計(jì)算機(jī)英語課后題答案

《計(jì)算機(jī)英語（第3版）》練習(xí)參考答案UnitOne:ComputerandComputerScienceUnitOne/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:CharlesBabbage;AugustaAdaByroninput:outputVLSIworkstations;mainframesvacuum;transistorsinstmctions;softwaredigit;eight;bytemicrominiaturization:chipTranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.artificialintelligence人工智能.paper-tapereader紙帶閱讀器.opticalcomputer光計(jì)算機(jī).neuralnetwork神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò).instructionset指令集.parallelprocessing并行處理.differenceengine差分機(jī).versatilelogicalelement通用邏輯元件.siliconsubstrate硅襯底.vacuumtube真空管.數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)與處理thestorageandhandlingofdata.超大規(guī)模集成電路verylarge-scaleintegratedcircuit.中央處理器centralprocessingunit.個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)personalcomputer.模擬計(jì)算機(jī)analoguecomputer.數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)digitalcomputer.通用計(jì)算機(jī)general-puq?osecomputer.處理器芯片processorchip.操作指令operalinginstmctions.輸入設(shè)備inputdeviceFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Wecandefineacomputerasadevicethatacceptsinput,processesdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput.Accordingtothemodeofprocessing,computersareeitheranalogordigital.Theycanalsobeclassifiedasmainframes,minicomputers,workstations,ormicrocomputers.Allelse(fbrexample,theageofthemachine)beingequal,thiscategorizationprovidessomeindicationofthecomputer'sspeed,size,cost,andabilities.Eversincetheadventofcomputers,therehavebeenconstantchanges.First-generationcomputersofhistoricsignificance,suchasUNIVAC(通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)),introducedintheearly1950s,werebasedonvacuumtubes.Second-generationcomputers,appearingintheearly1960s.werethoseinwhichtransistorsreplacedvacuumtubes.Inthird-generationcomputers,datingfromthe1960s,integratedcircuitsreplacedtransistors.Infourth-generationcomputerssuchasmicrocomputers,whichfirstappearedinthemid-1970s,large-scaleintegrationenabledthousandsofcircuitstobeincorporatedononechip.Fifth-generationcomputersareexpectedtocombinevery-large-scaleintegrationwithsophisticatedapproachestocomputing,includingartificialintelligenceandtruedistributedprocessing.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:計(jì)算機(jī)將變得更加先進(jìn)，也將變得更加容易使用。語音識(shí)別的改進(jìn)將使計(jì)算機(jī)的操作更加容易。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)，即使用所有人類官能與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行交互的技術(shù)，也將有助于創(chuàng)建更好的人機(jī)接口。人們正在開發(fā)其他的奇異計(jì)算模型，包括使用生物機(jī)體的生物計(jì)算、使用具有特定屬性的分子的分子計(jì)算，以及使用遺傳基本單位DNA（脫氧核糖核酸）存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和執(zhí)行操作的計(jì)算。這些都是可能的未來計(jì)算平臺(tái)的例子，而它們迄今還能力有限或完全屬于理論范疇?？茖W(xué)家們研究它們，是因?yàn)榍度牍柚械碾娐返奈⑿⌒突艿轿锢硐拗?。還有一些限制與甚至最微小的晶體管也會(huì)產(chǎn)生的熱量有關(guān)。UnitOne/SectionBFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:experimentationinterfacinginterdisciplinarymicroprocessorII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.artificialneuralnetwork人」:神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò).computerarchitecture計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu).robustcomputerprogram健壯的計(jì)算機(jī)程序.human-computerinterface人機(jī)接口.knowledgerepresentation知識(shí)表示.數(shù)值分析numericalanalysis.程序設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境programmingenvironment.數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)datastructure.存儲(chǔ)和檢索信息storeandretrieveinformation.虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)virtualrealityUnitOne/SectionCFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:formatsynchronizationvirtualmultimedia;third-partyII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.datafield數(shù)據(jù)字段，數(shù)據(jù)域.learningcurve學(xué)習(xí)曲線.third-partysolution第三方解決方案.WindowsMediaPlayerWindows媒體播放器.