考研考博-英語-四川建筑職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川建筑職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

VisitingaNationalParkcanberelaxing,inspiringandrejuvenating,butitcanalsobedisturbing.AsyoudriveintoRockyMountainNationalPark,andyouwillseestarvingel,damagedmeadowsanddyingforests.OurparksaregrowingoldbecausewehavemistakenlyprotectedthemfromnationalParks,theNationalParkServicemustchangeitsmanagementprioritiestopreventoverpopulationofanimalsandtorestorenaturalprocessintheforestinordertopreventtheirstagnationand“death”byoldage.Wemustactsoon:ourparksaredyingofoldagebecausewehavealteredtheforcesinnaturethatkeepthemyoungandstrong.

BytracingthehistoryofourNationalParks,wecanunderstandtheproblemandseewhyweneedactivemanagement.Intheearlypartofthe20thcentury,settlersexploitedwildlifeheavily,resultinginnear-extinctionofmanyspecies.Therefore,severalNationalParkswereestablishedbyCongressprimarilytosaveendangeredanimals.However,stricterwildlifeprotectionlawsandimprovedwildlifemanagementtechniqueresultedingreaterpopulationsofanimalsovercrowdinginareasofhighconcentration,suchastheYellowstoneelkherds.Complicatingtheproblem,the

NationalParkServiceintheearlypartofthe20thcenturyadoptedapolicyofaggressivepredatorelimination,thusreducingnaturalwildlifepopulationcontrol.Subsequently,elkandpopulationexplodedinmanyNationalParks,resultinginseveredamagetonativevegetation.VigorousforestfireandinsectsuppressionintheNationalParksthroughoutthe20thcenturyfurtheralteredthenaturalenvironmentbyallowingforeststoover-mature,withoutnaturalthinningprocesses.Parkmanagersthoughtthattheywereprotectingtheland,butactuallytheywereremovingimportantcontrolsfromtheforestecosystem.

Clearly,wemustimmediatelyifwewanttopassdowntoourchildrenandgrandchildrenthegreenlegacyofourNationalParks;wemuststepinandrestorethenaturalprocesseswhichwehavealteredthroughourwell-intentioned,butmisguided,policiesinthepast.

1.Accordingtothearticle,strictwildlifeprotectionlawsandimprovedwildlifemanagementtechniques（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,therewouldnotbestarvingelks,damagedmeadowsordyingforestsinNationalParksif（）.

3.Accordingtothearticle,thepopulationexplosionofelkanddeerwascausedalsoby（）.

4.Fromthearticle,wecandeducethattheauthor（）.

5.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothearticle?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.causedthenearextinctionoftheendangeredanimals.

B.intervenedthenaturalprocess.

C.madethevisitofNationalParksrelaxing,andinspiringandrejuvenating.

D.savedtheelksintheRockyMountainParkfromstarvation.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thegovernmentintroducedstricterwildlifelaws.

B.theNationalParkServiceemployedmorewildlifemanagementtechnique.

C.thenaturalprocesseswererestored.

D.ifwecontinuedtoimproveournaturalenvironment.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theadoptionofapolicyofaggressivepredatorelimination.

B.theincreasednumberofNationalParks.

C.thedeceasingnumberofvisitorstoNationalParks.

D.theheavyexploitationofendangeredanimalsinthe20century.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.isinsupportoftheresentpolicies.

B.appreciatesthepresentmanagementtechniques.

C.thinksthattheforcesinnatureshouldbealtered.

D.isstronglyinfavorofthenaturalprocesses.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Parkmanagersinterruptedtheforestecosystemsthroughoutthe20thcentury.

B.Flesh-eatinganimalsshouldnotbeeliminated.

C.Insectsuppressionmaycausetheforeststoover-mature.

