets”,astechiesarcbeginningtocallthem—acrossbetweenaphoneandatablet.

FaresFayad,a39-year-oldconsultantinDubai,saysheusedtothinka3.5-inchcellphonescreenwasjustright,untilhetriedtheiPhone5,whichhasa4-inchscreen.“Idon’tbelieveIcangobacktotheslightlysmallerscreen,”Mr.Fayadsays,

Someergonomicsexpertsworrylamephonescouldposeaninjuryrisk.“Asthestretchtoreachallareasofthescreenincreases,wemightstarttoseemoreseriousrepetitivestressinjurieslikelytothethumbsinlargertouch-screendevices”,saysAnthonyAndre,aprofessorofhumanfactorsandergonomicsatSanJoseStateUniversity.

【答案】就像許多富裕國(guó)家居民的腰圍一樣，如今手機(jī)的尺寸也在逐漸增大，一些手機(jī)用戶在費(fèi)盡心思想把它們?nèi)M(jìn)自己的兜里。

在經(jīng)歷了多年來從磚頭般的龐然大物向小巧口袋設(shè)備的演變后，如今手機(jī)又踏上了回頭路。

有的科技評(píng)論家當(dāng)時(shí)曾譏諷這款巨型手機(jī)“傻傻的”、“專為巨人設(shè)計(jì)”。

但巨型手機(jī)的銷量卻實(shí)現(xiàn)了激增，其他手機(jī)生產(chǎn)商也紛紛跟風(fēng)推出了越來越大的、科技專家開始稱之為“平板手機(jī)”的產(chǎn)品手機(jī)和平板電腦的跨界組合。

人類工程學(xué)的一些專家擔(dān)心巨型手機(jī)可能會(huì)帶來損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由于觸控全屏需增加拉伸的幅度，我們可能會(huì)開始看到越來越多由大型觸屏電子設(shè)備引發(fā)的嚴(yán)重累積性-創(chuàng)傷失調(diào)，例如對(duì)拇指的損害。

11.單選題

____thesightofthepoliceofficers,themenranoff.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.In

B.At

C.On

D.With

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。atthesightof…相當(dāng)于onseeing...指一看見...就...。句意：那些人一看見警察就跑了。inthesightofsb.指在某人看來,不符合句意。所以本題選B。

12.單選題

Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itignoredthefactthatemotionsarepersonalandsubjective.

B.Itoverlookedthepossibilitythatemotionsmaybecontrolled.

C.Itmeasuredpositiveandnegativeemotionsindependently.

D.Itclassifiedemotionssimplyaseitherpositiveornegative.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Sittingalonewithoutdoinganythingseemedreallydistressing.

B.Solitudehadareductiveeffectonhigh-arousalemotions.

C.Sittingalonefor15minutesmadetheparticipantsrestless.

D.Solitudeadverselyaffectedtheparticipants’mentalwell-being.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Ittendedtointensifynegativeemotions.

B.Itprovedhardtodepictobjectively.

C.Itwenthandinhandwithsadness.

D.Ithelpedincreaselow-arousalemotions.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

【解析】RecordingOne

Psychologyresearchhastendedtoportraysolitudeasanegativeexperience.Studiesconductedinthe1970sand1990ssuggestedthatpeoplefeltlesshappywhenalone,ascomparedtobeingwithothers.However,anewpapershowsanalternativeviewofsolitude,oneinwhichsolitudecanbepositive.

Let’sstartbylookingattheearlierresearch.Ithadacoupleofshortcomings.First,itmeasuredemotiononascalefrompositivetonegative,overlookingthepossibilitythatthepositiveandnegativeemotionscanfluctuateindependently.[16]Also,itcategorizedemotionsassimplypositiveornegative.Itdidn’tconsiderthatemotionsarousedustodifferentdegrees,andthatbothpositiveandnegativeemotionscanarouseusalotoralittle.Thatis,whetherpositiveornegative,emotionscanbeeitherhigharousalorlowarousal.Higharousalemotionsincludeexcitementonthepositivesideorangeronthenegativeside,whilelowarousalonesincludefeelingcalmonthepositivesideorlonelyonthenegative.

Thisnewresearchattemptedtoovercometheseshortcomings.Researchersbeganwithasimplestudy.Theyaskedparticipantstospend15minutessittingalonewithoutengaginginanyactivityandmeasuredhowthissolitudeinfluencedtheiremotionalstate.[17]Thisexperimentspecificallyaimedtodeterminetheeffectofsolitudeonhigharousalemotions.Itlookedatpositiveemotionssuchasbeingexcitedorinterested,andnegativeemotions,includingbeingscaredordistressed.Theresultswereclear.[17]After15minutesofsolitude，theparticipantsshowedreductionsinbothtypesofemotion.Asecondstudymeasuredtheeffectsofsolitudeonlowarousalemotions.Theseincludedbothpositiveandnegativeemotionssuchasfeelingcalm,relaxed,sadorlonely.[18]Thatexperimentfoundthatalloftheseemotionswereincreasedbytimealone.Thus,itseemspastdepictionsofsolitudewerewrong.Itdoesn’thaveasimpleemotionaleffectthatcanbecharacterizedasgoodorbad.Rather,itchangestheintensityofourinnerexperience.Itamplifiesquieteremotions.Butitdiminishestheintensityofstrongerfeelings.

