考研考博-英語(yǔ)-四川音樂(lè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-四川音樂(lè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Ifthatdeskisatleast100yearsold,itisanauthenticantiqueandvaluable.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.real

B.ancient

C.eminent

D.obsolete

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.real真的B.ancient古老的

C.eminent杰出的D.obsolete廢棄的

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析

【解題思路】劃線詞修飾的是antique“古董”，原詞authentic“真的”，并且原句得出該結(jié)論的條件是“如果那張桌子至少有100年的歷史”，由此原句表達(dá)的是該古董是真品而非贗品。因此，A選項(xiàng)real“真的”與原詞詞義最接近，符合原句句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)不符合原詞詞義。

【句意】如果那張桌子至少有100年的歷史，那它就是一件真正的古董，并且價(jià)值不菲。

2.翻譯題

PartII.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish(25分)

如果分析不當(dāng)，造成誤解，就謹(jǐn)小慎微，不敢解放思想，不敢放開(kāi)手腳。結(jié)果是喪失時(shí)機(jī)，猶如逆水行舟，不進(jìn)則退。（《鄧小平文選》第三卷）

【答案】Ifwefailtomakeaproperanalysisandthusincurmisunderstanding,wewillbecomeovercautiousanddarenotemancipateoutmindsandactboldly.Consequently,wewillloseopportunities.Likeaboatsailingagainstthecurrent,wemustforgeaheadorbesweptdownstream.

3.單選題

Imustleavenow.（

）ifyouwantthatbookIwillbringittomorrow.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Occasionally

B.Accidentally

C.Incidentally

D.Subsequently

【答案】C

【解析】副詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)Occasionally“偶爾，間或”；B選項(xiàng)Accidentally“意外地，偶然地”；C選項(xiàng)Incidentally“順便，附帶地”；D選項(xiàng)Subsequently“隨后，后來(lái)”。句意：我必須得離開(kāi)了。順便說(shuō)一句，如果你想要那本書，我明天就帶過(guò)來(lái)。選項(xiàng)C符合語(yǔ)境。

4.單選題

Theydecidedto____theirdifferencesinpursuitofacommongoal.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.submit

B.surrender

C.substitute

D.submerge

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.submit屈從B.surrender投降

C.substitute替代D.submerge湮滅

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義銜接與動(dòng)詞辨析

【解題思路】空格處所在部分語(yǔ)義為“____他們的差異”，由此可知，該動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，直接帶賓語(yǔ)“他們的差異”；根據(jù)后文“為了追求一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)”可知，他們應(yīng)該是放棄了、擱置了或消除了差異，以追求共同的目標(biāo)。綜上所述，D選項(xiàng)submerge“湮滅”最符合題意，submergetheirdifferences“消除他們的差異”。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)submit“屈從”，常搭配介詞to，原句中沒(méi)有介詞，側(cè)重于指向……屈服，不得已接受；

B選項(xiàng)surrender“投降”，常搭配介詞to，原句中沒(méi)有介詞，側(cè)重于指投降或被迫放棄；

C選項(xiàng)substitute“替代”，不符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接。

【句意】他們決定消除分歧以追求一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)。

5.單選題

Somesportsequipmentrequiresaspecial（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.insulation

B.preservation

C.snap

D.grip

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。insulation“絕緣，隔離，孤立”；preservation“保存，保留”；snap“猛咬，劈啪聲”；grip“緊握，柄，支配”。句意：有些體育器材需要特殊存放。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

6.單選題

Questions13to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theywillpickupsomesouvenirsorgiftitems.

B.Theywillhavetheirvehicleswashedorserviced.

C.Theywilltakeadvantageofthetimetorestawhile.

D.Theywillbuysomethingfromtheconveniencestores.14.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theymayeventuallydriveonetobankruptcy.

B.Theyshouldbedoneawaywithaltogether.

C.Theyaremeantfortheextremelywealthy.

D.Theycanbringonlytemporarypleasures.15.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Smalldailysavingscanmakeabigdifferenceinone’slife.

