考研考博-英語-安徽文達(dá)信息工程學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-安徽文達(dá)信息工程學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Moreoftenthannot,readersarejustunderthe（）plotsofsciencefictionsanddetectivestories.

問題1選項

A.implicit

B.intricate

C.obedient

D.instinctual

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項implicit“含蓄的，暗示的”；B選項intricate“錯綜復(fù)雜的”；C選項obedient“順從的，服從的”；D選項instinctual“本能的”。句意：通常情況下，讀者只是置身在科幻小說和偵探小說（錯綜復(fù)雜）的情節(jié)之下。此處填入空格的形容詞是用來修飾plots（情節(jié)）。結(jié)合句意“錯綜復(fù)雜的”修飾情節(jié)意思正確。因此B選項符合句意。

2.單選題

Evensensiblemendo（）thingssometimes.

問題1選項

A.abrupt

B.absurd

C.acute

D.apt

【答案】B

【解析】abrupt生硬的，唐突的；absurd荒謬的，可笑的；acute嚴(yán)重的，激烈的；apt恰當(dāng)?shù)?，靈敏的。句意：即使明智的人有時也會做荒唐的事。選項B符合語境。

3.單選題

Littlegreenpatchesofmossgrewontherockwherewaterhad______out.

問題1選項

A.oozed

B.dehumanized

C.deified

D.opted

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.oozed滲出；泄漏B.dehumanized使失掉人性

C.deified崇拜，把某人奉若神明D.opted選擇；作出抉擇

【答案】A

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】where引導(dǎo)的定語從句“巖石上的水______出來”修飾前面的rock（巖石），根據(jù)主句句意“巖石上長著一片片綠色的苔蘚”可知，巖石上有水滲出才能長苔蘚，所以空格處填入A項符合句意。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D項均不符合句意。

【句意】在滲水的巖石上長出了一片片綠色的苔蘚。

4.單選題

Intheaccidentthewindshieldofthebuswas______.

問題1選項

A.scattered

B.shattered

C.knocked

D.battered

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項scatter“撒播，散開，散布”，B項shatter“粉碎，打碎，破壞”，C項knock“敲，打，敲擊”，D項batter“連續(xù)猛擊，虐待毆打”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞accident“事故”和windshield“擋風(fēng)玻璃”可知，空格處填入“粉碎”符合句子語境。句意：在事故中，公共汽車的擋風(fēng)玻璃被震碎了。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

5.單選題

Archaeologyasaprofessionfacestwomajorproblems.First,itisthepoorestofthepoor.Onlypaltrysumsareavailableforexcavatingandevenlessisavailableforpublishingtheresultsandpreservingthesitesonceexcavated.Yetarchaeologistsdealwithpricelessobjectseveryday.Second,thereistheproblemofillegalexcavationtresultinginmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtothehighestbidder.

1wouldliketomakeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.Iwouldproposethatscientificarchaeologicalexpeditionsandgovernmentalauthoritiessellexcavatedartifactsontheopenmarket.Suchsaleswouldprovidesubstantialfundsfortheexcavationandpreser-vationofarchaeologicalsitesandthepublicationofresults.Atthesametime,theywouldbreaktheillegalexcava?tor’sgriponthemarket,therebydecreasingtheinducementtoengageinillegalactivities.

Youmightobjectthatprofessionalsexcavatetoacquireknowledge,notmoney.Moreover,ancientartifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage,whichshouldbeavailableforallloappreciate,notsoldtothehighestbidder.Iagree.Sellnothingthathasuniqueartisticmeritorscientificvalue.But,youmightreply,everythingthatcomesoutofthegroundhasscientificvalue.Herewepartcompany.Theoretically,youmaybecorrectinclammingthateveryar?tifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.Practically,youarewrong.

Irefertothethousandpotteryvesselsandancientlampsthatareessentiallyduplicatesofoneanother.InonesmallexcavationinCyprus,archaeologistsrecentlyuncovered2000virtuallyindistinguishablesmalljugsinasinglecourtyard.Evenpreciousroyalsealimpressionsknownasl’melekhhandleshavebeenfoundinabundance—morethan4000examplessofar.

Thebasementsofmuseumsaresimplynotlargeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocataloguethefinds；asaresult,theycannotbefoundagainandbe?comeasinaccessibleasiftheyhadneverbeendiscovered.Indeed,withthehelpofacomputer,soldartifactscouldbemoreaccessiblethanarethepiecesstoredinbulgingmuseumbasements.Priortosale,eachcouldbephoto?graphedandthelistofthepurchaserscouldbemaintainedonthecomputer.Apurchasercouldevenberequiredtoa?greetoreturnthepieceifitshouldbecomeneededforscientificpurposes.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageistopropose（）

2.TheauthorimpliesthatallthefollowingstatementsaboutduplicateartifactsaretrueEXCEPT（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageasadisadvantageofstoringartifactsinmuseumbase?ments?

4.Theauthoranticipateswhichofthefollowinginitialobjectionstotheadoptionofhisproposal?

問題1選項

A.analternativetomuseumdisplayofartifacts

B.awaytocurbillegaldiggingwhilebenefitingthearchaeologicalprofession

C.thegovernmentalregulationofarchaeologicalsites

D.anewsystemforcataloguingduplicateartifacts

問題2選項

A.Amarketforsuchartifactsalreadyexists

B.Suchartifactsseldomhavescientificvalue

C.Museumsarewellsuppliedwithexamplesofsuchartifacts

D.Suchartifactsfrequentlyexceedinqualitythosealreadycataloguedinmuseumcollections

問題3選項

A.Spacethatcouldbebetterusedfordisplayistakenupforstorage.

B.Artifactsdiscoveredinoneexcavationoftenbecomeseparatedfromeachother.

C.Suchartifactsoftenremainuncataloguedandthuscannotbelocatedoncetheyareputinstorage.

D.Suchartifactsareoftendamagedbyvariationsintemperatureandhumidity.

問題4選項

A.Anoversupplyofsalableartifactswillresultandthedemandforthemwillfall.

B.Artifactsthatwouldhavebeendisplayedinpublicplaceswillbesoldtoprivatecollectors.

C.Illegalexcavatorswillhaveanevenlargersupplyofartifactsforresale.

D.Counterfeitingofartifactswillbecomemorecommonplace.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.主旨題。第一段介紹了考古界面臨的問題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“makeanoutrageoussuggestionthatwouldatonestrokeprovidefundsforarchaeologyandreducetheamountofillegaldigging.”作者是想提出一種方法解決考古的兩個問題，一個是資金問題，另一個是非法挖掘的問題。選項B符合題意。

2.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“thereistheproblemofillegalexcavationtresultinginmuseum-qualitypiecesbeingsoldtothehighestbidder.”?？芍欠ㄍ诰?qū)е铝怂囆g(shù)品賣出高價，存在這樣的市場，所以A項可排除。根據(jù)文章第三段，“youmaybecorrectinclammingthateveryartifacthaspotentialscientificvalue.Practically,youarewrong.”，可知認(rèn)為每件工藝品都有價值是錯的，選項B可排除。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Thebasementsofmuseumsaresimplynotlargeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.”，可知博物館已經(jīng)沒有足夠的空間，無法儲藏未來可能會被發(fā)現(xiàn)的文物，說明已經(jīng)儲藏了很多這樣的文物，所以選項C可排除。選項D符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“…notlargeenoughtostoretheartifactsthatarelikelytobediscoveredinthefuture.Thereisnotenoughmoneyeventocataloguethefinds…”可知由于儲存空間不夠，沒有足夠的資金把它們編入目錄，一旦被放進(jìn)去就難以被找到。選項C符合題意。

4.推斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“ancientartifactsarepartofourglobalculturalheritage,whichshouldbeavailableforallloappreciate,notsoldtothehighestbidder.”，可知人們認(rèn)為古代文物是供人們欣賞的，而不是賣出高價，所以人們會反對被展出的文物賣給私人收藏家。選項B符合題意。

6.單選題

Self-esteemiswhatpeoplethinkaboutthemselves—whetherornottheyfeelvaluedandwhenfamilymembershaveself-respect,pride,andbeliefinthemselves,thishighself-esteemmakesitpossibletocopewiththeeverydayproblemsofgrowingup.

Successfulparentbeginsbycommunicatingtochildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyexist.Throughtouchandtoneofvoiceparentstelltheirinfantswhetherornottheyarevalued,special,andloved,anditisthesemessagesthatformthebasisofthechild’sself-esteem.Whenchildrengrowupwithloveandaremadetofeellovabledespitetheirmistakesandfailures,theyareabletointeractwithothersinaresponsible,honest,andlovingway.Ahealthyself-esteemisaresourceforcopingwhendifficultiesarise,makingiteasiertoseeaproblemastemporary,manageable,andsomethingfromwhichtheindividualcanemerge.

If,however,childrengrowupwithoutloveandwithoutfeelingsofself-worth,theyfeelunlovableandworthlessandexpecttobecheated,takenadvantageof,andlookeddownuponbyothers.Ultimatelytheiractionsinvitethistreatment,andtheirself-defeatingbehaviorturnsexpectationsintoreality.Theydonothavethepersonalresourcestohandleeverydayproblemsinahealthyway,andlifemaybeviewedasjustonecrisisafteranother.Withoutahealthyself-esteemtheymaycopebyactingoutproblemsratherthantalkingthemoutorbywithdrawingandremainingindifferenttowardsthemselvesandothers.Theseindividualsgrowuptoliveisolated,lonelylives,lackingtheabilitytogivethelovethattheyhaveneverreceived.

Self-esteemisakindofenergy,andwhenitishigh,peoplefeelliketheycanhandleanything.Itiswhatonefeelswhenspecialthingsarehappeningoreverythingisgoinggreat.Awordofpraise,asmile,agoodgradeonareportcard,ordoingsomethingthatcreatespridewithinoneselfcancreatetheenergy.Whenfeelingsabouttheselfhavebeenthreatenedandself-esteemislow,everythingbecomesmoreofaneffort.Itisdifficulttohear,see,orthinkclearly,andothersseemrude,inconsiderate,andrough.Theproblemisnotwithothers,itiswiththeself?butoftenitisnotuntilenergiesarebacktonormalthattherealproblemisrecognized.

Childrenneedhelpunderstandingthattheirself-esteemandtheself-esteemofthosetheyinteractwithhaveadirecteffectoneachother.Forexample,alittlegirlcomeshomefromschoolandsays,“Ineedlivings,‘causemyfeelingsgothurttoday.’”Themotherrespondstothechild’sneedtobeheldandloved.Ifinsteadthemothersaidshewastoobusytoholdthelittlegirl,theoutcomewouldhavebeendifferent.

Theinfant’sself-esteemistotallydependentonfamilymembers,anditisnotuntilaboutthetimethechildentersschoolthatoutsideforcescontributetofeelingsabouttheself.Achildmustalsolearnthatamajorresourceforahealthyself-esteemcomesfromwithin.Someparentsraisetheirchildrentodependonexternalratherthaninternalreinforcementthroughpracticessuchaspayingforgoodgradesonreportcardsorexchangingspecialprivilegesforgoodbehavior.Thechildlearnstorelyonotherstomaintainahighself-esteemandisnotpreparedtoliveinaworldinwhichdesirablebehaviordoesnotautomaticallyproduceatangiblerewardsuchasasmile,money,orspecialprivileges.

Maintainingahealthyself-esteemisachallengethatcontinuesthroughoutlife.Onefamilyfoundthattheycouldhelpeachotheridentifypositiveattitudes.Oneeveningduringanelectricstormthefamilygatheredaroundthekitchentable,andeachpersonwrotedowntwothingsthattheylikedabouteachfamilymember.Thesepiecesofpaperwerefoldedandgiventotheappropriateperson,whoonebyoneopenedtheirspecialmessages.Thefatherlatercommented,“Itwasquiteanexperience,openingeachlittlepieceofpaperandreadingthemessage.Istillhavethosegifts,andwhenI’vehadareallybadday,IreadthroughthemandIalwayscomeawayfeelingbetter.

Thefoundationofahealthyfamilydependsontheabilityoftheparentstocommunicatemessagesoflove,trust,andself-worthtoeachchild.Thisisthebasisonwhichself-esteemisbuilt,andasthechildgrows,self-esteemisreflectedinthewayheorsheinteractswithothers.

