(精校版)語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋

完整word版,語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋編輯整理：尊敬的讀者朋友們：文中內(nèi)容進(jìn)行仔細(xì)校對(duì)，但是難免會(huì)有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（完整word版,語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋進(jìn)步的源泉，前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。本文可編輯可修改，如果覺(jué)得對(duì)您有幫助請(qǐng)收藏以便隨時(shí)查閱，最后祝您生活愉快業(yè)績(jī)進(jìn)步，以下為完整word版,語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋的全部?jī)?nèi)容。Chapter1:Introduction1。Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage。langue：Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.parole：Ppetence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage。11。performance:Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforcommunication。designfeatures：Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemof14。arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandductivity:Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyneverheardbefore。duality:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerofsound，whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverof。17。displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeor。18.culturaltransmission:Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itisandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanby。Chapter2:PhonologyphonicmediumThemeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication。phonetics：Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld's。articulatoryphonetics：Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker'spointofview，i。e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.auditoryphonetic：Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer'spointofviwi.e。howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer。acousticItstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughairfromonepersonto。voicing:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthecords。7。voiceless:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthecords.8.broadtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.9。narrowtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbol，togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.10。diacritics：Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.shortforInternationalPhoneticasystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics，usedtorepresentthepronunciationwordsinanylanguage.aspiration:Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechndmannerofarticulation:Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.14。placeofarticulationTheplacewhereobstructionis。15.consonant:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother。16。vowel：aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction。17。monophthong:theindividualvowel。18.diphthong：Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowels,andfunctionsasasingleone。19。phone：Thespeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage。20phonemeThesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds。21。allophoneanydifferentformsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.22。phonology：Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning。phonemiccontrast：twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishplementarydistribution:allophonesofthesamephonemeanddon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.minimalpair:twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptsoundandoccursinthesameThetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.sequentialrules:Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinparticularlanguage.27。assimilationrule：Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialthusmakingthetwophonessimilar.28.deletionrule:Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented。29。suprasegmentalfeatures：Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments——-—syllable,word,sentence。tone:Tonesarepitchvariations，onation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolationtheyarecollectivelyknownasintonationChapter3：Morphology1.morphology:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation。2openclass:Agroupofwordswhichcontainsanunlimitednumberofandnewwordscanbeaddedtoit.3.closedclass：Arelativelyfewwords,includingconjunctions，prepositionsandpronouns，andnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedto。4。morpheme:Thesmallestunitofmeaningofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.5。affix：aletteroragroupofwhichisaddedtoaandwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,andsuffix。6.suffix：Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofa。7。prefix：Theaffix，whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword，andusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoits。8。boundmorpheme：Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g。–ment。9。freemorpheme:amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.10.derivationalmorpheme:Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword。11。inflectionalmorpheme:Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.12。morphologicalrules:Thewayswordsareformed.TheserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformpoundAcombinationoftwoormorewhichfunctionsasasinglewordsinflectionthemorphologicalprocesswhichadjustswordsbygrammaticalmodification，。g.inTherainscame，rainisinflectedforpluralityandcameforpasttense.Chapter4:SyntaxAbranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationof。category：Itreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounoraverb。6。phrase：syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase，thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseis。8.head：Thewordroundwhichphraseisformedistermedhead.9.specifier:Tplement:Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsares11。phrasestructurerule:Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.14.coordination:Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphenomenonisknownascoordination。15。subcategorization：Theinformationaboutaword’scomplementisincludedintheheadandtermedplementizerWplementclause：Tplementphrase：theelements,includingacomplementizerandacomplementclauseiscalledacomplementphrase.19。matrixclause：thecontrusctioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddediscalledmatrixclause。20。modifier:theelement，whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsiscalledmodifier.transformation：aspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanotherinversion：theprocessoftransformationthatmovestheauxiliarytheInflpositiontoapositiontotheleftofthesubject，iscalledinversion。Doinsertion：Intheprocessofformingyes-noquestionthatdoesnotcontainanovertInfl,interrogativedoisinsertedintoanemptyInflpositontomaketransformationwork.24。deepstructure:AlevelofabstractsyntacticrepresentationformedbytheXPrule.25。surfacestructure:Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationafterapplyingthenecessarysyntacticmovement,i.e。,transformation，tothestructure。(05）26.universalgrammartheinnatenessprinciplesandpropertiesthatpertaintothegrammarsofallhuman。Chapter5：Semantics1。semantics:Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.3。sense:Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform。Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde—contexturalized。Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.4referenceReferencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhephysicalworldItdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience。5synonymySynonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled。6dialectalsynonyms:synonymsthatareusedindifferentregionaldialects。7.stylisticsynonyms:synonymsthatdifferinstyleordegreeofformality.8。collocationalsynonyms:Synonymsthatdifferintheircolllocationinthewordstheygotogetherwith.9。polysemy：Thesamewordhasmorethanonemeaning。10。homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,iedifferentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling，orinboth.11homophonesWhentwowordsareidenticalinsoundtheyarehomophones.12。homographs:Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling，pletehomonymy:Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling，theyarecompletehomonyms。14。hyponymy：Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecific。15.superordinate：Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate。16。co-hyponyms:Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco—hyponyms.17。antonymy:Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning.20.relationalopposites：Pairsifwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites。Forexample，husband---wife，father—--son,buy-——sell,let—-—rent，above—--below。21。entailment:therelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthoneisinferredfromthetruthoftheother.EgCindykilledthedogentailsthedogis。22。presupposition:Whataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemassagealreadyknows。e.g.SometeahasalreadybeentakenisapresuppositionofTakesomemoretea.Chapter6：Pragmatics1pragmaticsThestudyofhowspeakersusessentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.2。context:Thegeneralknowledgesharedbythespeakersandthehearers.3。sentencemeaning:Themeaningofaself—containedunitwithabstractandde—contextualizedfeatures。4。utterancemeaning：Themeaningthataspeakerconveysbyusingaparticularutteranceinaparticularcontext.utterance:expressionproducedinaparticularcontextwithaparticularintention。SpeechActTheory:ThetheoryproposedbyJohnAustinanddeepenedbySearle,whichbelievesthatweareperformingactionswhenweare。7。constatives：Constativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable.8。performatives：Performativesaresentencesthatdon'tstateafactordescribeastate，andarenotverifiable.9.locutionaryact:Theactofconveyingliteralmeaningbyvirtueofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.10。illocutionaryact：Theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintentionperformedinsayingsomething.11.perlocutionaryact:Theactresultingfromsayingsomethingandtheconsequenceorthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.12。representatives:Statingordescribingsayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue。13.directives:TerativePrinciple：Theprinciplethattheparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperateinmakingconversation，otherwise，itbeimpossibletocarryonthetalk.18.conversationalTheuseofconversationalmaximstomeaningduringconversation。Chapter7：LanguageChange8.acronyms：Atolanguage:Theoriginalformofalanguagefamily,whichhasceasedtoexist。10.Languagefamily:Agroupofhistoricallyrelatedlanguagesthathavedevelopedfromacommonancestrallanguage.Chapter8：LanguageAndSocietysociolinguistics:Thesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinsocialcontexts.speechcommunity:Agroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityandshareatleastonespeechvarietyaswellassimilarlinguisticnorms。speechvarieties:Itreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechbyaspeakeroragroupof。4。regionaldialect:Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeoplelivinginthegeographicalregion.5sociolect:Avarietyoflanguageusedbypeople,whobelongtoaparticularsocialclass.6。registers：Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.idiolect：Aperson’sdialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselements,regardingregional,social,genderandagevariations.linguisticreportoire：Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire.registertheory：AtheoryproposedbyAmericanlinguistHalliday，whobelievedthatthreesocialvariablesdeterminetheregister,namely，ofdiscourse,tenorofdiscourseandmodeof。fieldofdiscourse：thepurposeandsubjectmatterofthecommunicativebehavior..11。tenorofdiscourseItreferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion：whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeach。12。modeofdiscourse:Itreferstothemeansofcommunicationanditisconcernedwithhowcommunicationiscarriedout.13。standarddialect:Asuperposedvarietyoflanguageofacommunityornation,usuallybasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofthelanguage。14.formality:Itreferstothedegreeofformalityindifferentoccasionsandreflectstherelationshipandconversations.AccordingtoMartinJostherearefivestagesofformality，namely，intimate,casual,formalandfrozen.15Pidgin:Ablendingofseverallanguagedevelopingasacontactlanguageofpeople，whospeakdifferenttrytocommunicationwithanotheronaregular。16。Creole:Apidginlanguagewhichhasbecomethenativelanguageofagroupofspeakersusedinthisdailylife.bilingualism：Theuseoftwodifferentlanguagessidebysidewithhavingadifferentroletoplay，andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.(07C)diaglossia：Asociolinguisticsituationinwhichtwodifferentvarietiesoflanguageco-existinaspeechcommunity,eachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.19。LinguaFranca：Avarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeople，whospeakdifferentnativelanguagesordialects20。code-switching:themovementbackandforthbetweentwolanguagesordialectswithinthesamesentenceordiscourse。Chapter10：LanguageAcquisition1.languageacquisition：Itreferstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue，i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.2languageacquisitiondevice（LAD):Ahypotheticalinnatemechanismeverynormalhumanchildisbelievedtobebornwith,whichallowthemtoacquirelanguage.3。UniversalGrammar:Atheorywhichclaimstoaccountforthegrammaticalcompetenceofeveryadultnomatterwhatlanguageheorshespeaks.4。motherese：Aspecialspeechtochildrenusedbyadults,whichischaracterizedwithslowrateofspeed,highpitch，richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructuresetcchilddirectedspeech，caretakertalk.5。CriticalPeriodThehypothesisthatthetimespanbetweenearlychildhoodandpubertyisthecriticalperiodforlanguageduringwhichchildrencanacquirelanguagewithoutformalinstructionsuccessfullyandeffortlessly。6under—extensionUseawordwithlessthanitsusualrangeofdenotation.7.over-extension:Extensionofthemeaningofawordbeyonditsusualofapplicationbyyoungchildren.8。telegraphicspeech：Children'searlymultiwordspeechthatcontainscontentwordsandlacksfunctionwordsandinflectionalmorphemes.contentword:Wordsreferringtothings,quality，stateoraction，havelexicalmeaningusedalone.functionword：Wordswithlittlemeaningontheirownbutshowgrammaticalrelationshipsinandbetweensentences.taboo:Wordsknowntospeakersbutavoidedinsomecontextsofspeechforreasonsofreligion,politenessetc.atypicalSomeacquisitionoflanguagemaybedelayedfollowthesamerulesoflanguagedevelopmentduetotraumaor。Chapter11:SecondLanguageAcquisition1.secondlanguageacquisition：Itreferstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage。2。targetlanguage:Thelanguagetobeacquiredbythesecondlanguagelearner。secondAsecondlanguageisalanguagewhichisnotanativelanguageinacountrybutwhichiswidelyusedasamediumofcommunicationandwhichisusuallyusedalongsideanotherlanguageor。foreignlanguage:Aforeignlanguageisalanguagewhichistaughtasaschoolsubjectbutwhichisnotusedasamediumofinstructioninschoolsnorasalanguageofcommunicationwithinaerlanguage:Atypeoflanguageproducedbysecondandforeignlanguagelearner，whoareintheprocessoflearningalanguaeandthistypeoflanguageusuallycontainswrongexpressions.6fossilizationInsecondorforeignlanguagelearning,thereisaprocesswhichsometimesoccursinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesalanguage.overgeneralization：Theuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinsituations，inwhichtheyareunacceptable.cross—association：somewordsaresimilarinmeaningaswellasspellingandpronunciation.Thisinternalinterferenceiscallednerror:theproductionofincorrectformsinspeechorwritingbyanon—nativespeakerofasecondduetohisincompleteknowledgeoftherulesofthattargetlanguage.mistakes,definedaseitherintentionallyorunintentionallydeviantformsandself-corrigible，suggestfailureinperformance。18。input:ake：theinputwhichisactuallyhelpfulforthelearner。20。InputHypothesis:AhypothesisproposedbyKrashen,whichstatesinsecondlanguagelearning,it’snecessaryforthelearnertounderstandinputlanguagewhichcontainslinguisticitemsthatareslightlybeyondlearner’spresentlinguisticcompetence。Eventuallytheabilitytoproducelanguageissaidtoemergenaturallywithoutbeingtaughtdirectly.21。acquisitionAcquisitionisaprocesssimilartothewaychildrenacquiretheirfirstlanguage.ItisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalLearnersarehardlyawareoftheirlearningbuttheyareusinglanguagetocommunicate.Itisalsocalledimplicitlearning,preh