開始按鈕Startbutton.指定輸入?yún)^(qū)designatedinputarea.手寫體識(shí)別系統(tǒng)handwriting-recognitionsystem.字符集charactersetUnitTwo:ComputerArchitectureUnitTwo/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:input;output;storageBasicInput/OutputSystemilatbedscanners;hand-heldscannersLCD-baseddot-matrixprinters;inkjetprintersdiskdrives;memoryvolatileserial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:Lfunctionkey功能鍵，操作鍵.voicerecognitionmodule語音識(shí)另U模塊.touch-sensitiveregion觸敏區(qū).addressbus地址總線.flatbedscanner平板掃描儀.dot-matrixprinter點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)（針式打印機(jī)）.parallelconnection并行連接.cathoderaytube陰極射線管.videogame電子游戲.audiosignal音頻信號(hào).操作系統(tǒng)operatingsystem.液晶顯示(器)LCD(liquidcrystaldisplay).噴墨打印機(jī)inkjetprinter.數(shù)據(jù)總線databus.串行連接serialconnection.易失性存儲(chǔ)器volatilememory.激光打印機(jī)laserprinter.磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器diskdrive.基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng)BIOS(BasicInput/OulputSystem).視頻顯示器videodisplayFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:CD-ROMstandsforcompactdiscread-onlymemory.Unlikefloppyandharddisks,whichusemagneticchargestorepresentIsandOs,opticaldiscsusereflectedlight.OnaCD-ROMdisc,IsandOsarerepresentedbyflatareasandbumpy(高低不平的)areas(called"pits")onitsbottomsurface.TheCD-ROMdiscisreadbyalaserthatprojectsatinybeamoflightontheseareas.Theamountofreflectedlightdetermineswhetherthearearepresentsa1ora0.LikeacommercialCDfoundinmusicstores,aCD-ROMisa“read-only”disc.Read-onlymeansitcannotbewrittenonorerasedbytheuser.Thus,youasauserhaveaccessonlytothedataimprinted(壓印)bythepublisher.AsingleCD-ROMdisccanstore650megabytes（兆字節(jié)）ofdata.Thatisequivalentto451floppydisks.Withthatmuchinformationonasingledisc,thelimetoretrieveoraccesstheinformationisveryimportant.AnimportantcharacteristicofCD-ROMdrivesistheiraccessrate.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:調(diào)制解調(diào)器是在模擬和數(shù)字信號(hào)之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換的設(shè)備。計(jì)算機(jī)使用的是數(shù)字信號(hào)，這種信號(hào)由離散單元組成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模擬信號(hào)是連續(xù)變化的；聲波就是模擬信號(hào)的一個(gè)例子。調(diào)制解調(diào)器經(jīng)常用于實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)之間通過電話線的互相通信。調(diào)制解調(diào)器將發(fā)送端計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)字信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成可通過電話線傳輸?shù)哪M信號(hào)。信號(hào)到達(dá)目的地后，另外一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器重構(gòu)原來的數(shù)字信號(hào)，供接收端計(jì)算機(jī)處理。如果兩個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可同時(shí)互相發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的就是全雙工工作方式；如果一次只有一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可以發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的則是半雙工工作方式。UnitTwo/SectionBFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:graphicalfile;schedulervirtualsliceII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.interrupthandler中斷處理程序.virtualmemory虛擬存儲(chǔ)（器），虛存，虛擬內(nèi)存.contextswitch上下文轉(zhuǎn)換，語境轉(zhuǎn)換.mainmemory主存(儲(chǔ)器).bitpattern位模式.外圍設(shè)備peripheraldevice.進(jìn)程表processtable.時(shí)間片timeslice.圖形用戶界面graphicaluserinterface.海量存儲(chǔ)器massstorageUnitl\vo/SectionCFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:repositorycentral;sub-systemsnetworklayered或abstractmachineII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.codegenerator代碼生成程序，代碼發(fā)生器.abstractmachine抽象機(jī).programeditor程序編輯程序，程序編輯器.configurationitem配置項(xiàng).計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)CAD(computer-aideddesign).數(shù)據(jù)冗余dataredundancy.