B.Avacationwillbeaffordableifonesaves20dollarsaweek.

C.Retirementsavingsshouldcomefirstinone’sfamilybudgeting.

D.Agoodwaytosocializeistohavedailylunchwithone’scolleagues.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

【解析】PassageTwo

It’snoaccidentthatmostgasstationshaveconveniencestoresattached.[13]Fewofuscanfillupthetankwithoutbuyingafewsnacks,cigarettes,softdrinksorotheritemswecanlivewithout.Ideserveit.That’swhathardworkingmenandwomensaytojustifytheirlavishvacations,bigstereosystemsorregularrestaurantmeals.Theydodeservesuchindulgences.However,theyalsodeserveahomeoftheirown—asecureretirementandfreedomfromworryingaboutunpaidbills.NooneshouldhavetolivewithwhataTexasmotherdescribedasconstantstress,tension,evenfearaboutmoney.[14]Sadly,thepleasurethatcomesfromextravagancesoftendisappearslongbeforethebillsdo.Thevideocamerathatonesinglemotherboughtforaspecialoccasion,forexample,isnotmuchfunnow.She’sfiguredoutthatitwilltakeheranotherthreeyearstopayitoffat$30amonth.AndtheNewYorkerswhospentabundleonanoutdoorhottubnowadmittheyrarelyuseit,becausewecan’taffordtoheatitinwinter.Thesolution:setpriorities—adduptheannualcostofeachitem,thenconsiderwhatelseyoucouldbuywiththesamemoney.Thatwillhelpyoudecidewhichitemsarereallyworthit.OneChicagowoman,forexample,discoveredthatdailyluncheswithcoworkerscosther$2,000ayear;shedecidedtotakelunchtoworkinstead.[15]“Inowput$20aweekintomyvacationfundandanother20intoretirementsavings,”shesays.“Thosemeanmoretomethanlunch.”

13.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutdriverswhostopatgasstations?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)關(guān)于停在加油站的司機(jī)，說(shuō)話者說(shuō)了什么？錄音開(kāi)頭提到，大部分加油站旁邊都會(huì)有便利店。很少人在加油站給車輛加油時(shí)不會(huì)順道去買一些零食、煙、軟飲料等。由此可知，D選項(xiàng)“他們會(huì)在便利店買一些東西”正確。A選項(xiàng)“他們會(huì)挑選一些紀(jì)念品或者禮物”；B選項(xiàng)“他們會(huì)將車輛拿去清洗或進(jìn)行其他服務(wù)”和C選項(xiàng)“他們會(huì)利用時(shí)間休息一會(huì)兒”在錄音中均未提及。

14.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutextravagances?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)關(guān)于奢侈，說(shuō)話者說(shuō)了什么？錄音提到，一些努力工作賺錢的人認(rèn)為他們花錢奢侈地度假、買巨型的立體音響，或者去餐館吃飯都無(wú)可厚非，但是這種享受奢侈消費(fèi)帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)很短暫，通常在你的賬單尚未還清時(shí)就已消失殆盡。由此可知，D選項(xiàng)“它們只能帶來(lái)短暫的快樂(lè)”與錄音原文表述一致。A選項(xiàng)“它們最終會(huì)使人走向破產(chǎn)”；B選項(xiàng)“它們應(yīng)該被徹底摒棄”和C選項(xiàng)“它們代表著非常富有”均不正確。

15.WhatdoesthespeakerwanttoshowbytheexampleoftheChicagowoman?

