下午分部英語二小班課錄音及課件-閱讀補(bǔ)充2詳解

TextOne“Natureisn’tclassical,dammit,andifyouwanttomakeasimulationofnatureyou’dbettermakeitquantummechanical,andbygolly,it’sawonderfulproblembecauseitdoesn’tlookeasy.”Withthosewords,in1981,RichardFeynman,anAmericanphysicist,introducedtheideathat,byharnessingquantummechanics,itmightbepossibletobuildanewkindofcomputer,capableoftacklingproblemsthatwouldcausearun-of-the-millmachinetochoke.Feynmanwasright:ithasnotbeeneasy.Overthepastfourdecadesquantumcomputershaveslowlyevolvedfromsquigglesontheoreticians’blackboardstosmallmachinesinuniversitylaboratoriestoresearchprojectsrunbysomeoftheworld’sbiggestcompanies.Nowoneofthosemachines,builtbyresearchersat,hasatlastshownwhatallthefussisabout.Itappearstohaveperformed,injustoverthreeminutes,ataskthat,theresearchersestimate,theworld’smostpowerfulclassical puterwouldtakearound10,000yearstocomplete.’smachineisaspecial-purposedevicethatwasdesignedtosolveacontrivedproblemwithfewpracticaluses.Butthisdisplayofso-called“quantumsupremacy”isnonethelessatone.Whatmightquantumcomputingactuallybeusedfor?Thatquestionisobscuredbythepilesofmoneyandhyperbolethatsurroundit.Alongwith5GandAI,itisoneofthetechnologiesthats,ofbothcountriesandcompanies,lovetocite.ChinaandAmericahavepledgedtoinvestbillionsofdollarsinit.Thereisexcitedtalkofarace,andoftherichesandpowerthatawaitthetoseizethe“HolyGrailofcomputing”.Despitethebreathlessness,quantumcomputersarenotmagical.Arichbodyoftheoreticalworkprovesthattheywillbepotent,butlimited.Forallthetalkofsupremacy,quantumcomputersarenotsuperiorineveryregardtotheirclassicalcousins.Indeedformanytaskstheywillofferlittleimprovement.Yetforsomeproblems—butonlysome—cleverprogrammersormathematicianscancreatealgorithmsthatexploitthemachines’quantumcapabilities.Inthosespecialcases,quantumcomputersofferhugegains,crunchingtasksthatwouldotherwisetakeyearsormillenniadowntominutesorseconds.Severalofthesealgorithmshavebeendeveloped.Theyofferaglimpseofwherequantumcomputersmightexcel.Inencryption,forexample,aquantummachinecouldquicklyuntanglethecomplexmathsthatunderliesmuchofthescramblingthatprotectsinformationonline.Aworldwithpowerfulquantumcomputers,inotherwords,isoneinwhichunravels.Techfirmsandernmentsareinvestigatingnewfoundationsforencryptionthatarenotknowntobesusceptibletoquantumcomputers.Butdeployingthemwillbetheworkofdecades.AsFeynmanpointedout,classicalcomputersstruggletosimulatethequantum-mechanicalprocessesthatunderpinphysicsandchemistry.Quantumcomputerscoulddosowithaplomb,ausefultrickfordeveloeverythingfrompharmaceuticalstopetrochemicals.Theirabilitytosolveoptimisationproblemscouldhelpfinancialfirmsimprovetheirtradingalgorithms.Artificial-inligenceresearchershopethatquantumcomputerscouldofferaboosttotheiralgorithms,too.Fornow,though,allthatliesinthefuture.’smachineisbestthoughtofasaSputnikmoment.Byitself,SputnikdidnothingbutorbitEarthwhilebee.Butitprovedaconcept,andgrabbedtheworld’sattention.’s plishmentisoneintheeyefor putingsceptics.Itstronglysuggeststhepromiseofquantumtechnologycanberealisedinpracticeaswellastheory.Anditwilldrawevenmoremoneyandattentiontoared-hotfield.Agreatdealofengineeringworkremainsbeforequantumcomputerscanbeusedforreal-worldtasks.Butthatdayhassuddenlygotcloser.