1.Accordingtothispassage,apersonwithaself-esteem（）.

2.Whichisoneoftheeffectivemeansthatparentsshouldemployforfosteringachild’sself?esteem?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Theauthor’smainpointinwritingthisarticleis（）.

問題1選項

A.oftenwithdrawsfromthesociety

B.alwaysremainsindifferenttowardshimselfandotherpeople

C.hasprideandbeliefinhimself

D.tendstotakeadvantageofothers

問題2選項

A.Payingforgoodgradesonreportcards.

B.Buyingthechildapresentforhisgoodbehaviors.

C.Praisingandsmilingtothechildnomatterwhatishappeningtohim.

D.Lovingthechildinspiteofhismistakesandfailures.

問題3選項

A.Goodparentstelltheirchildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyarethereastheirchildren.

B.Ifachildisnotlovedorfeltvalued,hemaynotdealwithdailyproblemsinagoodwayinthefuture.

C.Externalratherthaninternalreinforcementplaysamoreimportantroleinformingachild’sself-esteem.

D.One’sself-esteemhasnothingtodowiththeself-esteemofotherpeoplehehastointeractwith.

問題4選項

A.toteachhowtolovethechildren

B.toemphasizethefamily’sroleinthedevelopmentofachild’sself-esteem

C.toillustratetheprofitsofself-esteem

D.tohelpfamilymemberstounderstandeachother

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.【選項釋義】

1.Accordingtothispassage,apersonwithaself-esteem______.1.根據(jù)這篇文章，一個有自尊的人______。

A.oftenwithdrawsfromthesocietyA.經(jīng)常遠(yuǎn)離社會

B.alwaysremainsindifferenttowardshimselfandotherpeopleB.總是對自己和別人保持冷漠

C.hasprideandbeliefinhimselfC.對自己有自豪感和信心

D.tendstotakeadvantageofothersD.傾向于利用別人

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章第一段“自尊是人們對自己的看法，不管他們是否受到重視，當(dāng)家庭成員有自尊、自豪和自信時，這種高度的自尊（thishighself-esteem）使人們有可能處理成長過程中的日常問題”，從中可知，thishighself-esteem（這種高度的自尊）指的就是自尊、自豪和自信，所以一個有自尊的人對自己有自豪感和自信心，C項“對自己有自豪感和信心”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“經(jīng)常遠(yuǎn)離社會”和B項“總是對自己和別人保持冷漠”，根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，缺乏自尊的人會對自己和他人保持冷漠，變得孤立，從而反推，擁有自尊的人會積極與人交往，這兩項屬于反向干擾；

D項“傾向于利用別人”沒有提到，屬于無中生有。

第2題:2.【選項釋義】

2.Whichisoneoftheeffectivemeansthatparentsshouldemployforfosteringachild’sself-esteem?2.父母應(yīng)該采用哪一種有效的方法來培養(yǎng)孩子的自尊？

A.Payingforgoodgradesonreportcards.A.為成績單上的好成績付錢。

B.Buyingthechildapresentforhisgoodbehaviors.B.為孩子的良好表現(xiàn)買一份禮物。

C.Praisingandsmilingtothechildnomatterwhatishappeningtohim.C.不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對他表揚(yáng)和微笑。

D.Lovingthechildinspiteofhismistakesandfailures.D.即使孩子犯了錯誤和失敗，也要愛他。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第二和第三句“通過觸摸和聲音的語調(diào)，父母告訴嬰兒，他們是否受到重視，是否特別，是否被愛，正是這些信息形成了孩子自尊的基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)孩子們在愛中成長，盡管他們犯過錯誤和失敗，但他們覺得自己是可愛的，他們就能以負(fù)責(zé)任、誠實和愛的方式與他人交往?！?，從中可知，如果孩子們在愛的氛圍中成長，即使出錯和失敗的情況下仍然被父母愛護(hù)和關(guān)心，他們與人相處就更有責(zé)任心，更誠實和更具有愛心；綜合推斷，D項“即使孩子犯了錯誤和失敗，也要愛他”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“為成績單上的好成績付錢”和B項“為孩子的良好表現(xiàn)買一份禮物”根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，健康自尊的主要來源是內(nèi)在的，而為表現(xiàn)好的孩子買禮物或付錢都是一種外部影響，并不是一種培養(yǎng)健康自尊的有效的方法，這兩項屬于反向干擾；