【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題目問(wèn)說(shuō)話者想通過(guò)芝加哥女士的例子表明什么？錄音最后舉了一個(gè)例子：一個(gè)生活在芝加哥的女士發(fā)現(xiàn)，自己每天跟同事一起吃午飯所花的錢一年累計(jì)下來(lái)達(dá)兩千美元。后來(lái)該女士就開(kāi)始自己帶午餐。接著她說(shuō)到自己如今每星期都會(huì)把節(jié)省下來(lái)的錢分別存儲(chǔ)到旅游資金和退休積蓄上，對(duì)她來(lái)說(shuō)這錢省下來(lái)比花在午餐上更加有意義。由此可知，A選項(xiàng)“每日少量的積蓄對(duì)個(gè)人生活意義重大”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“如果一個(gè)人每周節(jié)省20美元，度假是可以接受的”，錄音中只提到女士每周把20美元存到旅游資金中，并沒(méi)有說(shuō)節(jié)省下來(lái)的這筆錢就能負(fù)擔(dān)得起旅游費(fèi)用，因此排除B選項(xiàng)；C選項(xiàng)“退休儲(chǔ)蓄應(yīng)該排在家庭預(yù)算第一位”和D選項(xiàng)“交際的好方法就是與同事一起吃午飯”在錄音中均沒(méi)有信息提及，所以不正確。

7.翻譯題

1.Butisitreallythecase?TheinformationI’vecollectedoverlastfewyearsleadsmetobelievethatartisticandculturalprojectsmaybelessusefulthanmanygovernmentsthink.Infact,basicinfrastructureprojectsareplayingextremelyimportantroleandshouldbegivenpriority.

2.Thosewhoareinfavorofartisticandculturalprojectsadvocatethatculturalenvironmentwillattractmoretourists,whichwillbringhugeprofitstolocalresidents.Somepeopleevenequatethebuildingofsuchprojectswiththeimprovingofeconomicconstruction.

3.Thereisagrowingtendencythesedaysformanypeoplewholiveinruralareastocomeintoandworkincity.Thisproblemhascausedwidepublicconcerninmostcitiesallovertheworld.Aninvestigationshowsthatmanyemigrantsthinkthatworkingatcityprovidethemwithnotonlyahighersalarybutalsotheopportunityoflearningnewskills.

4.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,Ifirmlybelievethattimewillprovethattraditionaltechnologyandmethodswoulddieoutwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.Themaintenanceofthetraditionaltechnologyandmethodsisfutile.

5.Todayanincreasingnumberofpeoplehaverealizedthatlaweducationisofgreatimportance.Inordertokeeplawandorder,everyoneofusissupposedtogetalaweducation.

【答案】1.但這是真的嗎？這些年我收集的信息讓我相信這些文化、藝術(shù)項(xiàng)目并沒(méi)有許多政府想象的那么重要。事實(shí)上，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)非常重要，應(yīng)該放在首位。

2.那些贊成建設(shè)文化藝術(shù)項(xiàng)目的人認(rèn)為文化環(huán)境會(huì)吸引更多的游客，這將給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駧?lái)巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建設(shè)文化藝術(shù)項(xiàng)目與發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)等同起來(lái)。

3.農(nóng)民進(jìn)城打工正成為增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。這一問(wèn)題在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍關(guān)注。一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示很多民工認(rèn)為在城市打工不但有較高的收入，而且能學(xué)到一些新技術(shù)。

4.通過(guò)以上討論，我堅(jiān)定地相信時(shí)間會(huì)證明傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)方法將會(huì)隨著現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的發(fā)展而消亡，堅(jiān)持傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)方法是徒勞的。

5.現(xiàn)在，越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)識(shí)到了法制教育的重要性。為了維護(hù)社會(huì)治安，我們每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該接受法制教育。

8.單選題

Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn'tharmrain-forest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatepatchesofrich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.

Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfanning.

ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom"blackcarbon"——theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred（燒成炭的）woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfanning.“Thesoils,knownasTerraPreta,containedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoil，”saysGlaser.Unbumtvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.

“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn’tcompletelyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure（糞肥）Burningtheforestjustoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrain-forestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:“BlackcarboncombinedwithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”

TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfanners.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpotteryconfirmsthesoil’shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizations.NowitseemstherichnessoftheTerraPretasoilsmayexplainhowsuchcivilizationsmanagedtofeedthemselves.

1.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingisthat（

）.

2.Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecause

（

）.

3.Glasermadehisdiscoveryby

（

）.

4.WhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrain-forests?