■自然界并不像經(jīng)典物理學(xué)描述的那樣，真見鬼。要想模擬自然，最好用量子力學(xué)。天哪，這真是一道太的題，因?yàn)橐豢淳筒蝗菀住?981年，物理學(xué)家理查德·費(fèi)曼（ichrdFynman）量子力學(xué)，也許能打造出一種新型計算機(jī)，解決普通計算機(jī)可能無力應(yīng)對的問40黑板上的潦草曲線發(fā)展到大學(xué)里的小機(jī)器，再演變成世界上一些最大公司的研究項(xiàng)目。張的所掩蓋。與5G和人工智能一樣，量子計算也被國家首腦和企業(yè)大佬 。界里，今天的大部分措施都會被攻破?？萍脊竞透鲊谘蠵ara1用RichardFeynmanPara2谷歌制造出了世界最強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)典超級計算機(jī)（theworld’smostpowerfulclassicalsupercomputerbuiltbyresearchersat）Para3Para4Para56（如加密技術(shù)encryption;模擬物理和化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的量子力學(xué)Para7hype/haip/noun,hypesbup擠滿;塞滿bechokedwithfuss/noun,[U,ItwasallafussaboutStevekicksupafusseverytimeIevensuggestseeingtone/1·重要事件；重要階段；轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)；里程碑2.·obscureRecentsuccesseshaveobscuredthefactthatthecompanyisstillintrouble.近來的成功遮蔽使朦朧使聽不清Theviewwasobscuredbymist.alongwithsb/·inadditiontosb/sth;inthesamewayassb/Shelostherjobwhenthefactoryclosed,alongwithhundredsofcouplesthwithsth〔某物〕加上〔某物〕把...與...combinewithsth使)togetherwithsth包括…在內(nèi);加之；和；連同；同…pairupwithsb使（兩人）結(jié)組工作teamupwithsb與..組隊，與...協(xié)作alongsidesth與...一起，同時breathlessThelongclimbleftJanfeelingbreathless.攀爬了那么長時間使簡感到喘不來[+withTheywaitedbreathlesswithanticipation.Hisnoveldrewbreathlesssuperlativesfromcritics.他的第一部小說贏得書評家的交atabreathlesspacespeedextremelyfastthebreathlessheatofamidsummernightinRome—breathlessly—breathlessnessnounexcel/verbexcelled,excelling精通，擅長遠(yuǎn)勝他人[+at/inRickhasalwaysexcelledatforeignlanguages.excelyourselfGrahamhasexcelledhimselfwiththenewexhibition.格雷厄姆這次新的展出辦得特別成untangle/verbTheresearchattemptstountanglesomeoftheseissues.這項(xiàng)研究試圖理清其中的一些問unravel/verbunravelled,理解解釋，闡明Detectivesarestilltryingtounravelthemysterysurroundinghisdeath.們?nèi)栽谠噲D解開他的之謎?！蚕到y(tǒng)、計劃、組織等〕，Thecompanystartedtounravelwhentwoofthedirectorswerearrested.兩位董事以susceptible(~to)易得病的易受影響的immunesusceptibleofsthunderpinned,underpinningAmerica'swealthisunderpinnedbyaglobalsystemwhichexploitstheworld'spoor.—underpinningnoun;theonebasicprinciplethatunderliesalloftheparty'spolicies貫穿該黨各項(xiàng)政策的一個chokesthbackchokesth'off；制止；限制;打斷；停止；終chokeout|chokeoutsth因感情激動而)哽咽著說，哽咽地說出某事makeasimulationof=simulate模擬harnessquantummechanicsquantumsupremacyrun-of-the-'millordinaryadjectivemakeafusskickupafussaboutsth)（因某事）大吵大鬧;（因某事）大驚小怪makeafussofsb/sth對/某事物關(guān)愛備至fussoversb/sth對/某事物過于體貼（關(guān)心exploitthemachinesquantumcapabilitiesofferhugegainsget/offeraglimpseofmuchoftoday’scyber-security今天大部分的措Aworldwithpowerfulquantumcomputersgrabdrawtheworld’sattentionchokesth'off；制止；限制;打斷；停止；終chokeout|chokeoutsth因感情激動而)哽咽著說，哽咽地說出某事makeasimulationof=simulate模擬harnessquantummechanicsquantumsupremacyrun-of-the-'millordinaryadjectivemakeafusskickupafussaboutsth)（因某事）大吵大鬧;（因某事）大驚小怪makeafussofsb/sth對/某事物關(guān)愛備至fussoversb/sth對/某事物過于體貼（關(guān)心exploitthemachinesquantumcapabilitiesofferhugegainsget/offeraglimpseofmuchoftoday’scyber-security今天大部分的措Aworldwithpowerfulquantumcomputersgrab/drawtheworld’sattentionEveryfiveyearstheappointmentofanewteamattheEuropeanCommissionisachancetosteertheEuropeanUnion(EU)inafreshdirection.OnSeptember10thUrsulavonderLeyen,the ingboss,setoutherpriorities:managingthetransitionfromfossilfuels,extradollopsofAmericanbig-techbashingand“upgradingouruniquesocialmarket歐盟每五年一次的都是引導(dǎo)歐盟朝著新方向發(fā)展的機(jī)遇。