D.Severedamagetonativevegetationintheforestiscausedbyfire.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章，嚴(yán)格的野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法和改善后的野生動(dòng)物管理技術(shù)……選項(xiàng)A“造成了瀕危動(dòng)物的瀕臨滅絕”；選項(xiàng)B“干預(yù)了自然過程”；選項(xiàng)C“使參觀國家公園變得輕松愉快充滿活力”；選項(xiàng)D“拯救了洛基山國家公園中快要餓死的麋鹿”，根據(jù)文章第二段中“However,stricterwildlifeprotectionlawsandimprovedwildlifemanagementtechniqueresultedingreaterpopulationsofanimalsovercrowdinginareasofhighconcentration,suchastheYellowstoneelkherds.然而，嚴(yán)格化的野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法和改良的野生動(dòng)物管理技術(shù)導(dǎo)致大量的動(dòng)物擁擠在動(dòng)物密度非常大的地區(qū)，比如黃石公園的麋鹿”，根據(jù)此句可知其所帶來的影響是負(fù)面的，故可以排除選項(xiàng)C、D；選項(xiàng)A所表達(dá)的意思與此句相反，故錯(cuò)誤；所以正確答案為選項(xiàng)B。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，國家公園將不會(huì)再有快要餓死的麋鹿、被破壞的草地和奄奄一息的森林……選項(xiàng)A“政府采用更加嚴(yán)格的野生動(dòng)物法”；選項(xiàng)B“國家公園管理局采用更多野生動(dòng)物管理技術(shù)”；選項(xiàng)C“重新恢復(fù)自然進(jìn)程”；選項(xiàng)D“我們繼續(xù)改善我們的自然環(huán)境”。根據(jù)文章第一段中“theNationalParkServicemustchangeitsmanagementprioritiestopreventoverpopulationofanimalsandtorestorenaturalprocessintheforestinordertopreventtheirstagnationand‘death’byoldage.”國家公園管理局必須改變他們的管理優(yōu)先級(jí)來阻止動(dòng)物數(shù)量的增加和恢復(fù)自然進(jìn)程，不讓公園停滯不前或者隨著時(shí)間死去，可知“阻止動(dòng)物數(shù)量的增加”和“恢復(fù)自然進(jìn)程”是兩個(gè)有效的解決辦法，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)C。

第3題:推理判斷題。根據(jù)這篇文章，麋鹿和鹿的數(shù)量的激增也是由于什么造成的，選項(xiàng)A“采取了消除食肉動(dòng)物的政策”；選項(xiàng)B“國家公園數(shù)量的增加”；選項(xiàng)C“國家公園游客的減少”；選項(xiàng)D“20世紀(jì)對(duì)瀕危動(dòng)物的過度開發(fā)”，根據(jù)第二段中“theNationalParkServiceintheearlypartofthe20thcenturyadoptedapolicyofaggressivepredatorelimination,thusreducingnaturalwildlifepopulationcontrol.”國家公園管理局在20世紀(jì)早期采取了消除食肉動(dòng)物的政策，因此失去了對(duì)野生動(dòng)物數(shù)量的控制，由此可知采取了消除食肉動(dòng)物的政策也是麋鹿和鹿的數(shù)量激增的一個(gè)原因，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)A。

第4題:觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)這篇文章，我們可以推斷出作者……選項(xiàng)A“支持現(xiàn)有的政策”；選項(xiàng)B“欣賞現(xiàn)有的管理技術(shù)”；選項(xiàng)C“認(rèn)為應(yīng)該改變自然的力量”；選項(xiàng)D“強(qiáng)烈支持自然進(jìn)程”，作者在這篇文章中表示了對(duì)國家公園管理局采取的對(duì)國家公園的管理措施的批判，認(rèn)為其干預(yù)了自然的進(jìn)程，于是破壞了生態(tài)的平衡，所以作者是支持自然進(jìn)程的，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)這篇文章，以下哪個(gè)陳述是不正確的？選項(xiàng)A“20世紀(jì)，公園管理者干擾了森林的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)”；選項(xiàng)B“食肉動(dòng)物不應(yīng)該被消除”；選項(xiàng)C“防蟲會(huì)造成森林的過熟”；選項(xiàng)D“森林中當(dāng)?shù)厥卟说膰?yán)重的損害是由火災(zāi)造成的”，選項(xiàng)A、B符合文章的中心思想，排除；根據(jù)文章第二段中“VigorousforestfireandinsectsuppressionintheNationalParksthroughoutthe20thcenturyfurtheralteredthenaturalenvironmentbyallowingforeststoover-mature…整個(gè)20世紀(jì)國家公園中嚴(yán)重的森林火災(zāi)和防蟲造成了森林的過熟，改變了自然環(huán)境”，可知火災(zāi)和防蟲造成了森林的過熟，所以選項(xiàng)C正確，排除；根據(jù)“elkandpopulationexplodedinmanyNationalParks,resultinginseveredamagetonativevegetation.許多國家公園中麋鹿數(shù)量的急劇增加造成了當(dāng)?shù)厥卟说膰?yán)重破壞”，可知造成蔬菜破壞的是麋鹿數(shù)量的增加，故選項(xiàng)D表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。