5.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftherain-forest

B.itdestroysrainforestsoils

C.ithelpsimproverain-forestsoils

D.itdiminishestheorganicmatterinrain-forestsoils

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherunstable

B.blackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyrains

C.organicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandrain

D.long-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtoplantgrowth

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon

B.examiningpotteryleftoverbyancientcivilizations

C.test-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralAmazon

D.radiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinforestsoils

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingburnt.

B.Theycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburntcompletely.

C.Theirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanhabitation.

D.Theycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnfarming.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.humanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorain-forests

B.Amazonrain-forestsoilsusedtobetherichestintheworld

C.farmingisresponsibleforthedestructionoftheAmazonrain-forests

D.thereonceexistedanurbancivilizationintheAmazonrain-forests

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.判斷推理題。由題干可知，我們需要找的是“thetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarming對(duì)于刀耕火種的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)”，這一信息出現(xiàn)在文章第一段“Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn'tharmrain-forest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.低水平的刀耕火種并不會(huì)損害雨林。相反，它有助于農(nóng)民和改善森林土壤?！蔽闹谐霈F(xiàn)了onthecontrary就說(shuō)明出現(xiàn)了觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比，且后面補(bǔ)充說(shuō)到“Thisistheunorthodoxview這是一種非正統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)”因此本句就是與傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)相悖的地方。由此推出傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)“刀耕火種會(huì)損害雨林”。B選項(xiàng)“它破壞雨林土壤”符合題意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵信息“thinandpoor薄且貧瘠”定位到文章第二段第一句“Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.大多數(shù)雨林土壤都很貧瘠，因?yàn)樗鼈內(nèi)狈ΦV物質(zhì)，而且高溫和強(qiáng)降雨會(huì)在土壤中的大部分有機(jī)物到達(dá)森林地面后的四年內(nèi)將其破壞?！币虼嗽蛟谟诟邷睾蛷?qiáng)降雨會(huì)使土壤中有機(jī)物質(zhì)迅速流失，這一點(diǎn)與C選項(xiàng)同義。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。Glaser的研究結(jié)論由何而來(lái)，由題干定位到第三段第一句“ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.但是，拜羅伊特大學(xué)的土壤科學(xué)家布魯諾?格拉澤(BrunoGlaser)研究了亞馬遜中部出人意料的肥沃土壤?！闭f(shuō)明Glaser是研究了亞馬遜中部意外發(fā)現(xiàn)的肥沃土壤才有了上述結(jié)論，因此A選項(xiàng)“研究亞馬遜中部的肥沃土壤”正確。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干關(guān)鍵信息“theregrowthofrain-forests雨林的再生”出現(xiàn)在文章第四段倒數(shù)第二句“Andrain-forestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.雨林在小規(guī)模的清理后很容易再生?！睂?duì)比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)D選項(xiàng)“在刀耕火種后，他們很容易恢復(fù)?！狈衔囊?。

5.判斷推理題。A選項(xiàng)“人類活動(dòng)將對(duì)熱帶雨林造成嚴(yán)重破壞”不符合文意，本文只是論述“刀耕火種創(chuàng)造的肥沃土壤使亞馬遜中的文明得以存在”這一觀點(diǎn)；B選項(xiàng)“亞馬遜雨林的土壤曾經(jīng)是世界上最肥沃的”文中并未提及；C選項(xiàng)“農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)亞馬遜雨林的破壞負(fù)有責(zé)任”不屬于文章論述的主要觀點(diǎn)；D選項(xiàng)“在亞馬遜雨林中曾經(jīng)存在著一種城市文明”出現(xiàn)在文章最后一段，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)亞馬遜雨林中存在陶器及上百座大土方，推知古代在這里存在過(guò)人類文明。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Persistentbullyingisoneoftheworstexperiencesachildcanface.Howcanitbeprevented?PeterSmith,ProfessorofPsychologyattheUniversityofSheffield,directedtheSheffieldAnti-BullyingInterventionProject,fundedbytheDepartmentforEducation.

Herethereportsonhisfindings.