It’sworthclarifyingthatthesefindingsrelatetorelativelybriefperiodsofsolitude.Thisisdistinctfromprolongedloneliness.Researchhasdemonstratedthatthelatteriscorrelatedwithanassortmentofnegativephysicalandpsychologicaleffects.Howcanpeoplebenefitfrombeingalone?Thefindingsheresuggestthatpeoplecanusesolitudetoregulatetheiremotions.Solitudecanhelpusbecomequietafterexcitement,calmafteranangryepisode,orsimplyfeelatpeace.

16.Whatisoneofthecriticismsdirectedattheearlyresearchonsolitude?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問關(guān)于“獨(dú)處”的早期研究受到何種批評(píng)？錄音說，早期的研究存在幾個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，其中包括把情緒簡(jiǎn)單地分為積極的和消極的（categorizedemotionsassimplypositiveornegative），D選項(xiàng)中的classified是對(duì)錄音原文中categorized的同義替換，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。A選項(xiàng)“它忽略了情緒是個(gè)人的和主觀的事實(shí)”和B項(xiàng)“它忽略了情緒可以被控制的可能性”在錄音中均沒有信息提及；C選項(xiàng)“它獨(dú)立測(cè)量積極情緒和消極情緒”主要利用measured和independently設(shè)置干擾，錄音說的是，早期調(diào)查在從積極到消極的范圍內(nèi)衡量情緒，忽略了積極和消極情緒可以獨(dú)立波動(dòng)的可能性。選項(xiàng)與之表述不相符，因此排除。

17.Whatdowelearnabouttheresultsofthenewresearch?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】題目問我們可以知道哪些關(guān)于新研究的結(jié)果？錄音提到，新研究是為了確定獨(dú)處對(duì)高喚起度情緒的影響，而參與實(shí)驗(yàn)的人經(jīng)過15分鐘的獨(dú)處后，他們的積極與消極兩方面的高喚起度情緒都有所減緩（reductionsinbothtypesofemotion），B選項(xiàng)中的reductive與錄音原文中的reductions是同根詞，都表示“減少，減緩”的意思，因此B選項(xiàng)“獨(dú)處對(duì)高喚起度情緒有減緩作用”正確。A選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人無所事事地坐著似乎很苦惱”和C選項(xiàng)“獨(dú)自坐15分鐘使參與者焦躁不安”在錄音中均沒有信息提及；D選項(xiàng)“獨(dú)處會(huì)對(duì)參與者的心理健康產(chǎn)生不利影響”，主要錯(cuò)在缺乏對(duì)獨(dú)處的修飾詞，錄音中說的是長(zhǎng)期的孤獨(dú)與負(fù)面的生理和心理影響相關(guān)，而短暫的獨(dú)處不會(huì)，因此D選項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全，表述不正確。

18.Whatdidthesecondexperimentinthenewresearchfindaboutsolitude?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問新研究的第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)有何發(fā)現(xiàn)？第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量了獨(dú)處對(duì)低喚起度情緒的影響，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)所有這些情緒都會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移而增加。D選項(xiàng)“它有助于增強(qiáng)低喚起度情緒”與原文表述相符，因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“它往往會(huì)使負(fù)面情緒加劇”，這些情緒包括積極和消極的情緒，如平靜、放松、悲傷或孤獨(dú)。因此A選項(xiàng)不正確；B選項(xiàng)“事實(shí)證明很難客觀描述它”，錄音提到，獨(dú)處改變內(nèi)在感受的強(qiáng)度，對(duì)強(qiáng)烈感覺有安撫作用，這正是描述了獨(dú)處產(chǎn)生的影響，因此B選項(xiàng)也不正確；C選項(xiàng)“它與悲傷密切相關(guān)”在錄音中沒有信息提及，因此排除。

13.單選題

Dailynutrition,weight,andphysicalactivitiesinthefamilywilllargelydeterminewhetheryourchildrenare（）tochildrendiabetes.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.likely

B.susceptible

C.influential

D.sustainable

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。likely“很可能的，合適的”；susceptible“易受影響的”；influential“有影響力的”；sustainable“可以忍受的”。句意：家庭中的日常營(yíng)養(yǎng)、體重和體育活動(dòng)在很大程度上決定了你的孩子是否容易患上糖尿病。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

14.單選題

Predictingthefutureisalwaysrisky.Butit’sprobablysafetosaythatatleastafewhistorianswillonedayspeakofthe20th-centuryasAmerica’s“DisneyEra.”Today,it’scertainlydifficulttothinkofanyothersinglethingthatrepresentsmodemAmericaaspowerfullyasthecompanythatcreatedMickeyMouse.Globally,brandslikeCoca-ColaandMcDonaldsmaybemorewidely-known,butneitherencapsulates20th-centuryAmericainquitethesamewayasDisney.