2.單選題

Itwasreportedthattheproject（

）bytheendofthismonth.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.willbecompleted

B.wouldhavebeencompleted

C.wouldhavecompleted

D.willhavebeencompleted

【答案】B

【解析】句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，該項(xiàng)目將于本月底完成。根據(jù)was和by+時(shí)間可知，這里應(yīng)該用would+過去完成時(shí)，首先排除選項(xiàng)A和D；項(xiàng)目是被完成，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

3.單選題

AbudgetapprovedbytheEuropeanParliamentfortheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywasdeclaredadoptedTuesdaydespiteoppositionbyministers.ThepresidentoftheParliament,SimoneVeil,signedthe$24.2billion1982budget,（1）theEECintoitsthird

（2）budgetconflict.

Minutesafterreceivinga

（3）fromministersto

（4）thesigningtogivetimetoworkouta

（5），VeiltoldBritain'sFinancialSecretarytotheTreasury,NicholasRidley,shehadadoptedthebudget.

Ridleytoldreporters

（6）speakingtoVeilbytelephone,"Shehasadoptedit,andsheisabsolutely

（7）thattheministersshouldwritetoherinthiswaywithout（8）consultation”.

EECsources

（9）mostmemberstateswouldprobably

（10）tomakefullpaymentstothebudgetasadopted,andtheconflictwaslikelyto

（11）wellintonextyear.

Theministers'lettertoVeil,

（12）afterameetinginBrusselsTuesday,（13）ofseriousconsequences

（14）thebudgetwereadopted.

“Thecouncilofministersappealstoyoutoputofftileadoptionofthe1982budget

（15）aconsensuscanbefound..."itsaid.

Theadoption

（16）sixmonthsoftortuousnegotiationsbetweenthe434-memberAssemblyandEECbudgetministersover1982

（17）.

（18）wasblockedinthe

（19）byparliament’sadditionearlierthismonthofsome$250millionmuchofitforjobsprograms.

Thenumberofpeopleoutof

（20）intheEECinNovemberreachedarecordofalmost10millionorninepercentoftheworkingpopulation,accordingtotheEECstatisticsoffice.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.undergoing