指揮與控制系統(tǒng)commandandcontrolsystem.視頻壓縮與解壓縮videocompressionanddecompressionUnitThree:ComputerLanguageandProgrammingUnitThree/SeclionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:artificial;instructionslow-level;high-levelmachinemachinefunctional;logicstatementmoduledigitalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:storageregister存儲(chǔ)寄存器functionstatement函數(shù)語句programstatement程序語句object-orientedlanguage面向?qū)ο笳Z言assemblylanguage匯編語言intermediatelanguage中間語言，中級(jí)語言relationallanguage關(guān)系（型）語言artificiallanguage人工語言datadeclaration數(shù)據(jù)聲明.可執(zhí)行程序executableprogram.程序模塊programmodule.條件語句conditionalstatement.賦值語句assignmentstatement.邏輯語言logiclanguage.機(jī)器語言machinelanguage.函數(shù)式語言functionallanguage.程序設(shè)計(jì)語言programminglanguage.運(yùn)行計(jì)算機(jī)程序runacomputerprogram.計(jì)算機(jī)程序員computerprogrammerFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Aprogramminglanguageisalanguageusedtowriteinstructionsforthecomputer.Itletstheprogrammerexpressdataprocessinginasymbolicmannerwithoutregardtomachine-specificdetails.ThedifficultyofwritingprogramsinthemachinelanguageofOsandIsledfirsttothedevelopmentofassemblylanguage,whichallowsprogrammerstousemnemonics（助記符）forinstructionsandsymbolsforvariables.Suchprogramsarcthentranslatedbyaprogramknownasanassemblerintothebinaryencodingusedbythecomputer.Otherpiecesofsystemsoftwareknownaslinkingloaders（連接裝入程序）combinepiecesofassembledcodeandloadthemintothemachine'smainmemoryunit,wheretheyarcthenreadyforexecution.Theconceptoflinkingseparatepiecesofcodewasimportant,sinceitallowed“l(fā)ibraries”ofprogramstobebuiltuptocarryoutcommontasks—afirststeptowardtheincreasinglyemphasizednotionofsoftwarereuse.Assemblylanguagewasfoundtobesufficientlyinconvenientthathigher-levellanguages(closertonaturallanguages)wereinventedinthe1950sforeasier,fasterprogramming;alongwiththemcametheneedforcompilers,programsthattranslatehigh-levellanguageprogramsintomachinecode.Asprogramminglanguagesbecamemorepowerfulandabstract,buildingefficientcompilersthatcreatehigh-qualitycodeintermsofexecutionspeedandstorageconsumptionbecameaninterestingcomputerscienceprobleminitself.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)語言，如C++和Java,基于傳統(tǒng)的高級(jí)語言，但它們使程序設(shè)計(jì)員能夠從合作對(duì)象集而非命令列表的角度進(jìn)行思考。諸如圓之類的對(duì)象具有像圓的半徑一類的屬性，以及在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上繪制該對(duì)象的命令。一個(gè)對(duì)象類可以從其他的對(duì)象類繼承特征。例如，定義正方形的類可以從定義長方形的類那里繼承直角等特征。這一套程序設(shè)計(jì)類簡化了程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作，帶來了更多“可復(fù)用的”計(jì)算機(jī)代碼?？蓮?fù)用代碼使程序設(shè)計(jì)員可以使用已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)、編寫和測(cè)試的代碼。這使得程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作變得比較容易，并帶來更加可靠和高效的程序。UnitThree/SectionBFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:objectsplatform-independentmultithreadingII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.nativecode本機(jī)（代）碼.headerfile頭標(biāo)文件：頁眉文件.multithreadedprogram多線程程序.Java-enabledbrowser支持Java的瀏覽器.maliciouscode惡意代碼.機(jī)器碼machinecode.匯編碼assemblycode.特洛伊木馬程序Trojanhorse.軟件包softwarepackage.類層次classhierarchyUnitThree/SectionCFiliintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Lsubscript;indexfixedhistogramtwo-dimensionalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:barchart條形圖frequencyarray頻率數(shù)組graphicalrepresentation圖形表示multidimensionalarray多維數(shù)組用戶視圖useifs)view卜標(biāo)形式subscriptform一維數(shù)組one-dimensionalarray編程結(jié)構(gòu)programmingconstructUnitFour:SoftwareDevelopmentUnitFour/SectionAFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:application;operatingassemblerscompilerinterpreterdebuggerloopdevicedriverJohnvonNeumannII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:inferenceengine推理機(jī)systemcall系統(