9月10日，即將上任歐盟的烏爾蘇拉·馮德萊恩（UrsulavonderLeyen）提出了自己的工作重點(diǎn)：逐步淘Thetwoatleasthavethebenefitofbeingclear.Ontheeconomy,however,Europeneedsalotmorethanblather.Inthepastdecadethetrendofeconomicintegrationthatdefinedpost-warEuropehasgonebackwards.The“singlemarket”,oncebreathtakinginitsambitiontoeliminateallinternalEUbarriersforgoods,services,capitalandpeople,hasfailedtokeepupwiththeeconomiesitwastryingtoshape.IfEuropewantstocreateprosperityandworld-beatingfirms,itneedsnotjusttoreinvigoratethesinglemarket,butalsotorediscoverthatoriginalvisioninneglectedareasoftradesuchasservices.立了戰(zhàn)后歐洲格局的經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢已經(jīng)。“單一市場”想要消除歐盟對商品、服務(wù)、資本和的所有壁壘，這樣的抱負(fù)一度震撼人心。但的進(jìn)程未能跟上它試圖Thesinglemarketstillmatters—lookatthemessBritainfindsitselfinasittriestoextricateitselffromtheEU.ButapolicyoriginallydevisedtobreakdowntradebarriersintheeraofcoalandsteelhasnotadaptedfastenoughtotheeraofbitsandlikesInthepastdecadeEurope’sbankshaveretrenchedtotheirhomemarketsanditsfirmshaveshiftedtheirenergiestoexpandingoutsidetheEU.Asaresult,Europestilllookslikeaseriesofmid-sizedeconomiespatchedtogethernotasinglerivaltoChinaandAmerica.煤炭和鋼鐵的時代打破貿(mào)易壁壘的政策沒能迅速適應(yīng)數(shù)字和社交的時代。過去十年中，看起來仍像是多個中型經(jīng)濟(jì)體拼湊在一起，而不是一個能與中國和競爭的單一經(jīng)濟(jì)體。Thatisonereasonwhy,evenascentralbankersadministeradrip-feedofmonetaryadrenalin,Europe’seconomyislosinggroundtoglobalrivals.Itrisks ingabusinessbackwater.Adecadeagotenoftheworld’s40largestlistedfirmsbymarketvaluewerebasedintheEU;nowonlytwoare—in32ndand36thplace.DesperayfewoftheworldsleadingstartupsareEuropean算，全球40家最大的上市公司中有10家總部位于歐盟，現(xiàn)在只有兩家——分別位列第32和第36位。世界上領(lǐng)先的中來自歐洲的鳳毛麟角。PolicymakerswhoacheattheabsenceofaEuropeantechsuccessonthescaleoforAmazonpaylipservicetotheimportanceofthesinglemarket.AndyetFranceandGermanyarguethattherealanswerisdirigisteindustrialpolicy.TheyhavecalledformergersofEuropeanfirmstocreateindustrial“champions”shieldedfromantitrustrulesandChinesecompetition.Theyshouldbeaimingtocompletethesinglemarketinstead.Afunctionalsinglemarkethelpsfirmsachieveeconomiesofscale.ItischeapertomakeaproductthathastomeetonesetofEUregulationsthantotrytofollow28differentnationalrulebooks.Stiffercompetitionfromfirmsacrossthecontinentmeansthatshoppersgetbetterandcheaperstuff.ImagineifthedozensofmobileoperatorsinEuropewerefreetopitchtheirdataplanstothosebeyondtheirnationalborders.Instead,consumershavetomakedowithhigher-charginglocaloligopolies.比起試圖遵循28個國家的不同規(guī)定，按一套歐盟的要求來生產(chǎn)成本會更低。整個歐能忍受本地寡頭的高額。Innovationspreadsfasterinaunifiedmarket,pepupproductivity.Aproperlyintegratedenergygridwouldboostthemostefficient(andgreenest)powerproducers.Bankswithloansoutacrossthecontinentavoidtroubleiftheirhomemarketfallsintorecession.Capitalmarketsonacontinentalscalecanhelpthemdistributerisksbeyondthebankingsector.Saferbanksanddeepermarketsmeancheapercapitalandfewerbail-outs.Forallthosereasons,reinvigoratingthesinglemarketoughttobeatthecentreofthedebateonhowtoboostEurope’seconomy.Itisnot.SinceherappointmenttwomonthsagoMrsvonderLeyenhasmentionedthesinglemarketonlyinpassing.Thecommissionerinchargeofthebrief,SylvieGoulardofFrance,iswellregarded,butwillhavetosplithertimebetweeninternal-marketduties,regulatingartificialinligence,andanewdefence-industryandspacebrief.