B.confronting

C.plunging

D.converting

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.consecutive

B.consequent

C.sequential

D.preceding

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.bulk

B.plea

C.honor

D.grant

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.delay

B.detain

C.prolong

D.extend

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.cooperation

B.combination

C.compromise

D.coincidence

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.since

B.before

C.after

D.as

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.furious

B.cautious

C.apprehensive

D.nervous

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.urgent

B.crucial

C.prior

D.durable

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.said

B.questioned

C.told

D.addressed

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.contradict

B.deny

C.refuse

D.concede

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.stretch

B.last

C.gear

D.proceed

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.outlined

B.drafted

C.polished

D.compiled

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.warned

B.disposed

C.dreamt

D.conceived

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.evenif

B.if

C.sothat

D.for

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.until

B.while

C.although

D.since

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.characterized

B.followed

C.stimulated

D.brought

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.spending

B.provisions

C.survey

D.slogan

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.clash

B.agreement

C.option

D.abundance

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.end

B.dawn

C.event

D.dark

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.reach

B.shape

C.pulse

D.work

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:C

第7題:A

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:C

第11題:B

第12題:B

第13題:A

第14題:B

第15題:A

第16題:B

第17題:A

第18題:B

第19題:A

第20題:D

【解析】（1）考察固定搭配。plungeinto/in使窮苦陷入（或遭受）。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（2）考察形容詞詞義辨析。consecutive“連貫的，連續(xù)不斷的”；consequent“隨之發(fā)生的，作為結(jié)果的”；sequential“連續(xù)的”；preceding“在前的”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵菏笶EC陷入了他們（連續(xù)的）第三次預(yù)算的沖突、矛盾中。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（3）考察名詞詞義辨析。bulk“體積”；plea“呼吁；懇求”；honor“榮譽(yù)”；grant“撥款，授予”。上文提到minister是反對(duì)這個(gè)方案的，所以此處，他是呼吁推遲這個(gè)方案的施行。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（4）考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。delay“推遲”；detain“拘留，留住”；prolong“延長”；extend“延伸”。根據(jù)第53題的大意，可知選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（5）考察名詞詞義辨析。cooperation“合作”；combination“結(jié)合”；compromise“妥協(xié)”；coincidence“巧合”。空格處所在句子的大意是部長呼吁推遲通過這個(gè)方案的時(shí)間來找到折中的方法。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（6）考察連詞的用法。根據(jù)前文可知Ridley是在與Veil打完電話之后才對(duì)記者發(fā)表講話的，所以選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（7）考察形容詞詞義辨析。furious“憤怒的”；cautious“小心的”；apprehensive“憂慮的，知曉的”；nervous“緊張的”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐牵核械胶軕嵟?，覺得部長們應(yīng)該直接寫信給她，而不需要通過先前的會(huì)議來與她討論預(yù)算撥款的事。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（8）考察形容詞詞義辨析。urgent“緊急的”；crucial“重要的”；prior“優(yōu)先的，在先的”；durable“耐用的”。參考第57題句意可知選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（9）考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。said“宣布，表達(dá)”；questioned“質(zhì)疑”；told“告訴”；addressed“向……講話”。空格處所在句子的句意是：EEC的資料顯示，多數(shù)部長將有可能拒絕。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（10）考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。contradict“矛盾”；deny“否定”；refuse“拒絕”；concede“讓步”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐谴蠖鄶?shù)部長會(huì)拒絕全額支付這個(gè)預(yù)算方案。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（11）考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。stretch“延伸”；last“持續(xù)”；gear“適合”；proceed“進(jìn)行”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐牵哼@個(gè)爭論可能會(huì)持續(xù)的第二年。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（12）考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。Outline“概述”；draft“起草”；polish“磨光”；compile“編制”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐牵涸谛瞧诙腂russels會(huì)議后，部長起草了一封信給Veil。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（13）考察動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。Warnof“警告”；disposeof“處理，處置”；dreamof“夢想”；conceiveof“設(shè)想，構(gòu)想”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐牵焊嬲]如果接受了預(yù)算撥款將出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的后果。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（14）考察引導(dǎo)詞的用法。根據(jù)上下文，該句是if引導(dǎo)的條件句，謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣，所以后面的be動(dòng)詞用的是were。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（15）考察連詞的用法。空格處所在句子的大意是：部長想讓Veil等到部長們的意見一致了才采用預(yù)算撥款。選項(xiàng)A“直到……才”符合題意。

（16）考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。characterize“以……為特征”；follow“跟隨”；stimulate“刺激”；bring“帶來，引來”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐牵侯A(yù)算撥款的采用隨著434名Assembly和EEC的預(yù)算部長，經(jīng)歷了六個(gè)月的曲折談判。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（17）考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。spend“花費(fèi)”；provision“供給……食品”；survey“調(diào)查”；slogan“標(biāo)語”。spending與前文的payment構(gòu)成呼應(yīng)，符合題意。