C項“不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對他表揚(yáng)和微笑”，原文沒有提到不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對他表揚(yáng)，該項無中生有。

第3題:3.【選項釋義】

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?3.下列哪一項是正確的？

A.Goodparentstelltheirchildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyarethereastheirchildren.A.好的父母告訴孩子，他們被愛沒有其他原因，只是因為他們是自己的孩子。

B.Ifachildisnotlovedorfeltvalued,hemaynotdealwithdailyproblemsinagoodwayinthefuture.B.如果一個孩子沒有被愛或被重視，他將來可能不能很好地處理日常問題。

C.Externalratherthaninternalreinforcementplaysamoreimportantroleinformingachild’sself-esteem.C.外在強(qiáng)化比內(nèi)在強(qiáng)化在孩子自尊的形成中起著更重要的作用。

D.One’sself-esteemhasnothingtodowiththeself-esteemofotherpeoplehehastointeractwith.D.一個人的自尊與他交往的其他人的自尊無關(guān)。

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第一句“成功的父母首先要告訴孩子，他們被愛不是因為別的原因，而只是因為他們的存在”可知，A項“好的父母告訴的孩子，他們被愛沒有其他原因，只是因為他們是自己的孩子”與原文相符。故該題選擇A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B項“如果一個孩子沒有被愛或被重視，他將來可能不能很好地處理日常問題”，根據(jù)原文第三段內(nèi)容可知，如果一個孩子在沒有愛和自我價值感的環(huán)境中長大，他們會缺乏健康的自尊，對日常問題的處理方式也不一樣，并不是不能很好處理，所以該項中的“不能很好地處理日常問題”并不符合原文，屬于曲解原文；

C項“外在強(qiáng)化比內(nèi)在強(qiáng)化在孩子自尊的形成中起著更重要的作用”，根據(jù)第六段的內(nèi)容，該段提到健康自尊的主要來源是內(nèi)在的，有些家長把孩子培養(yǎng)成依賴外部強(qiáng)化而不是內(nèi)部強(qiáng)化的人，會讓孩子們沒有準(zhǔn)備好生活在一個理想的行為不能自動產(chǎn)生有形回報的世界里，所以內(nèi)部強(qiáng)化比外部強(qiáng)化對培養(yǎng)孩子的自尊更重要，該項與原文相反，屬于反向干擾；

D項“一個人的自尊與他交往的其他人的自尊無關(guān)”，根據(jù)第五段第一句“孩子們需要幫助理解，他們的自尊和與他們交往的人的自尊對彼此有直接影響”可知，該項與原文相反，屬于反向干擾。

第4題:4.【選項釋義】

4.Theauthor’smainpointinwritingthisarticleis______.4.作者寫這篇文章的主要觀點是______。

A.toteachhowtolovethechildrenA.教孩子如何去愛

B.toemphasizethefamily’sroleinthedevelopmentofachild’sself-esteemB.強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭在孩子自尊發(fā)展中的作用

C.toillustratetheprofitsofself-esteemC.來說明自尊的好處

D.tohelpfamilymemberstounderstandeachotherD.幫助家庭成員互相理解

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章最后一段的內(nèi)容：健康家庭的基礎(chǔ)取決于父母是否有能力向每個孩子傳達(dá)愛、信任和自我價值的信息。這是自尊建立的基礎(chǔ)，隨著孩子的成長，自尊反映在他或她與他人互動的方式上。結(jié)合全文對于父母如何培養(yǎng)孩子自尊以及擁有健康自尊的作用的描述，綜合推斷作者的目的在于強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭在孩子自尊發(fā)展中的作用。B項符合題意。

【干擾項排除】A項“教孩子如何去愛”、C項“來說明自尊的好處”和D項“幫助家庭成員互相理解”只是段落內(nèi)提及，屬于以偏概全。

7.單選題

Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetomoff，thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.

Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.

Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,washedout,andrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.Moreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottles,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!

Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.

1.“Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries”(line4)means（

）.

2.The“l(fā)ocalauthorities”are

（

）.

3.Ifpaperistoberecycled

（

）.

4.Britishdairiesare

（

）.

5.Theenvironmentaliststhinkthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.notenoughwrappingisusedforluxuries

B.morewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproducts

C.itisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisused

D.thewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessary

問題2選項

A.theTownCouncil

B.thepolice

C.thepapermanufacturers

D.themostinfluentialcitizens

問題3選項

A.moreforestswillhavetobeplanted

B.theuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestricted

C.peoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbish

D.thelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper

問題4選項

A.producingenoughplastictubinginlessthanaweek

B.givinguptheuseofglassbottles

C.increasingtheproductionofplasticbottles

D.re-usingtheiroldglassbottles

問題5選項

A.moreplasticpackagingshouldbeused

B.plasticisthemostconvenientformofpackaging

C.toomuchplasticiswasted

D.shopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainers

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段最后兩句話提到“但是這種瘋狂的大量包裝并不僅僅限于奢侈品。現(xiàn)在很難買到?jīng)]有被玻璃紙、聚乙烯或者紙包裝的東西了”（Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper），因此選項C“不僅奢侈品被包裝，普通商品也一樣”符合題意。

第2題:推理判斷題。文章第二段第三句話提到“這種機(jī)器很容易為localauthority所用。它意味著人們需要將垃圾分為紙質(zhì)或非紙質(zhì)垃圾”（Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach），這個authority管理居民分垃圾的事情，說明是相關(guān)政府機(jī)構(gòu)，選項A符合題意。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第二段第一句話提到“有一個機(jī)器能夠把紙熔化成紙漿再加工成外包裝紙，比如裝雞蛋的箱子，和紙板盒”（Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons）；第三句話提到“它意味著人們需要將垃圾分為紙質(zhì)或非紙質(zhì)垃圾”（Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach），選項C“人們將用不同的垃圾桶來裝垃圾”符合題意。

第4題:推理判斷題。文章第三段提到“越來越多的乳制品正在嘗試塑料瓶，如果所有牛奶瓶相關(guān)材料都使用塑料制品，可以預(yù)計英國乳制品五六天生產(chǎn)的塑料管就可以圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一圈”（Moreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottles,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays），選項A“在不到一周的時間里生產(chǎn)足夠的塑料管”符合題意。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章最后一段提到“一些環(huán)保人士認(rèn)為解決這個問題的唯一辦法是制止商店使用塑料”（Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops），因此選項D符合題意。

8.單選題

Tomakethebestandthemostefficientuseofyourtimeandtoachieveyourgoals,starteachdayby（

）youragenda.

問題1選項

A.holdingon

B.makingout

C.keepingon

D.takingdown

【答案】D

【解析】詞組辨析題。holdon等一下，繼續(xù)；makeout理解，辨認(rèn)出，設(shè)法應(yīng)付；keepon繼續(xù)；takedown記下。句意：為了最大限度、最有效地利用你的時間并實現(xiàn)你的目標(biāo)，你需要開始每天記錄你的日程。選項D符合句意。

9.單選題

Youngpeoplearenot______tostandandlookatworksofart;theywantarttheycanparticipatein.

問題1選項

A.conservative

B.content

C.confident

D.generous

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查定語從句。A選項conservative“保守的”；B選項content“滿意的”；C選項confident“自信的”；D選項generous“慷慨的”。句意：年輕人不______站在那里觀看藝術(shù)作品；他們想要的是可以參與的藝術(shù)。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是不想止步于觀看藝術(shù)作品，而是想要參與其中，B選項content“滿意的”符合題意。因此B選項正確。

10.單選題

Thediscoveryofthesunkenship（

）ancientshipbuildingtechniquesandtradingroutes.