SectionA

Bullyingcantakeavarietyofforms,fromtheverbal—beingtauntedorcalledhurtfulnames—tothephysical—beingkickedorshoved—aswellasindirectforms,suchasbeingexcludedfromsocialgroups.AsurveyIconductedwithIreneWhitneyfoundthatinBritishprimaryschoolsuptoaquarterofpupilsreportedexperienceofbullying,whichinaboutoneintencaseswaspersistent.Therewaslessbullyinginsecondaryschools,withaboutoneintwenty-fivesufferingpersistentbullying,butthesecasesmaybeparticularlyrecalcitrant.

SectionB

Bullyingisclearlyunpleasant,andcanmakethechildexperiencingitfeelunworthyanddepressed.Inextremecasesitcanevenleadtosuicide,thoughthisisthankfullyrare.Victimizedpupilsaremorelikelytoexperiencedifficultieswithinterpersonalrelationshipsasadults,whilechildrenwhopersistentlybullyaremorelikelytogrowuptobephysicallyviolent,andconvictedofanti-socialoffences.

SectionC

Untilrecently,notmuchwasknownaboutthetopic,andlittlehelpwasavailabletoteacherstodealwithbullying.Perhapsasaconsequence,schoolswouldoftendenytheproblem.“Thereisnobullyingatthisschool”hasbeenacommonrefrain,almostcertainlyuntrue.Fortunatelymoreschoolsarenowsaying:“Thereisnotmuchbullyinghere,butwhenitoccurswehaveaclearpolicyfordealingwithit.”

SectionD

Threefactorsareinvolvedinthischange.Firstisanawarenessoftheseverityoftheproblem.Second,anumberofresourcestohelptacklebullyinghavebecomeavailableinBritain.Forexample,theScottishCouncilforResearchinEducationproducedapackageofmaterials,ActionAgainstBullying,circulatedtoallschoolsinEnglandandWalesaswellasinScotlandinsummer1992,withasecondpack,SupportingSchoolsAgainstBullying,producedthefollowingyear.InIreland,GuidelinesonCounteringBullyingBehaviourinPost-PrimarySchoolswaspublishedin1993.Third,thereisevidencethatthesematerialswork,andthatschoolscanachievesomething.Thiscomesfromcarefullyconducted“beforeandafter”evaluationsofinterventionsinschools,monitoredbyaresearchteam.InNorway,afteraninterventioncampaignwasintroducednationally,anevaluationofforty-twoschoolssuggestedthat,overatwoyearperiod,bullyingwashalved.TheSheffieldinvestigation,whichinvolvedsixteenprimaryschoolsandsevensecondaryschools,foundthatmostschoolssucceededinreducingbullying.

SectionE

Evidencesuggeststhatakeystepistodevelopapolicyonbullying,sayingclearlywhatismeantbybullying,andgivingexplicitguidelinesonwhatwillbedoneifitoccurs,whatrecordswillbekept,whowillbeinformed,whatsanctionswillbeemployed.Thepolicyshouldbedevelopedthroughconsultation,overaperiodoftime—notjustimposedfromtheheadteacher’soffice!Pupils,parentsandstaffshouldfeeltheyhavebeeninvolvedinthepolicy,whichneedstobedisseminatedandimplementedeffectively.

Otheractionscanbetakentobackupthepolicy.Therearewaysofdealingwiththetopicthroughthecurriculum,usingvideo,dramaandliterature.Theseareusefulforraisingawareness,andcanbestbetiedintoearlyphasesofdevelopment,whiletheschoolisstartingtodiscusstheissueofbullying.Theyarealsousefulinrenewingthepolicyfornewpupils,orrevisingitinthelightofexperience.Butcurriculumworkalonemayonlyhaveshorttermeffects;itshouldbeanadditiontopolicywork,notasubstitute.

Therearealsowaysofworkingwithindividualpupils,orinsmallgroups.Assertivenesstrainingforpupilswhoareliabletobevictimsisworthwhile,andcertainapproachestogroupbullyingsuchas“noblame”,canbeusefulinchangingthebehaviourofbullyingpupilswithoutconfrontingthemdirectly,althoughothersanctionsmaybeneededforthosewhocontinuewithpersistentbullying.