（18）考察名詞詞義辨析。clash“沖突”；agreement“協(xié)議”；option“選擇權(quán)”；abundance“充裕”。與前文提到的consensus一致，空格處所在句子大意是：協(xié)議最終被議會(huì)阻止了。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（19）考察固定搭配。intheend“最后”。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（20）考察固定搭配。outofwork“失業(yè)”。work與上文的job相照應(yīng)，符合題意。

4.單選題

PerhapsnosinglemonumentintheUSAisasfamousaretheStateofLiberty.StandingonasmallislandinNewYorkHarbor,thecrownedlady,holdingaloftinherrighthandthetorchoffreedomandinherlefthandatabletwhichisinscribed“July4th,1776”，isasymbolofAmericandemocracy.Sheiscolossal.Sheis151ft.highandthepedestalonwhichshestandsisalmostasmuch.Anelevatortakesvisitorstothetopofthepedestal,aroundwhichabalconyruns.

ASpiralstaircasegoesuptothecrown,andanothertothetorch.TheStateofLibertywasagifttotheUSAfromFrancein1886,asamarkoffriendshipandalsoinmemoryoftheaidFrancegavetheAmericansduringtheAmericanRevolution.

Formillionsofimmigrants,theStatuewastheirfirstsightofthepromisedland,andforafewitwasalsothelast,astheysailedbackhomeagain.AboutamilefromLibertyIsland,thereisanothersmallisland,calledEllisIsland,whichwaslookeduponwithdreadbytheimmigrants.Foritwasherethattheyhadtowaittheirturntobeexaminedbydoctorsandofficials.MostoftheimmigrantscouldnotspeakawordofEnglish.Butonlytwooutof100immigrantswererefusedadmissiontoNewYorkCity.Oftenthepersonrefusedturnedouttobeagrand-motheroraweary,frightenedgirlmistakenlylabeled“feeble-minded.”Sometimeshusbandsandwiveswerepartedbecauseoneofthemhappenedtohaveabadcoughandwassuspectedofhavingtuberculosis.

NewYorkCitywasabitterdisillusionmenttosomeimmigrants.Forfrombeingacitypavedwithgold,itwasacityteemingwithovercrowded,unhealthyandunsafeghettos.Theimmigrantslookedforearlierimmigrantsoftheirownnationalityorreligion.SoItalian,Polish,Irish,Jewishneighborhoodsgrewup.BecausetheycouldnotspeakEnglish,thenewcomersfounditdifficulttogetworkatonce,andtheirlivingquarterswereoftenslums.

However,theyfoundintheUSAopportunitiesofbetteringthemselves.TodayimmigrantsnolongerhavetoenduretheindignitiesofEllsIsland.Thegrimbuildingswerecloseddownin1924.In1976,EllisIslandbecameanhistoricmonument.

1.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?

2.Theword“colossal”inparagraph1means（

）.

3.ImmigrantslookeduponEllisIslandwithdreadbecause（

）.

4.Paragraph3impliesthat（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementisnottrue?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.GatewaytotheUSA

B.StateofLiberty

C.EllisIsland

D.ImmigrantsoftheUSA

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.miniature

B.colorful

C.enormous

D.beautiful

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theycouldnotspeakaword

B.theymightberefusedadmissiontotheUSA

C.husbandsandwivesmightberecognized

D.theyweresuspected

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.NewYorkCitywaspavedwithgold

B.immigrantsofthesamenationalityandreligionlivedinthesamebuilding

C.immigrantslivedeverywhere

D.someimmigrantsweredisappointedatNewYorkCity

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheStatueofLibertywasagiftfromFrance.

B.FrancegavetheUSAtheStatetocommemoratetheaidtheyreceivedfromtheUS.