tǒng)調(diào)用compiledlanguage編譯執(zhí)行的語言parallelcomputing并行計(jì)算patternmatching模式匹配memorylocation存儲(chǔ)單元inteqjreterprogram解釋程序libraryroutine庫程序，程序庫例行程序intermediateprogram中間程序，過渡程序sourcefile源文件解釋執(zhí)行的語言interpretedlanguage設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序devicedriver源程序sourceprogram調(diào)試程序debuggingprogramR標(biāo)代碼objectcode應(yīng)用程序applicationprogram實(shí)用程序utilityprogram邏輯程序logicprogram墨盒inkcartridge程序的存儲(chǔ)與執(zhí)行programstorageandexecutionFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Acompiler,incomputerscience,isacomputerprogramthattranslatessourcecodeintoobjectcode.Softwareengineerswritesourcecodeusinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagesthatpeoplecanunderstand.Computerscannotdirectlyexecutesourcecode,butneedacompilertotranslatetheseinstructionsintoalow-levellanguagecalledmachinecode.Compilerscollectandreorganize(compile)alltheinstructionsinagivensetofsourcecodetoproduceobjectcode.Objectcodeisoftenthesameasorsimilartoacomputer'smachinecode.Iftheobjectcodeisthesameasthemachinelanguage,thecomputercanruntheprogramimmediatelyafterthecompilerproducesitstranslation.Iftheobjectcodeisnotinmachinelanguage,otherprograms-suchasassemblers,binders（聯(lián)編程序），linkers,andloaders（加載程序）—finishthetranslation.Mostcomputerlanguagesusedifferentversionsofcompilersfordifferenttypesofcomputersoroperatingsystems,soonelanguagemayhavedifferentcompilersfbrpersonalcomputers（PC）andAppleMacintoshcomputers.Manydifferentmanufacturersoftenproduceversionsofthesameprogramminglanguage,socompilersforalanguagemayvarybetweenmanufacturers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在軟件中，錯(cuò)誤是指導(dǎo)致程序發(fā)生故障或產(chǎn)生不正確結(jié)果的編碼或邏輯錯(cuò)誤。較輕微的錯(cuò)誤，如光標(biāo)表現(xiàn)異常，會(huì)造成不便或帶來挫折，但不會(huì)對(duì)信息產(chǎn)生破壞性影響。較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致程序“中止”（對(duì)命令停止反應(yīng)），可能使用戶別無選擇，只能重新啟動(dòng)程序，結(jié)果致使任何前面己經(jīng)做好但尚未保存的工作丟失。兩種情況無論是哪一種,程序員都必須憑借稱為調(diào)試的過程，發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正錯(cuò)誤。由于錯(cuò)誤對(duì)重要數(shù)據(jù)的潛在危險(xiǎn),商用應(yīng)用程序在發(fā)行前耍經(jīng)過盡可能全面的測(cè)試與調(diào)試。程序發(fā)行后發(fā)現(xiàn)的較輕微錯(cuò)誤在下一次更新時(shí)改正；較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤有時(shí)可用稱為補(bǔ)丁的特殊軟件加以修補(bǔ)，以規(guī)避問題或減輕其影響。UnitFour/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:Machinedevelopers;componentsCORBAruntimeII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:messagingmodel消息接發(fā)模型commonlanguageruntime通用語言運(yùn)行時(shí)刻(環(huán)境)hierarchicalnamespace分層名稱空間developmentcommunity開發(fā)界CORBA公用對(duì)象請(qǐng)求代理(程序)體系結(jié)構(gòu)基木組件basecomponent7,元數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)記metadatatag.虛擬機(jī)virtualmachine.集成開發(fā)環(huán)境IDE(integrateddevelopmentenvironment).簡單對(duì)象訪問協(xié)議SOAP(SimpleObjectAccessProtocol)UnitFour/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:heterogeneousasynchronousbridgesopennessII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.procedurecall過程調(diào)用.faulttolerance容錯(cuò).homogeneoussystem同構(gòu)系統(tǒng).autonomousagent自主主體.路由算法routingalgorithm.異構(gòu)型環(huán)境heterogeneousenvironment.多址通信協(xié)議multicastprotocol.通信鏈路communication（s）linkUnitFive:SoftwareProcessUnitFive/SectionAFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:off-the-shelfexclusivecascaderequirements;integrationthrowawayimmediate;stablereuse-oriented;frameworksoftware;compromises.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:systemspecification系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說明unittesting單位（或單元、部件）測(cè)試softwarelifecycle軟件生命周期（或生存周期）systemvalidationtesting系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)證測(cè)試evolutionarydevelopmentprocess演化開發(fā)過程simplelinearmodel簡單線性模型programunit程序單元throwawayprototype拋棄式原型textformatting正文格式編排，文本格式化systemevolution系統(tǒng)演變系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)范例systemdesignparadigm.