鑒于以上原因，在如何促進(jìn)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的辯論中，重振單一市場應(yīng)該成為議題。但實(shí)際委員西爾維·古拉德（SylvieGoulard）負(fù)責(zé)單一市場政策，她本人備受尊重，但必須在Thatmightbeunderstandableifthesinglemarketwerebeyondsaving.Infactitcanberevitalisedinthreeways.Theistoensurethatitsstatutesarefullyimplemented.Toooften,national ernmentsflouttheedictsofthesinglemarketsoastoprotectapoliticallyconnectedindustry.O age,eachEuropeancountryregulatestheworkingsofnearly200professions,makingitneedlesslytrickyforEuropeanstomovetowherethejobsare.Nowonderbitsofthecontinentstillhavedouble-digitunemployment.ThenewBrussel shouldstepupenforcementagainst thatfailtoapplytherules.求保護(hù)有政治關(guān)聯(lián)的行業(yè)。平均而言，每個歐洲國家都會對近200種職業(yè)的從業(yè)進(jìn)行，Thesecondwayistofocusontheeuro.Thesinglecurrencyisinsomewaysanextensionofthesinglemarket,eveniffewercountriesbelongtoit.Itwouldbemorestableifacentralfundinsuredbankdeposits.Amoresubstantialeuro-zonebudget,focusedonunemploymentinsurance,say,couldhelpintegrateeuro-zoneeconomies.Asanaddedbenefit,thiswouldalsodeepencross-borderlinks,notablybyhelbanks trulyEuropean.Here,MrsvonderLeyenhasahardertask.HernativeGermanywillseektokeepprogressglacial.成員國的數(shù)量。如果有一個基金確保銀行存款的安全，市場會更穩(wěn)定。例如，以失業(yè)處，就是加深聯(lián)系，尤其是通過幫助銀行成為真正的歐洲銀行。在這方面馮德萊恩的Mostambitious（艱巨的）wouldbeafreshpushtoremovewhatstructuralbarriersremaintocrossborderEuropeantradeCollectingvalue-addedtaxinaneighbouringcountrywouldnotbesodauntingforsmallbusinessesifthelevywasstructuredinthesamewayacrossEurope,forexample.Bankswouldpitchtheirwaresmorebroadlyifbankruptcylawswereharmonised,andapropercapital-marketsunioncreated.Standardcontractsforbusinessservices(onprofessionalliability,say)wouldmakeiteasierforGermanaccountantstotoutforbusinessinItaly,orforSpanisharchitectstopitchtheirofferingsbeyondthePyrenees.最艱巨的任務(wù)將是提供新的推動力，以消除仍存在于歐洲貿(mào)易中的結(jié)構(gòu)性。例如，如果歐洲各國的稅率相同，那么在鄰國收取就不會讓小企業(yè)那么畏懼了。如果法協(xié)調(diào)一致，并建立適當(dāng)?shù)馁Y本市場，那么銀行將能更廣泛地推銷其產(chǎn)品。如Agrandbargain（談判）ofpoliciesservinguptaxreformservicesliberalisationandamorerobusteurowouldrunintoplentyofnationalredlines.Buteachcountrywouldalsohavelotstogain.EuropeneedstoshielditselffromthefalloutaglobaltradewarmightbringItneedsavisionafterthedepartureofBritain,thesinglemarket’smostreliablechampioninBrussels—butalso,often,abrakeonambitiousprojects.Meanwhile,Britonstemptedtosaygoodriddancetothesinglemarket’sshouldreflectonhowmuchlosingaseatatthetablecouldcostthemJcqsDlors,aomrhdofheEropnomissinohmiondlosrintrion,rihlyointdotht“ooynlinoveihhelemkthreisnoinglhyotrokingbnkryrlsorxrims.BtEoe’srstconomicpjctishlfinihdbsins,yilingjsthlfhebnitsitcold.Eropehswshbvoslvesoplobostiscoomy.imeogonhisone.主張進(jìn)一歐盟前雅克德洛（JcqsDlrs說得很，誰都沒法愛單一市。重新訂則或度沒什么別奪人球的地。但歐洲非凡的；突出的；顯著的[同義詞 [同義詞] [反義詞]plural復(fù)興信仰的奮興引導(dǎo)，指導(dǎo)〔的行為〕steersbtowards/awayfrom/through掌管，控制;〔尤指在時期〕帶領(lǐng)…度過:steersththrough/tosthblatherverb廢話連篇—blathernounC,U激動人心的驚人的令人驚嘆的—breathtakinglyadv.world-beating領(lǐng)先世界的;tohavegoodperfectpoorblurrednormalvision視力好/差模糊/想像；幻象drip-feed名詞/1錢等)分作小量點(diǎn)滴給予，細(xì)水長流；gaingroundloseground秤尊敬敬佩inhighregardpayshowregard關(guān)于某事withinregardtosthflout/flaut;flaJt/verbTpitch竭力推銷pitchforbusiness/contracts/customBooksellersarekeentopitchforschoolbusiness.