C.TheStatueofLibertyisthemostfamousmonumentintheUSA

D.TheStatueofLibertyisthesymbolofAmericandemocracy.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.文章開頭主要提到了美國的自由女神像：它的外觀、高度、結(jié)構(gòu)、來源以及意義等。接著提到了外來移民在美國的現(xiàn)實(shí)生存狀況以及后續(xù)發(fā)生的變化。選項(xiàng)B、C、D都只涉及到了其中一個(gè)點(diǎn)，不全面。而選項(xiàng)A“通往美國的門戶”既指代了美國自由女神像，也可以用來指代外來移民進(jìn)入美國的情形，符合題意。

2.根據(jù)后面的句子Sheis151ft.high“她高151英尺”可推測colossal是巨大的意思，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.文章第三段Foritwasherethattheyhadtowaittheirturntobe

examinedbydoctorsandofficials提到因?yàn)樵谶@里他們（外來移民）不得不等待醫(yī)生和官員的檢查。因?yàn)槿绻麢z查不通過的話，他們會(huì)被拒絕入美國境內(nèi)，所以他們很擔(dān)心。選項(xiàng)B“他們可能會(huì)被拒絕進(jìn)入美國”符合題意。

4.文章第四段第一句NewYorkCitywasabitterdisillusionmenttosomeimmigrants提到紐約市對(duì)一些移民來說是一種痛苦的幻滅，可以推出選項(xiàng)D“一些移民對(duì)美國感到失望”符合題意。

5.文章第二段asamarkoffriendshipandalsoinmemoryoftheaidFrancegavetheAmericansduringtheAmericanRevolution提到是為了紀(jì)念在美國革命期間法國給予美國人的援助，選項(xiàng)B“為了紀(jì)念從美國那里獲得的援助”說法是錯(cuò)誤的，符合題意。

5.單選題

Thehealth-careeconomyisrepletewithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror"provider"andpurchaseror"consumer"inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Wherecircumstancespermitthebuyernochoicebecausethereiseffectivelyonlyonesellerandtheproductisrelativelyessential,governmentusuallyassertsmonopolyandplacestheindustryunderpriceandotherregulations.Neitheroftheseconditionsprevailsinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician一andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday,”whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhentheailmentisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor’sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyesofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer”.Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter'*inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants—thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebonafidebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital;andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Inroutineorminorillnesses,orjustplainworries,thepatient’soptionsare,ofcourse,muchgreaterwithrespecttouseandprice.Inillnessesthatareofsomesignificance,however,suchchoicestendtoevaporate,anditisfortheseillnessesthatthebulkofthehealth-caredollarisspent.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economymeasuresdirectedatpatientsorthegeneralpublicisrelativelyineffective.

1.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto"returnnextWednesday",thedoctorisineffect（

）.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto（）.

5.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

B.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

C.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealthcare

D.speculateabouttherelationshipbetweenapatient'sabilitytopayandthetreatmentreceived

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B.mostofapatient'sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient’shealth

D.hospitaladministratorslacktheexpertisetoquestionmedicaldecisions

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

B.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

C.takingadvantageofthepatient'sconcernforhishealth

D.warningthepatientthat.ahospitalstaymightbenecessary

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.aproposaltocontrolmedicalcosts