需求分析與定義requirementsanalysisanddefinition.探索式編程方法exploratoryprogrammingapproach.系統(tǒng)文件編制systemdocumentation.瀑布模型waterfallmodel.系統(tǒng)集成systemintegration.商用現(xiàn)成軟件commercialoff-the-shelf(或COTS)software.基于組件的軟件工程component-basedsoftwareengineering(CBSE).軟件維護(hù)工具softwaremaintenancetool.軟件復(fù)用softwarereuse111.Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Therearethreedifferenttypesofsoftwaremaintenance.Firstly,thereismaintenancetorepairsoftwarefaults.Codingerrorsareusuallyrelativelycheaptocorrect;designerrorsaremoreexpensiveastheymayinvolverewritingseveralprogramcomponents.Requirementserrorsarethemostexpensivetorepairbecauseoftheextensivesystemredesignthatmaybenecessary.Secondly,thereismaintenancetoadaptthesoftwaretoadifferentoperatingenvironment.Thistypeofmaintenanceisrequiredwhensomeaspectofthesystem'senvironmentsuchasthehardware,theplatformoperatingsystemorothersupportsoftwarechanges.Theapplicationsystemmustbemodifiedtoadaptittocopewiththeseenvironmentalchanges.Andthirdly,thereismaintenancetoaddtoormodifythesystem'sfunctionality.Thistypeofmaintenanceisnecessarywhenthesystemrequirementschangeinresponsetoorganizationalorbusinesschange.Thescaleofthechangesrequiredtothesoftwareisoftenmuchgreaterthanfortheothertypesofmaintenance.Inpractice,thereisn'taclear-cutdistinctionbetweenthesetypesofmaintenance.Whenyouadaptthesystemtoanewenvironment,youmayaddfunctionalitytotakeadvantageofnewenvironmentalfeatures.Softwarefaultsareoftenexposedbecauseusersusethesysteminunanticipatedways.ChangingthesystemtoaccommodatetheirwayofworkingisthebestwaytofixthesefauIts.IV.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:軟件過程比較復(fù)雜，而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過程一樣，依靠人們作出決定和判斷。由于需要判斷和創(chuàng)造性，使軟件過程自動(dòng)化的々試只取得了有限的成功。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具可支持軟件過程的某些活動(dòng)。然而，至少是在未來幾年內(nèi)，不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的軟件過程自動(dòng)化，便軟件能夠接替參與軟件過程的工程師來從事創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是軟件過程多種多樣。不存在理想的過程，而且許多組織機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展了自己的軟件開發(fā)方法。這些軟件過程不斷演變，以利用組織機(jī)構(gòu)中的人員的能力和開發(fā)中的系統(tǒng)的具體特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于?些系統(tǒng)來說，需要的是一個(gè)高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的開發(fā)過程，而對(duì)手另外一些系統(tǒng)來說，一個(gè)靈活敏捷的過程很可能更為有效。UnitFive/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:entitydurationdata;process或process;dataimplemented11.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.checkbox復(fù)選框,選擇框,校驗(yàn)框.structureddesign結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì).buildingblock積木塊，構(gòu)建模塊，構(gòu)件.databaseschema數(shù)據(jù)庫模式.radiobutton單選（按）鈕.系統(tǒng)建模技術(shù)systemmodelingtechnique.模型驅(qū)動(dòng)開發(fā)model-drivendevelopment.數(shù)據(jù)流程圖dataflowdiagram.下拉式菜單drop-downpull-down）menu.滾動(dòng)條scrollbarUnitFive/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.problemdesignspecific;generalII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.procedurallanguage過程語言.commondesignstructure通用設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu).classandobjectinteraction類與對(duì)象交互.designconstraint設(shè)計(jì)約束.設(shè)計(jì)模式designpattern.可復(fù)用軟件reusablesoftware.面向?qū)ο蟮南到y(tǒng)object-orieniedsystem.