[+toFormanycompanies,pitchingtoinvestorshas ealmostafull-timejob.對于許多公verb捍衛(wèi);Shechampionedthecauseofreligiousfreedom.她捍衛(wèi)事業(yè)。yieldto放棄；繳出yieldsth/sbupto給(大的車輛)讓路yieldtosb/sthtug/verb[+at/onsthJoewastuggingathersleeve.喬在拽袖子tugsthAlicewastuggingonasweater.tugatsb'sheart/heartstrings強(qiáng)烈觸動的心/心tohavegoodperfectpoorblurrednormalvision視力好/極好/差/模糊/正常Nowonder[PHRASE短語表示找出某事的原因難怪，怪不得；YoucansayNowonder'whenyoufindoutthereasonforsomethingthathasbeenpuzzlingyouforsometime.[PHRthat]BradwasJane'sbrother!Nowonderheremindedmesomuchofreanimatesinglemarket=reinvigoratesinglemarketpatchsth?together湊成leavethedisentangleBritainfromtheextricateitselffromtheextricatesb/yourselffromsth使擺脫;goodriddance(tosb)總算擺脫了（）〔表示慶幸走了的粗魯說法gain.losegroundonalarge/small/grandetcscalepaylipservicetosb/sth對/某事空應(yīng)，口惠而實(shí)不shieldsb/sthfromsb/sth免受pitchsthatsb/sthmakedowithpepsb/sth?up使…更活躍（更有意思）Bewellregarded備受尊重remove/eliminatebarriers消除壁壘Breakdownbarriers打破壁壘theremovaloftradebarriersaabrakeonsth對某事物起抑制作用，遏制某事economicgrowth經(jīng)濟(jì)增長:Theprocessinwhichasteadylong-timegrowthinrealGDPandanimprovementinlivingstandardsareachieved.經(jīng)濟(jì)增長通常是指在一個較長的時間跨度上，一個國家人均產(chǎn)出（或人均收入）economicsanction經(jīng)濟(jì)Discriminatoryrestrictionsorcompletebansoneconomicsexchange,designedtopunishthecountryorcountries.經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)（economicsanctions），指一國或數(shù)國對破壞國際義務(wù)、條約和協(xié)定的國家在經(jīng)濟(jì)上采取的懲罰性措施。EconomicUnion經(jīng)濟(jì)；經(jīng)濟(jì)Onewhichextendsacommonmarketbyharmonizingthemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesofthemembernationsaswell.economiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Thepercentreductioniagecostsachievedbyexpandingallinputsbyagivenpercentage.opportunitytodosth做某事的機(jī)會ideal/perfectopportunity理想的機(jī)會rare/uniqueopportunity難得的機(jī)會once-in-a-lifetimeopportunityampleopportunitygoldenopportunitywasted/lost/missedopportunitytake/seize/useanopportunity把握住/抓住/provide/present/openupanopportunityanopportunitycomes(along/up)機(jī)會來臨anopportunityarises出現(xiàn)了機(jī)會takethe/thisopportunitytodosthatthe/earliestopportunity一有機(jī)會（就）atevery(possible)opportunity利用一切機(jī)會windowofopportunity難逢的機(jī)會everyfiveyearstheappointmentofanewteamsteersbinafreshdirection引導(dǎo)...朝著新方向setoutone’spriorities提出了...的工作重點(diǎn)ontheeconomy在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面thetrendofeconomicintegration經(jīng)濟(jì)趨gobackwardscreateprosperityandworld-beatingfirmsrediscoverthatoriginalvisioninareaoftheeraofbitsandlikes數(shù)字和社交的時expandoutsidetheEUadministeradrip-feedofmonetaryadrenalincompletethesinglemarketAfunctionalsinglemarketmakedowithhigher-charginglocaloligopolies忍受本地寡頭的高pepupproductivityAproperlyintegratedenergygridfallintorecessiononacontinentalscaledistributerisksbeyondthebankingsectorbail-outsanewdefence-industry一個新的國防工業(yè)bitsofthecontinent歐洲大陸部分地區(qū)focusontheeuro聚焦歐元focuson‘著力于，以..