ThereasonsforDisney’ssuccessarevariedandnumerous,butultimatelythecreditbelongs

tooneperson—themanwhocreatedthecartoonandbuiltthecompanyfromnothing,WaltDisney.Ironicallyhecouldnotdrawparticularlywell.Buthewasageniusinplentyofotherrespects.Inbusiness,hisgreatestskillswerehisinsightandhismanagementability.AftersettinghimselfupinHollywood,hesingle-handedlypioneeredtheconceptsofbrandingandmerchandising—somethinghiscompanystilldoesbrilliantlytoday.

ButwhatreallydistinguishedDisneywashisabilitytoidentifywithhisaudiences.Disneyalwaysmadesurehisfilmschampionedthe“l(fā)ittleguy,”andmadehimfeelproudtobeAmerican.Thisheachievedbycreatingcharactersthatreflectedthehopesandfearsoftheordinarypeople.SomecelebratedAmericanachievements—Disney’sveryfirstcartoonPlaneCrazy,featuringasilentMickeyhouse,wasinspiredbyCharlesLindbergh’sflightacrosstheAtlantic.Others,likethethreelittlePigsandSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarves,showedhow,throughhardworkandhelpingone’sfellowman,ordinaryAmericanscouldsurvivesocialandeconomiccrisesliketheGreatDepression.

Disney’sothergreatvirtuewasthefactthathiscompany—unlikeotherbigcorporations—hadahumanface.HisHollywoodstudio—thepublicheard—operatedjustlikeademocracy,whereeveryonewasonfirst-nametermsandhadasayinhowthingsshouldberun.HewasalsoregardedasagreatpatriotbecausenotonlydidhiscartoonscelebrateAmerica,but,duringWorldWarII,hisstudiosmadetrainingfilmsforAmericansoldiers.

Thereality,ofcourse,waslessidyllic.Asthepublicwouldlaterlearn,Disney’spatriotismhadanunpleasantside.Afterastrikebycartoonistsin1941,hebecameconvincedthatHollywoodhadbeeninfiltratedbyCommunists.HeagreedtoworkfortheFBIasamole（間諜）,identifyingandspyingoncolleagueswhomhesuspectedweresubversives.

But,apartfromhisaffiliationswiththeFBI,Disneywasmoreorlessthegenuinearticle.Anewbook,TheMagicKingdom:WaltDisneyandtheAmericanWayofLife,byStevenWatts,confirmsthathewasverydefinitelyonthesideofordinaryAmericans―inthe30sand40shevotedforFranklinRoosevelt,believinghewasachampionoftheworkers.Also,DisneywasnotanapologistfortheFBI,assomehavesuggested.Infact,hewasalwayssuspiciousoflarge,bureaucraticorganizations,asisevidencedinfilmslikeThatDarnedCat,inwhichheportrayedFBIagentsasbunglingincompetents.

Bythetimehediedin1966,WaltDisneywasaniconlikeThomasEdisonandtheWrightBrothers.Tobusinesspeopleandfilmmakers,hewasarolemodel;tothepublicatlarge,hewas“UncleWalt”一themanwhohadentertainedthemalltheirlives,themanwhorepresentedallthatwasgoodaboutAmerica.

Inthe30yearssincehisdeath,notmuchhaschanged.In1986,hewasattackedasaMcCarthyist,asupporterofbigbusiness,andapurveyorof“sub-literate”entertainment.However,noneofithasmadeanydifferencetothegeneralpublic.TheirloyaltytoUncleWaltremainsasstrongasever.

1.WaltDisneyisbelievedtopossessthefollowingabilitiesEXCEPT（

）.

2.WaltDisneybecameaniconafterhisdeathnotbecause

（

）.

3.Inthesixthparagraphthesentence“Disneywasmoreorlessthegenuinearticle”means

that

（

）.

4.Thewriter’sattitudetowardWaltDisneycanbestbedescribedas

（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasthepleasantsideofDisney’spatriotism?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.painting

B.creativity

C.management

D.merchandising

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Hewasarolemodeltobusinesspeopleandfilmmakers

B.hecouldentertainthepublicatlargealltheirlives

C.hewasapurveyorof“sub-literate”entertainment

D.hecouldrepresentallthatwasgoodaboutAmerica

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Disneywasacreativeandcapableperson.

B.DisneyonceagreedtoworkfortheFBI.

C.Disneyranhiscompanyinademocraticway.

D.Disneywassympatheticwithordinary