繼承層次inheritancehierarchyUnitSix:DatabaseUnitSix/SectionAFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:flatdataapplication;administratorsconceptualtablesfragmented;replicatedstructuredentity-relationship;attributesII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:Lenduser最終用戶，終端用戶atomicoperation原子操作databaseadministrator數(shù)據(jù)庫管理員relationaldatabasemodel關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫模型localdata木地?cái)?shù)據(jù)object-orienteddatabase面向?qū)ο髷?shù)據(jù)庫databasemanagementsystem(DBMS)數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)entity-relationshipmodel(ERM)實(shí)體關(guān)系模型distributeddatabase分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫flatfile平面文件二維表two-dimensionaltable數(shù)據(jù)屬性dataattribute數(shù)據(jù)庫對(duì)象databaseobject存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備storagedevice數(shù)據(jù)類型datatype數(shù)據(jù)插入與刪除datainsertionanddeletion層次數(shù)據(jù)庫模型hierarchicaldatabasemodel數(shù)據(jù)庫體系結(jié)構(gòu)databasearchitecture關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)relationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS)全局控制總線globalcontrolbusFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Adatabaseisanycollectionofdataorganizedforstorageinacomputermemoiyanddesignedfbreasyaccessbyauthorizedusers.Thedatamaybeintheformoftext,numbers,orencodedgraphics.SmalldatabaseswerefirstdevelopedorfundedbytheU.S.governmentfbragencyorprofessionaluse.Inthe1960s,somedatabasesbecamecommerciallyavailable,buttheirusewasfunnelled（傳送）throughafewso-calledresearchcentersthatcollectedinformationinquiriesandhandledtheminbatches.Onlinedatabases—thatis,databasesavailabletoanyonewhocouldlinkuptothembycomputer-firstappearedinthe1970s.Sincetheirfirst,experimentalappearanceinthe1950s,databaseshavebecomesoimportantthattheycanbefoundinalmosteveryfieldofinformation.Government,military,andindustrialdatabasesareoftenhighlyrestricted,andprofessionaldatabasesareusuallyoflimitedinterest.Awiderangeofcommercial,governmental,andnonprofitdatabasesareavailabletothegeneralpublic,however,andmaybeusedbyanyonewhoownsorhasaccesstotheequipmentthattheyrequire.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫中，表的行表示記錄（關(guān)于不同項(xiàng)的信息集），列表示字段（一個(gè)記錄的特定屬性）.在進(jìn)行搜索時(shí)，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫將一個(gè)表中的一個(gè)字段的信息與另一個(gè)表中的?個(gè)相應(yīng)字段的信息進(jìn)行匹配，以生成將來自這兩個(gè)次的所要求數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合起來的另一個(gè)表。例如，如果一個(gè)表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME,FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一個(gè)表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫可匹配這兩個(gè)表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有掙到定薪水的雇員的姓名或所有在某個(gè)日期之后受雇的雇員所屬的部門。換言之，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫使用兩個(gè)表中的匹配值，將一個(gè)表中的信息與另一個(gè)表中的信息聯(lián)系起來。微型計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫產(chǎn)品一般是關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫。UnitSix/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:.commit.scheduler.shared;exclusive.wound-waitTranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:nonvolatilestoragesystem非易失性存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)equipmentmalfunction設(shè)備故障wound-waitprotocol受傷一等待協(xié)議exclusivelock排它鎖，互斥（型）鎖.databaseintegrity數(shù)據(jù)庫完整性.共享鎖sharedlock.數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)現(xiàn)databaseimplementation.級(jí)聯(lián)回滾cascadingrollback.數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng)dataitem.