B.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

C.ananalysisofthecausesofinflationintheUnitedStates

D.astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.cautious

B.defiant

C.inquisitive

D.analytical

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.A項(xiàng)意為“為了敦促醫(yī)院收回他們的決策權(quán)力”；B項(xiàng)意為“批判醫(yī)生太多控制病人”；C項(xiàng)意為“為了分析在健康醫(yī)療中的一些重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素”；D項(xiàng)意為“猜測病人支付的能力和接受的治療之間的關(guān)系”。文章從第一段開始引入經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系中的“提供者”與“消費(fèi)者”之間的關(guān)系，然后引出醫(yī)療健康中的醫(yī)患關(guān)系，到后面講述醫(yī)生在醫(yī)院的經(jīng)濟(jì)中擁有絕對(duì)的‘權(quán)利’；所以文章是分析了economicrelationship即醫(yī)患關(guān)系中的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.由第二段中itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesdav，’’whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.通常是由醫(yī)生來決定病人什么時(shí)候來復(fù)診、是否需要照X光以及需要哪種藥，而病人是無法也不會(huì)去質(zhì)疑醫(yī)生的決定的；再由第三段最后Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.因此，在醫(yī)院的政策和決策中，醫(yī)務(wù)人員代表的是“權(quán)力中心”，而不是行政部門。確定A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.A選項(xiàng)意為：建議病人尋找第二意見；B選項(xiàng)意為：指導(dǎo)病人買更多的醫(yī)療服務(wù)；C選項(xiàng)意為：利用病人對(duì)自己健康的關(guān)心；D選項(xiàng)意為：警告病人住院時(shí)很有必要的。文章從一開始在分析醫(yī)患關(guān)系，提到醫(yī)生和病人之間的關(guān)系就是經(jīng)濟(jì)中的生產(chǎn)者與消費(fèi)者之間的關(guān)系的一個(gè)縮影，醫(yī)生在醫(yī)患關(guān)系中占主導(dǎo)地位，而醫(yī)生對(duì)于醫(yī)院的經(jīng)濟(jì)起到重要的作用，因此作者更傾向醫(yī)生這么做是為了讓病人花費(fèi)更多的錢來達(dá)到自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，故應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)更符合作者的看法；此處C項(xiàng)是一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)，不可否認(rèn)醫(yī)生也是為了病人的健康考慮所以會(huì)安排復(fù)診，但是作者在本文中更多的是揭露醫(yī)患之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)選B。

4.題目的意思是：根據(jù)作者的說法，當(dāng)醫(yī)生告訴病人“下周三再來”時(shí)，醫(yī)生實(shí)際是說……A項(xiàng)意為“控制醫(yī)療成本的一項(xiàng)提議”；B項(xiàng)意為“對(duì)一種新的醫(yī)學(xué)治療的一次討論”C項(xiàng)意為“對(duì)美國通貨膨脹原因的分析”；D項(xiàng)意為“針對(duì)醫(yī)生的玩忽職守訴訟的研究”。文章主要是以醫(yī)患關(guān)系中醫(yī)生作為主導(dǎo)這一論點(diǎn)開展的，在文章的最后也提到Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economymeasuresdirectedatpatientsorthegeneralpublicisrelativelyineffective.70-80%的醫(yī)療開支都是由醫(yī)務(wù)人員決定的，而不是病人。正因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因，針對(duì)病人或者大眾的經(jīng)濟(jì)措施是相對(duì)無效的。所以A選項(xiàng)“控制醫(yī)療成本的一項(xiàng)提議”正確。

5.A選項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎的”；B選項(xiàng)“蔑視的"；C選項(xiàng)“好奇的”；D選項(xiàng)“分析的”。作者一開始闡述了經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系中的兩大主體生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者，然后進(jìn)一步提到了醫(yī)患關(guān)系是這一經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的縮影，從而揭露出醫(yī)生在醫(yī)療經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有絕對(duì)的主導(dǎo)地位，最后再給予建議，因此這篇文章主要是針對(duì)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)的分析性文章，D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysical,inproductionandisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe'SecondIndustrialRevolution'.

Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventuallytheresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflaborliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.

Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.

1.Thoughthelaborworriesabouttheeffectsofautomation,itneverdoubtsthat（

）.

2.Theideaofthe"improvementfactor'(Para.3)impliesroughly

（

）.

3.Inordertogetthefullbenefitsofautomation,laborwilldependmostlyon

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.automationwilleventuallypreventunemployment

B.automationwillhelpworkersacquirenewskills

C.automationwilleventuallybenefittheworkersnolessthantheemployers

D.automationisatrendwhichcannotbestopped

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofservice

B.thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkers

C.supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromoted

D.thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstoworkers

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.shorterworkinghoursandmoreleisuretime

B.theincreaseofwagesinproportiontotheincreaseinproductivity

C.additionalpaymenttothepermanentlydismissalworkers

D.strongdriveforplanningnewinstallations

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation

B.Laborandtheeffectsofautomation

C.Unemploymentbenefitsplansandautomation.