重點(diǎn)paycloseattentionto關(guān)注givefullconsiderationto統(tǒng)籌o納入makegreateffortstoensureanextensionofthesinglemarketbankdepositsacentralfund基integrateeuro-zoneeconomiesAmoresubstantialeuro-zonebudgetdeepencross-borderlinks加深聯(lián)keepprogressglacial拖慢這一進(jìn)程Beafreshpushto提供新的推動力toutforbusiness招徠生意TextThreeAlthoughitscradleisthesparselywoodedsavannah,humankindhaslonglookedtoforestsforfood,fuel,timberandsublimeinspiration.Stillalivelihoodfor1.5bnpeople,forestsmaintainlocalandregionalecosystemsand,fortheother6.2bn,providea—fragileandcreaking—bufferagainstclimatechange.Nowdroughts,wildfiresandotherhuman-inducedchangesarecompoundingthedamagefromchainsaws.Inthetropics,whichcontainhalfoftheworld’sforestbiomass,tree-coverlosshasacceleratedbytwo-thirdssince2015;ifitwereacountry,theshrinkagewouldmakethetropicalrainforesttheworld’sthird-biggestcarbon-dioxideemitter,afterChinaandAmerica.NowherearethestakeshigherthanintheAmazonbasin—andnotjustbecausecontains40%ofEarth’srainforestsandharbours10-15%oftheworld’sterrestrialspecies.SouthAmerica’snaturalwondermaybeperilouslyclosetothetip-pointbeyondwhichitsgradualtransformationintosomethingclosertosteppecannotbestoppedorreversed,evenifpeoplelaydowntheiraxes.Brazil’s,JairBolsonaro,ishasteningtheprocess—inthename,heclaims,ofdevelopment.Theecologicalcollapsehispoliciesmayprecipitatewouldbefeltmostacuywithinhiscountry’sborders,encircle80%ofthebasin—butwouldgofarbeyondthem,too.Itmustbeaverted.HumanshavebeenchipawayattheAmazonrainforestsincetheysettledtherewellovertenmillenniaago.Sincethe1970stheyhavedonesoonanindustrialscale.Inthepast50yearsBrazilhasrelinquished17%oftheforest’soriginalextent,morethantheareaofFrance,toroad-anddam-building,logging,mining,soyabeanfarmingandcattleranching.Afteraseven-yearernmentefforttoslowthedestruction,itpickedupin2013becauseofweakenedenforcementandanamnestyforpastdeforestation.Recessionandpoliticalcrisisfurtherparedbacktheernment’sabilitytoenforcetherules.NowMrBolsonarohasgleefullytakenabuzzsawtothem.AlthoughcongressandthecourtshaveblockedsomeofhiseffortstostrippartsoftheAmazonoftheirprotectedstatus,hehasmadeitclearthatrule-breakershavenothingtofear,despitethefactthathewaselectedtorestorelawandorder.Because70-80%ofloggingintheAmazonisillegal,thedestructionhassoaredtorecordlevels.SincehetookofficeinJanuary,treeshavebeendisappearingatarateofovertwoManhattansaweek.TheAmazonisunusualinthatitrecyclesmuchofitsownwater.Astheforestshrivels,lessrecyclingtakesplace. ertainthreshold,thatcausesmoreoftheforesttowithersothat,overamatterofdecades,theprocessfeedsonitself.Climatechangeisbringingthethresholdclosereveryyearastheforestheatsup.MrBolsonaroispushingittowardstheedge.Pessimistsfearthatthecycleofrunawaydegradationmaykickinwhenanother3-8%oftheforestvanishes—which,underMrBolsonaro,couldhappensoon.Therearehintsthepessimistsmaybecorrect.Inthepast15yearstheAmazonhassufferedthreeseveredroughts.Firesareontherise.Brazil’sdismissessuchfindings,ashedoessciencemorebroadly.Heaccusesoutsidersofhypocrisy—didrichcountriesnotfelltheirownforests?—and,sometimes,ofusingenvironmentaldogmaasapretexttokeepBrazilpoor.