問題1選項

A.madesenseof

B.tookchargeof

C.gotaroundto

D.shedlighton

【答案】D

【解析】考察動詞詞組辨析。madesenseof弄清……的意思；tookchargeof負(fù)責(zé)，接管；gotaroundto開始考慮做……；shedlighton使……清楚地顯出。句意：沉船的發(fā)現(xiàn)為人們對古代造船技術(shù)和航運(yùn)貿(mào)易路線的研究提供了線索。選項D符合句意。

11.單選題

NowapaperinSciencearguesthatorganicchemicalsintherockcomemostlyfrom（

）onearthratherthanbacteriaonMars.

問題1選項

A.configuration

B.constitution

C.condemnation

D.contamination

【答案】D

【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。Configuration“布置，結(jié)構(gòu)”；constitution“建立，組成，憲法”;condemnation“譴責(zé)”;contamination“污染，玷污;污染物”。句意：最近在《科學(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇文章認(rèn)為，巖層大部分有有機(jī)化學(xué)物質(zhì)來自于地球上的污染而不是火星上的細(xì)菌。選項D符合題意。

12.單選題

Itgoeswithoutsayingthatpollution（

）aseriousthreattothecontinuedexistenceofsomespecieslivingonearth.

問題1選項

A.poses

B.imposes

C.provokes

D.evokes

【答案】A

【解析】動詞辨析題。A選項pose“造成，擺姿勢”；B選項impose“強(qiáng)加”；C選項provoke“驅(qū)使，激怒”；D選項evoke“引起，喚起”。句意：毫無疑問，污染對地球上某些物種的繼續(xù)生存造成了嚴(yán)重的威脅。選項A符合句意。

13.單選題

Scientistshavelongarguedwhetherhypocrisyisdrivenbyemotionorbyreason.Inothermoraljudgments,brainimagingshows,regionsinvolvedinfeeling,notthinking,ruletheroleofemotioninmoraljudgmentshasoverturnedtheEnlightenmentnotionthatourethicalsenseisbasedonhigh-mindedphilosophyandcognition.Thatbringsustohypocrisy,whichisalmostridiculouslyeasytobringoutinpeople.

Inanewstudy,psychologistDavidDeStenoinstructed94peopletoassignthemselvesandstrangeroneoftwotasks:aneasyoneorahardone.Theneveryonewasasked,howfairlydidyouactfrom“extremelyunfairly”(1)to“extremelyfairly”(7).Nexttheywatchedsomeoneelsemaketheassignments,andjudgedthatperson'sethics.Selflessnesswasavirtualno-show:87outof94peopleoptedfortheeasytaskandgavethenextguythedifficultone.Hypocrisy,however,showedupwithbellson:everysinglepersonwhomadetheselfishchoicejudgedhisownbehaviorlessstrictly—onaverage,4.5vs.3.1—thanthatofsomeoneelsewhograbbedtheeasytaskforhimself.

Thegapsuggestshowhypocrisyispossible.Whenwejudgeourownmisbehaviorslessharshly,DeStenosaid,itmaybebecause“wehavethisautomatic,gut-level(本能)instincttopreserveourself-image.Inourheart,maybewe'rejustnotassensitivetoourownimmoralbehaviors.Peoplehavelearnedthatitpaystoseemmoral,sinceitletsyouavoidcriticismandguilt.Butevenbetterisappearingmoralwithouthavingtopaythecostofactuallybeingmoral—suchasassigningyourselfthetoughjob.”

Totesttheroleofcognitioninhypocrisy,DeStenohadvolunteersagainassignthemselvesaneasytaskandastrangeradifficultone.Butbeforejudgingthefairnessoftheiractions,theyhadtomemorizesevennumbers.Thistactickeepsthebrain’sthinkingregionstootieduptothinkmuchaboutanythingelse,anditworked:hypocrisyvanished.Peoplejudgedtheirown(selfish)behaviorasharshlyastheydidothers’，strongevidencethatmoralhypocrisyrequiresahigh-ordercognitiveprocess.Whenthethinkingpartofthebrainisotherwiseengaged,we’releftwithgut-levelreactions,andweintuitivelyandequallycondemnbadbehaviorbyourselvesaswellasothers.