D.Socialbenefitsofautomation

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問‘盡管工人們擔(dān)心自動(dòng)化的影響，但他們從不懷疑……？’根據(jù)第二段中“Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.勞工基本上的觀點(diǎn)是抵抗技術(shù)變革是徒然的”確定D選項(xiàng)“自動(dòng)化是一種不能被阻止的趨勢”正確。

2.推理判斷題。題目提問‘“改善因素”的概念(第3段)粗略地表示……？’根據(jù)第三段中“Anotherapproachistheideaofthe"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.另一種方法是“改善因素”的想法，它要求在提高生產(chǎn)力的基礎(chǔ)上增加工資?！贝_定B選項(xiàng)“工人應(yīng)該共享生產(chǎn)增加和成本降低的福利”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問‘為了獲得自動(dòng)化的全部好處，勞動(dòng)力將主要依靠……？’根據(jù)最后一段中“Itispossible,however,thatlaborwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.然而，勞動(dòng)力有可能主要依靠減少工作時(shí)間來充分分享自動(dòng)化的成果。”確定A選項(xiàng)“更短的工作時(shí)間和更多的休閑吋間”正確。

4.主旨大意題。全文主要是講“自動(dòng)化的發(fā)展對(duì)勞工在工作與就業(yè)等方而帶來的影響”，所以B選項(xiàng)“勞工與自動(dòng)化的影響”正確。文章并沒有對(duì)自動(dòng)化的劣勢展開討論，所以A選項(xiàng)“自動(dòng)化的優(yōu)勢與劣勢”錯(cuò)誤，C選項(xiàng)“失業(yè)福利計(jì)劃和自動(dòng)化”和D選項(xiàng)“自動(dòng)化的社會(huì)效益”只是文中提及的一部分內(nèi)容，排除。

7.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Astrophysicistsstudyingthestructureoftheuniversehavefoundnewevidenceforsomethingtheywerebeginningtosuspectwithincreasingconvictioninrecentyears—theexistenceofamysterious,repulsiveforcethatappearstobeacceleratingtheexpansionoftheuniverse.Astronomershavegiventhishypotheticalnewforceanintriguingname.Theyhavelabeleditthe“darkforce”,inalllikelihoodbecauseithasremainedhiddenfromobservationuntilnow.Forthatmatter,itstillremainshiddentodirectdetection.

Thattheuniversewasexpandinghasbeenknownformanydecades.But,withonenotableandfamouslyreluctantexception,itoccurredtonooneuntilmuchmorerecentlythattheexpansionmight,insteadofbeingslowedbythemutualgravitationalattractionofallthemattertheuniversecontains,actuallybeaccelerating.ThisunexpectedrevelationwasmadepossibleinpartbythereleaseofadetailedmapofthecosmologicalmicrowavebackgroundmadebyasatellitecalledtheWilkinsonMicrowaveAnisotropyProbe.Researcherscomparedthatdatawiththepositionofmillionsofgalaxiesalreadychartedbyanotherproject—theongoingSloanDigitalSkySurvey,anambitiouslong-termefforttomapeverydetectableobjectinaverylargesectionofthesky.

Bycombiningandanalyzingthesetwoastronomicaldatabases,itwaspossibletodetectsomethingforwhichitisdifficulttodevise,anappropriatelydescriptiveanalogy,butwhichisbeingreferredtoasakingofshadowthrownbythedarkenergyagainstthebackdropofthecosmicmicrowaveradiation—theremnantsoftheenergyleftbytheBigBangthatsillpermeatetheuniverse.Evencallingitashadowisawoefullyinappropriateandactuallyquitemisleadingdescriptionbecausewhatastronomersaredetectingisinfactmoreluminousthanitssurroundings.

Theavailabilityofthetwodatabasesallowedcomparisonoftheenergyofphotonsthatpassedthroughregionsofspacethatwerecrowdedwithgalaxieswith,thatofphotonsthatencounteredmostlyemptyspaceontheir-journeytowardearth.Hencethisnewevidenceisderivedfromthephysicalprocessesthatactonlightparticles—photons—astheytravelthroughgalaxies.Contrarytowhatwouldbeexp