分時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)time-sharingoperatingsystemUnitSix/SectionCI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:dataaccessbridge;native或native;bridgepoolingtry;catchII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:baseclass基（本）類datalibrary數(shù)據(jù)（文件）庫dataaccessstack數(shù)據(jù)存取棧database-specificfunctionality數(shù)據(jù)庫特有的功能默認(rèn)設(shè)置defaultsetting異常處理程序exceptionhandlerB測(cè)試betatesting橋接提供程序bridgeproviderUnitSeven:ComputerCommunicationsUnitSeven/SectionAI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:telegraphdots;dashesmediapoint-to-pointanalogdigitaltext-basedmodemII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.microwaveradio微波無線電.digitaltelevision數(shù)字電視.DSL數(shù)字用戶線路.analogtransmission模擬傳輸.on-screenpointer屏幕上的指針.computerterminal計(jì)算機(jī)終端.radiotelephone無線電話.cellulartelephone蜂窩電話,移動(dòng)電話,手機(jī).decentralizednetwork分散型網(wǎng)絡(luò).wire-basedinternalnetwork基于導(dǎo)線的內(nèi)部網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有線內(nèi)部網(wǎng).光纜fiber-opticcable.傳真機(jī)faxmachine.無線通信wirelesscommunications.點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)通信point-to-pointcommunications.調(diào)制電脈沖modulatedelectricalimpulse.通信衛(wèi)星communication(s)satellite.電報(bào)電鍵telegraphkey.傳輸媒體transmissionmedium(或media).無繩電話cordlesstelephone.金屬導(dǎo)體metalconductorFillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Datacommunicationsistheprocessoftransmittingandreceivingdatainanorderlywaysothedatathatarrivesatitsdestinationisanaccurateduplication（復(fù)制）ofthedatathatwassent.Whendatatravelsashortdistance,suchaswhenyousenddatafromyourcomputertoyourprinter,itisreferredtoaslocalcommunications.Whendatatravelsalongdistance,thecommunicationisreferredtoastelecommunications;theprefix（前綴）“tele"isderivedfromaGreekwordthatmeans“far”or“faroff.”Thedifferencebetweenashortdistanceandalongdistanceissomewhatarbitrary（武斷的）.Forexample,ifyourcomputersendsdatatoaprinterinthenextroom,itisregardedaslocalcommunications;ifyouphonethepersoninthenextroom,youaretransmittingdataoveratelecommunicationsdevice.However,thesamebasiccommunicationsconceptsapplytobothlocalcommunicationsandtelecommunications.Basicdatacommunicationsconceptsarethebuildingblocksforunderstandinghowdatatravelsonacommunicationssystem.Theseconceptscomeinhandy（派得上用處）whenyouinstall,configure,orupgradealocalareanetwork.Inaddition,theseconceptshelpyousetupmodems,faxmachines,andcellulardatatransfers.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)使用電信來提供傳輸鏈路，用了傳送音頻、視頻、文本、軟件和多媒體服務(wù)。許多專家認(rèn)為，這些服務(wù)的結(jié)合將帶來用戶對(duì)新一代高速、寬帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)的需求。當(dāng)前，這些音頻、視頻和文本服務(wù)大多通過現(xiàn)有的電話連接使用因特網(wǎng)傳送。有些計(jì)算機(jī)使用綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng)或數(shù)字用戶線路直接連接到電話網(wǎng)的數(shù)字部分，但這要求在用戶處有專門的設(shè)備。此外，電話及有線電視公司還必須勸其線路進(jìn)行升級(jí)，以使其能夠進(jìn)行高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸。在許多地點(diǎn)，有高速數(shù)據(jù)傳輸需求的公司和個(gè)人現(xiàn)在可選擇從電話公司得到數(shù)字用戶線路服務(wù)，從有線電視公司得到光纜調(diào)制解調(diào)器服務(wù)。UnitSeven/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:controllermain;CPUdigital;voiceparallel;serial或serial;parallelII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.bitmap位圖，位映象.parallelport并行端口.directmemoryaccess(DMA)直接存儲(chǔ)器存取.universalserialbus通用串行總線.general-purposeregister通用寄存器.電路板circuitboard.串行通信serialcommunication.數(shù)碼照相機(jī)digitalcamera.存儲(chǔ)映射輸入/輸出memory-mappedI/O.有線電視cabletelevisionUnitSeven/SectionCFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:1.TransfercellslabelintegratedII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.high-definitionTV高清晰度電視.framerelay幀中繼.datarate數(shù)據(jù)(速)率.metropolitanareanetwork城域網(wǎng).機(jī)頂盒set-topbox.多模光纖multi-modefiber.協(xié)議堆棧protocolstack.虛擬路徑標(biāo)識(shí)符VPI(virtualpathidentifier)UnitEight:ComputerNetworksUnitEight/SectionAFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:l.MANopen;closedbustokenEthernetclient/serverequals;temporarynetworkII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.fileserver文件服務(wù)器.carriersense載波檢測(cè)，載波監(jiān)聽.protocolsuite協(xié)議組，協(xié)議集.peer-to-peermodel對(duì)等模型.bustopologynetwork總線拓?fù)渚W(wǎng)絡(luò).inter-machinecooperation機(jī)器間合作，計(jì)算機(jī)間合作.Ethernetprotocolcollection以太網(wǎng)協(xié)議集.proprietarynetwork專有網(wǎng)絡(luò).utilitypackage實(shí)用軟件包，公用程序包.starnetwork星形網(wǎng)絡(luò).