Workintheplaygroundisimportant,too.Onehelpfulstepistotrainlunchtimesupervisorstodistinguishbullyingfromplayfulfighting,andhelpthembreakupconflicts.Anotherpossibilityistoimprovetheplaygroundenvironment,sothatpupilsarelesslikelytobeledintobullyingfromboredomorfrustration.

SectionF

Withthesedevelopments,schoolscanexpectthatatleastthemostseriouskindsofbullyingcanlargelybeprevented.Themoreeffortputinandthewiderthewholeschoolinvolvement,themoresubstantialtheresultsarelikelytobe.Thereductioninbullying—andtheconsequentimprovementinpupilhappiness—issurelyaworthwhileobjective.

1.ArecentsurveyfoundthatinBritishsecondaryschools（）.

2.Childrenwhoarebullied（）.

3.Thewriterthinksthatthedeclaration“Thereisnobullyingatthisschool”（）.

4.WhatwerethefindingsofresearchcarriedoutinNorway?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.therewasmorebullyingthanhadpreviouslybeenthecase

B.therewaslessbullyingthaninprimaryschools

C.casesofpersistentbullyingwereverycommon

D.indirectformsofbullyingwereparticularlydifficulttodealwith

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.aretwiceaslikelytocommitsuicideastheaverageperson

B.finditmoredifficulttorelatetoadults

C.arelesslikelytobeviolentinlaterlife

D.mayhavedifficultyformingrelationshipsinlaterlife

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.isnolongertrueinmanyschools

B.wasnotinfactmadebymanyschools

C.reflectedtheschool’slackofconcern

D.reflectedalackofknowledgeandresources

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Bullyingdeclinedby50%afterananti-bullyingcampaign.

B.Twenty-oneschoolsreducedbullyingasaresultofananti-bullyingcampaign.

C.Twoyearsistheoptimumlengthforananti-bullyingcampaign.

D.BullyingisalessseriousprobleminNorwaythanintheUK.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章SectionA第二句，“AsurveyIconductedwithIreneWhitneyfoundthatinBritishprimaryschoolsuptoaquarterofpupilsreportedexperienceofbullying,whichinaboutoneintencaseswaspersistent.Therewaslessbullyinginsecondaryschools,withaboutoneintwenty-fivesufferingpersistentbullying,butthesecasesmaybeparticularlyrecalcitrant.”，調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)在英國(guó)有多達(dá)四分之一的學(xué)生有被欺凌的經(jīng)歷，中學(xué)的欺凌事件更少，大約二十五分之一的欺凌會(huì)持續(xù)下去。可判斷出中學(xué)的欺凌行為比小學(xué)的少，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章SectionB提到欺凌給小孩帶來(lái)的影響，包括讓孩子感到自卑和沮喪、導(dǎo)致自殺、長(zhǎng)大后出現(xiàn)人際交往困難、更有可能在未來(lái)成為暴力分子，可判斷出選項(xiàng)A和B文章并未提及，選項(xiàng)C“在以后生活中不太可能有暴力行為”，與原文內(nèi)容相反，所以選項(xiàng)D“在以后可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)人際交往困難”符合文章意思，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章SectionC“Untilrecently,notmuchwasknownaboutthetopic,andlittlehelpwasavailabletoteacherstodealwithbullying.Perhapsasaconsequence,schoolswouldoftendenytheproblem.‘Thereisnobullyingatthisschool’hasbeenacommonrefrain,almostcertainlyuntrue.”，可知“Thereisnobullyingatthisschool”是學(xué)校提出的。學(xué)校聲稱沒(méi)有欺凌現(xiàn)象的原因在于人們對(duì)這個(gè)話題所知甚少，老師們也未能得到幫助來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)欺凌?？膳袛喑鰧W(xué)校否認(rèn)欺凌現(xiàn)象的原因在于知識(shí)和資源的缺乏。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章SectionD“InNorway,afteraninterventioncampaignwasintroducednationally,anevaluationofforty-twoschoolssuggestedthat,overatwoyearperiod,bullyingwashalved.”，在挪威，一項(xiàng)干預(yù)措施在全國(guó)推廣后，對(duì)42所學(xué)校的評(píng)估表明，在兩年的時(shí)間里，欺凌現(xiàn)象減少了一半?？膳袛喑鲈谂餐M(jìn)行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在一場(chǎng)反欺凌運(yùn)動(dòng)之后，欺凌事件減少了一半，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