Ifourgutknowswhenwehaveerredandjudgesourmisbehaviorsharshly,moralhypocrisymightnotbeasinevitableasifitwerethechildofemotionsandinstincts,whicharetoughertochangethanthinking.“Sinceit’sacognitiveprocess,wehavevolitional(意志的)controloverit,arguesDeSteno.Thewaytochangeheartsandmindsistofocusontheformer:appealtoourbetterangelsinthebrain’semotionareas,andtellcircuitsthataregoingthroughcognitivedistortionstoexcuseinourselveswhatwecondemninotherstojustshutup.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,brainimagingisproofof（

）.

2.Theconclusiondrawnfromthefirstexperimentisthatpeople

（

）.

3.DeStenoattributesthesubjects’behaviorstothefactthatthey

（

）.

4.Thesecondexperimentprovesthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.emotionalbasisofmoraljudgments

B.emotion-drivenhypocrisy

C.reason-drivenhypocrisy

D.theEnlightenmentnotion

問題2選項

A.prefereasytasks

B.likepickingfaultsofothers

C.demandbothbenefitsandreputation

D.arehypocriticalinnature

問題3選項

A.areself-centered

B.areinsensitivetomisbehaviors

C.haverealizedthatitcoststobemoral

D.havereasonedthathypocrisyisbeneficial

問題4選項

A.selfishnessistheresultofcognition

B.humanaremoralandfairbynature

C.moraljudgmentsaremadebycognition

D.judgmentsbyintuitionarereliable

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。文章第一段的內(nèi)容為：長期以來，科學(xué)家們一直在爭論，偽善是由情感驅(qū)動還是由理性驅(qū)動。在其他道德判斷中，大腦成像顯示，情緒在道德判斷中所起的作用所涉及的是情感而不是思維的區(qū)域，顛覆了啟蒙運(yùn)動的觀念。這給我們帶來了偽善，這在人身上幾乎是可笑的?？芍X成像是道德判斷的情感基礎(chǔ)，因此選A。

2.推理判斷題。文章第二段介紹了心理學(xué)家們做的實驗：實驗對象給自己和陌生人分配任務(wù)，并為自己和別人分配的公平性打分。得到的結(jié)果是：一方面，無私的現(xiàn)象完全沒有出現(xiàn)，人們都為自己選擇了輕松的任務(wù)而把難的任務(wù)分給別人。另一方便，偽善倒是大張旗鼓地出現(xiàn)了，人們對自己的自私行為比對別人的自私行為更為寬容。因此從第一個實驗得出的結(jié)論是人們既要利益又要維護(hù)形象，選C。

3.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中的Peoplehavelearnedthatitpaystoseemmoral,sinceitletsyouavoidcriticismandguilt.Butevenbetterisappearingmoralwithouthavingtopaythecostofactuallybeingmoral—suchasassigningyourselfthetoughjob（人們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識到，看起來道德是值得的，因為它可以讓你避免批評和內(nèi)疚。但更好的是，在不付出實際道德代價的情況下，表現(xiàn)得很有道德——比如給自己分配一份艱苦的工作）可知D選項“有理由認(rèn)為偽善是有益的”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Peoplejudgedtheirown(selfish)behaviorasharshlyastheydidothers'...andweintuitivelyandequallycondemnbadbehaviorbyourselvesaswellasothers（人們像對待別人一樣嚴(yán)厲地判斷自己（自私的）行為……我們直覺地和同樣譴責(zé)自己和他人的不良行為）可知B選項“人的本性是道德的和公平的”符合題意。

14.單選題

Improvedconsumerconfidenceis______toaneconomicrecovery.

問題1選項

A.crucial

B.subordinate

C.cumulative

D.satisfactory

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.crucial至關(guān)重要的，關(guān)鍵性的B.subordinate隸屬的，從屬的

C.cumulative（在力量或重要性方面）聚積的，積累的D.satisfactory令人滿意的，夠好的

【答案】A

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句子意思“消費(fèi)者信心的增強(qiáng)對經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇______”可知，空格處表示“至關(guān)重要的”符合句意。因此，該題選擇A項。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D項不符合句意。

【句意】消費(fèi)者信心的增強(qiáng)對經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇至關(guān)重要。

15.單選題

Such______thecase,Ican’taffordtosupporthim.

問題1選項

A.being

B.is

C.hasbeen

D.hadbeen

【答案】A

【解析】【試