“TheAmazonisours,”thethunderedrecently.WhathappensintheBrazilianAmazon,hethinks,isBrazil’sbusiness.Exceptitisn’t.A“dieback”woulddirectlyhurtthesevenothercountrieswithwhichBrazilsharestheriverbasin.ItwouldreducethemoisturechannelledalongtheAndesasfarsouthasBuenosAires.IfBrazilweredammingarealriver,notchokingoffanaerialone,downstreamnationscouldconsideritanactofwar.AsthevastAmazonianstoreofcarbonburnedandrotted,theworldcouldheatupbyasmuchas0.1°Cby2100—notalot,youmaythink,butthepreferredoftheParisclimateagreementallowsfurtherwarmingofonly0.5°Corso.MrBolsonaro’sotherargumentsarealsoflawed.Yes,therichworldhasrazeditsforests.Brazilshouldnotcopyitsmistakes,butlearnfromtheminsteadas,say,Francehas,byreforestingwhileitstillcan.ParanoiaaboutWesternschemingisjustthat.Theknowledgeeconomyvaluesteticinformationsequesteredintheforestmorehighlythanlandordeadtrees.Evenifitdidnot,deforestationisnotanecessarypriceofdevelopment.Brazil’soutputofsoyabeansandbeefrosebetween2004and2012,whenforest-clearingslowedby80%.Infact,asidefromtheAmazonitself,Brazilianagriculturemaybedeforestation’sbiggestvictim.Thedroughtof2015causedmaizefarmersinthecentralBrazilianstateofMatoGrossotoloseathirdoftheirharvest.Forallthesereasons,theworldoughttomakecleartoMrBolsonarothatitwillnottoleratehisvandalism.Foodcompanies,pressedbyconsumers,shouldspurnsoyabeansandbeefproducedonillegallyloggedAmazonianland,astheydidinthemid-2000s.Brazil’stradingpartnersshouldmakedealscontingentonitsgoodbehaviour.agreementreachedinJunebytheEUandMercosur,aSouthAmericantradingblocwhichBrazilisthebiggestmember,alreadyincludesprovisionstoprotecttherainforest.Itisoverwhelminglyintheparties’interesttoenforcethem.SotooforChina,whichisanxiousaboutglobalwarmingandneedsBrazilianagriculturetofeeditslivestock.RichsignatoriesoftheParisagreement,whopledgedtopaydeveloonestoplantcarbon-consumingtrees,oughttodoso.Deforestationaccountsfor8%ofglobalgreenhouse-gasemissionsbutattractsonly3%oftheaidearmarkedforcombatingclimatechange.ThewoodandtheIfthereisagreenshootinMrBolsonaro’sscorched-earthtacticstowardstherainforest,itisthattheyhavemadetheAmazon’splighthardertoignore—andnotjustforoutsiders.Brazil’sagricultureministerurgedMrBolsonarotostayintheParisagreement.UncheckeddeforestationcouldenduphurtingBrazilianfarmersifitleadstoforeignboycottsofBrazilianfarmgoods.OrdinaryBraziliansshouldpresstheirtoreversecourse.Theyhavebeenblessedwithauniqueplanetarypatrimony,whosevalueisintrinsicandlife-sustainingasmuchasitiscommercial.Lettingitperishwouldbeaneedlesscatastrophe.■盡管人類源起稀樹草原，但長期以來一直依仗森林獲得食物、、木材和15622015于中國和的世界第三大排放國。亞馬孫流域的熱帶雨林的風(fēng)險最高——不僅是因?yàn)樗嫉降厍蛴炅置娣e的40%，而且是世界上10%至15%的陸地物種的家園。亞馬孫雨林可能已瀕臨臨界稱這是為了發(fā)展。他的政策可能的生態(tài)將在他自己國家的境內(nèi)造成最80%都在巴西境內(nèi)。但受影響的地區(qū)將遠(yuǎn)不止早在一萬多年前人類在亞馬孫以來，就一直在蠶食著當(dāng)?shù)氐挠炅?。上?05017%（超過法國面積）用于修道路和水壩、伐木、采礦、種大豆和畜牧。政府曾花費(fèi)七年時間來減緩這種破壞，但因力度減弱和對過去毀林行為的赦免，到2013年破壞又重新加速。經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治進(jìn)一步削弱了的能力?，F(xiàn)在博索納羅興高采烈地向雨林舉起了圓鋸。雖然國會和已經(jīng)了他取消亞馬孫流域部分保護(hù)區(qū)的一些嘗試，但他已經(jīng)明確表示者不必?fù)?dān)的，造成的破壞已飆升至創(chuàng)水平。自博索納羅1月上任以來，每周消自循環(huán)的規(guī)模也變小了，到了某個閾值會導(dǎo)致森林枯萎，所以幾十年后萎再3%至8%，失控的循環(huán)可能就會啟動——而在博索納羅當(dāng)權(quán)之下這可15于窮困?！皝嗰R孫是的?！边@位總統(tǒng)近期大吼道。他認(rèn)為如何處置巴西境但事實(shí)并非如此。在巴西之外，“森林”還將直接亞馬孫流域的其他河道，下游國家可能視之為宣戰(zhàn)。隨著大量著碳的亞馬孫雨林被和腐爛，到2100年全球可能會升溫0.1°C。