局域網(wǎng)localareanetwork(LAN).令牌環(huán)tokenring.無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)wirelessnetwork.封閉式網(wǎng)絡(luò)closednetwork.環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)ringtopology.客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器模型client/servermodel.網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序networkapplication.進(jìn)程間通信interprocesscommunication.打印服務(wù)器printserver.廣域網(wǎng)wideareanetwork(WAN)Fillineachoftheblankswithoneofthewordsgiveninthefollowinglist,makingchangesifnecessary:Computerscancommunicatewithothercomputersthroughaseriesofconnectionsandassociatedhardwarecalledanetwork.Theadvantageofanetworkisthatdatacanbeexchangedrapidly,andsoftwareandhardwareresources,suchashard-diskspaceorprinters,canbeshared.Networksalsoallowremoteuseofacomputerbyauserwhocannotphysicallyaccessthecomputer.Onetypeofnetwork,alocalareanetwork(LAN),consistsofseveralPCsorworkstationsconnectedtoaspecialcomputercalledaserver,oftenwithinthesamebuildingorofficecomplex.Theserverstoresandmanagesprogramsanddata.Aserveroftencontainsallofanetworkedgroup'sdataandenablesLANworkstationsorPCstobesetupwithoutlargestoragecapabilities.Inthisscenario(方案),eachPCmayhave“l(fā)ocal“memory(forexample,aharddrive)specifictoitself,butthebulkofstorageresidesontheserver.ThisreducesthecostoftheworkstationorPCbecauselessexpensivecomputerscanbepurchased,anditsimplifiesthemaintenanceofsoftwarebecausethesoftwareresidesonlyontheserverratherthanoneachindividualworkstationorPC.TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese:在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)中，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是指由通信設(shè)備連接在一起的一組計(jì)算機(jī)及其相關(guān)設(shè)備。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可采用電纜等永久性連接，或者采用通過電話或其他通信鏈路而實(shí)現(xiàn)的臨時(shí)性連接。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以小到由少數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)、打印機(jī)以及其他設(shè)備構(gòu)成的局域網(wǎng)，也可以由分布在廣大地理區(qū)域的許多小型與大型計(jì)算機(jī)組成。計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)無論大小，其存在的目的均在丁一為計(jì)算機(jī)用戶提供以電子方式進(jìn)行信息通信與傳送的方法。有些類型的通信是簡單的用戶到用戶消息；有些稱為分布式過程，可能涉及數(shù)臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，以及在執(zhí)行任務(wù)中分擔(dān)工作量或進(jìn)行協(xié)作。UnitEight/SectionBI.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:terminatorsub-centraltree;centralmeshII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.routingpath路由選擇通路.dual-ringtopology雙環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu).extendedstartopology擴(kuò)展星形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu).backbonenetwork基干網(wǎng)，骨干網(wǎng).meshtopology網(wǎng)格拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu).同軸電纜coaxialcable.邏輯拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)logicaltopology.無沖突連網(wǎng)環(huán)境collision-freenetworkingenvironment.樹形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)treetopology.目的地節(jié)點(diǎn)deslinationnodeUnitEight/SectionCFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:repeaterdata-linkgatewayrouterII.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:.destinationaddressR的地址.performancedegradation性能退化(或降級(jí)).four-interfacebridge4接口網(wǎng)橋.commonbus公共總線，公用總線.數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層data-linklayer.協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)換器protocolconverter.開放式系統(tǒng)互連OSI(OpenSystemsInterconnection).物理地址physicaladdressUnitNine:TheInternetUnitNine/SectionAFillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:researchICANN或theInternetCoiporationforAssign