你可能會覺得這并不是很多，但《巴0.5°C不應(yīng)重蹈，而應(yīng)該吸取它們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，比如說法國就已經(jīng)在亡羊補(bǔ)牢，重新造林。猜疑西方腹黑僅僅是妄想癥而已。知識經(jīng)濟(jì)中，在森林里的遺代價。2004201280%，而其大豆和牛肉產(chǎn)量卻受害者。2015（MatoGrosso）種植玉米忍。在消費(fèi)者施壓之下，食品公司應(yīng)該像在2005年前后那樣，棄用在采伐其開展交易。歐盟和以巴西為最大成員國的南方共同市場（Mercosur）6定》的富裕簽約國承諾向發(fā)展中國家來種植樹木吸碳，它們也應(yīng)履行承諾。森林砍伐占全球溫室氣體排放的8%，但對此的僅占全球氣候變化的3%續(xù)履行《巴黎協(xié)定》。如果導(dǎo)致其他國家因巴西不加控制地砍伐森林而其農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，最終可能會巴西農(nóng)民。巴西民眾應(yīng)該敦促他們的總統(tǒng)改變方向。內(nèi)在的價值以及維系生命的價值。任其衰朽將帶來一場不必要的。Para1發(fā)源地，食物、、木材和靈感。（cradle,food,fuel,timberandsublinme緩沖地帶，抵御氣候變化（bufferagainstclimatechange）tree-coverloss(shrinkage)droughts旱災(zāi)；wildfires森林大火；otherhuman-inducedchanges人為帶來的變化Para2-4亞馬遜雨林的問Para2亞馬遜雨林的問thetip-point臨界點(diǎn)砍伐(deforestation);巴西政策（Brazil’s’sPara3人類對亞馬遜雨林大規(guī)模的蠶食（HumanshavebeenchipawayattheAmazonrainforestsincetheysettledtherewellovertenmillenniaago）Inthepast50yearsAfteraseven-yearin2013Para4Astheforestshrivels（萎縮）lessrecyclingtakesplacePara5巴西總統(tǒng)對雨林砍伐等的態(tài)度（dismiss）Para6-7Para6“森林”還將直接亞馬孫流域的其他七個國家（A“dieback”wouldhurtthesevenothercountriesPara7巴西總統(tǒng)博索納羅的其他論點(diǎn)也經(jīng)不起推敲（MrBolsonaro’sotherargumentsalsoPara8對世界各方對巴西總統(tǒng)做法建議（theworldoughttomakecleartoMrBolsonarothatitwillnottoleratehisvandalism）貿(mào)易伙伴：有條件與巴西進(jìn)行交易（makedealscontingentonitsgoodbehaviour）中國Para9結(jié)論-----其衰朽將帶來一場不必要的compound加劇，basinsublimeinspiration崇高的靈感regionalecosystems地區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)human-inducedchanges人為變化compoundthedamage加重造成的損害forestbiomass森林生物量atstake有風(fēng)險，處于關(guān)gotothestakeforsth為...theworld’sterrestrialspeciebeperilouslyclosetothetip-point瀕臨臨界precipitatesbintosthchipawaytheAmazonbasinpickupparesthdown/back〔逐步〕削減，減少takeabuzz興高采烈roadanddam-building,soyabeanfarmingandcattleranchingtakeabuzzroadanddam-building,soyabeanfarmingandcattleranchingfeedintosthKickinpushsbtowardstheedgerunawaydegradation失控accusesoutsidersofhypocrisychokeoffsth制止，;壓制thepreferred首選目allsb’sargumentsareflawed...shouldnotcopyone’smistake不應(yīng)重蹈earmarksbsthforassbsth)指定…的用途combatclimatechange應(yīng)對環(huán)境變化afragilegreenshootscorched-earthpolicytacticsauniqueplanetarypatrimonyLettingitperishwouldbeaneedlesscatastrophe.任其衰朽將帶來場不必要的NowherearethestakeshigherthanintheAmazonbasin—andnotjustbecauseitcontains40%ofEarth’srainforestsandharbours10-15%oftheworld’sterrestrialspecies.亞馬孫流域的熱帶雨林的風(fēng)險最高——不僅是因?yàn)樗嫉降厍蛴炅置娣e的40%，而且10%15%的陸地物種的家園。IfthereisagreenshootinMrBolsonaro’sscorched-earthtacticstowardstherainforest,itisthattheyhavemadetheAmazon’splighthardertoignore—andnotjustforoutsiders.TextFour分HeapsofplasticbottlesandcontainersfillbinsreachingtowardstheceilinginawarehouseonMoscow’ssouthernoutskirts.AtweekendshundredsofpeoplelineuptooffloadcarefullysortedrubbishatSobirator,anon-profitcentre,oneofahandfulofrecyclingsitesintheRussiancapital.“Formorethan20years,trashdidn’tworryanyone,”saysValeriaKoroseva,Sobirator’shead.“Wehavealotofterritory,soeverythingwentstraighttothedump.”Thatmaybeabouttochange.LastweekMoscowcityauthoritiesannouncedaplantointroducerecyclingbinsincourtyardsacrossthecitybyoftheyear.ForRussiathiswouldamounttoaminorrevolution:whileEUmemberstatesrecovera ageof60%oftheirwaste,Russiarecycles