10.單選題

Akilnisatypeofoveninwhichclayis（

）sothatithardensintoaformofceramicmaterial.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.repaired

B.baked

C.melted

D.lightened

【答案】B

【解析】repair修理，修補(bǔ)；bake烤，烘焙；melt使融化，使軟化；lighten使照亮，使輕松。句意：窯是一種把黏土燒制變硬成為陶瓷材料的爐子。選項(xiàng)B符合語(yǔ)境。

11.翻譯題

道別是一種社交禮儀，它象征一次活動(dòng)的終結(jié)。

在英國(guó)、美國(guó)和其他許多西方國(guó)家，告別具有特定的程式化常見(jiàn)表達(dá)模式。這些表達(dá)模式依不同的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、參加人和文化而變化。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，客人應(yīng)該先向主人告別。參加同一活動(dòng)的兩位賓客應(yīng)該誰(shuí)先告別并沒(méi)有特定要求。有意思的是，在西方國(guó)家，客人提出辭呈后不會(huì)馬上離去，而是會(huì)再多待上10到15分鐘再離開(kāi)。出于禮貌，客人要反復(fù)告辭兩三次以表示自己確實(shí)不愿意離去。主人送客時(shí)會(huì)在門口與客人道別。更重要的是，客人要對(duì)主人的招待表示感謝，主人則要表示再次相聚的愿望。

在中國(guó)，送別客人所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間要多得多。事實(shí)上，許多好客的主人會(huì)堅(jiān)持把客人送出居民區(qū)，一直送到停車場(chǎng)或公共汽車站。而客人則要再三勸主人不必如此客氣，而他們的努力自然是不會(huì)奏效的，因?yàn)殡p方的做法都是在遵循傳統(tǒng)的禮儀規(guī)范。事實(shí)上，主人要等到客人上車，再也看不見(jiàn)了才可以離開(kāi)。在新疆，多數(shù)當(dāng)?shù)厣贁?shù)民族居民認(rèn)為客人在門口道別離開(kāi)后還要轉(zhuǎn)身再次向主人表示感謝和祝福。

鞠躬在日本是一種非常重要的習(xí)俗。日本人總是不停地鞠躬。最普遍的現(xiàn)象是他們?cè)诒舜藛?wèn)候及道別時(shí)以鞠躬代替握手。不論誰(shuí)向你鞠躬，不回禮是無(wú)禮的表現(xiàn)。身體接觸會(huì)令日本人不自在。但是，他們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣與西方人握手了。

鞠躬看似簡(jiǎn)單，但方式是有區(qū)別的。這取決于你鞠躬致意的對(duì)象的社會(huì)地位和年齡。如果對(duì)方比你的地位高或年紀(jì)比你大，鞠躬角度應(yīng)該更大，時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。此時(shí)彎腰鞠躬是禮貌的做法。男子通常將雙手垂在身側(cè)，女子則將雙手疊放在大腿上，手指相觸。如果是在非正式場(chǎng)合，類似于點(diǎn)頭的鞠躬就可以了。最常見(jiàn)的形式是15度的鞠躬。你或許會(huì)覺(jué)得這種做法很怪異，但在日本還是試著要鞠躬。別人會(huì)認(rèn)為你十分有禮貌！

【答案】Goodbyesaresocialritualsthatsignaltheendofanevent.

IntheUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates,andmanyotherwesterncountries,leavingcommonpatternsofexpressionwithspecificformulae.Theserepresentationpatternsvarybytime,place,participant,andculture.Generallyspeaking,guestsshouldsaygoodbyetotheirhostfirst.Thereisnospecificrequestastowhichofthetwoguestsatthesameeventshouldsaygoodbyefirst.Interestingly,inwesterncountries,guestswhosubmittheirresignationsdonotleaveimmediately,butstayforanother10to15minutes.Outofpoliteness,guestshavetosaygoodbyetwoorthreetimestoshowthattheyreallydon’twanttoleave.Thehostwillsaygoodbyetotheguestsatthedoorwhenheseesthemoff.What’smore,theguestshouldexpresshisgratitudeforthehost’shospitality,andthehostshouldexpresshisdesiretogettogetheragain.

SeeingoffgueststakesmuchlongerinChina.Infact,manyhospitablehostsinsistonsendingtheirguestsoutoftheresidentialarea,allthewaytotheparkinglotorbusstop.However,guestsshouldpersuadethehostnottobesopoliteagainandagain,andtheireffortswillnotbeeffective,becausebothsidesarefollowingthetraditionaletiquettenorms.Infact,thehostcan’tleaveuntiltheguestgetsonthebusandcan’tseeitanymore.Inxinjiang,mostethnicminorityresidentsbelievethatguestshavetoturnaroundtothankandblesstheirhostsagainaftersayinggoodbyeatthedoor.

BowingisaveryimportantcustominJapan.TheJapanesealwaysbow.Themostcommonphenomenonisthattheybowinsteadofshakinghandswhengreetingandsayinggoodbyetoeachother.Nomatterwhobowstoyou,itisrudenottogiveback.PhysicalcontactmakestheJapaneseuncomfortable.Buttheyareusedtoshakinghandswithwesterners.

Bowingmayseemsimple,buttherearedifferentwaystodoit.Itdependsonthesocialstatusandageofthepersonyoubowto.Iftheotherpersonisinahigherpositionorolderthanyou,bowmoreandforlonger.Itispolitetobowatthistime.Menusuallyputtheirhandsontheirsides,whilewomenputthemontheirthighsandtouchthemwiththeirfingers.Ifit’sinformal,abowlikeanodisfine.Themostcommonformisa15-degreebow.Youmightthinkit’sweird,butinJapanyoustilltrytobow.Peoplewillthinkyou’reverypolite!

12.單選題

Priorto1975,unioneffortstoorganizepublic-sectorclericalworker,mostofwhomarewomen,weresomewhatlimited.Thefactorsfavoringunionizationdrivesseemtohavebeeneitherthepresenceoflargenumbersofworkers,asinNewYorkCity,tomakeitworththeeffort,ortheconcentrationofsmallnumbersinoneortwolocations,suchasahospital,tomakeitrelativelyeasy.Receptivitytounionizationontheworkers,partwasalsoaconsideration,butwhentherewerelargenumbersinvolvedortheclericalworkersweretheonlyunorganizedgroupinajurisdiction,themulti-occupationalunionswouldoftentrytoorganizethemregardlessoftheworkers’initialreceptivity.Thestrategicreasoningwasbased,first,ontheconcernthatpoliticiansandadministratorsmightplayoffunionizedagainstnonunionizedworkers,and,second,ontheconvictionthatafullyunionizedpublicworkforcemeantpower,bothatthebargainingtableandinthelegislature.Inlocalitieswhereclericalworkerswerefewinnumber,werescatteredinseveralworkplaces,andexpressednointerestinbeingorganized,unionsmoreoftenthannotignoredtheminthepre-1975period.

Butsincethemid-1970’s,adifferentstrategyhasemerged.In1977,34percentofgovernmentclericalworkerswererepresentedbyalabororganization,comparedwith46percentofgovernmentprofessionals,44percentofgovernmentblue-collarworkers,and41percentofgovernmentserviceworkers.Sincethen,however,thebiggestincreasesinpublic-sectorunionizationhavebeenamongclericalworkers.Between1977and1980,thenumberofunionizedgovernmentworkersinblue-collarandserviceoccupationsincreasedonlyabout1.5percent,whileinthewhite-collaroccupationstheincreasewas20percentandamongclericalworkersinparticular,theincreasewas22percent.

Whataccountsforthisupsurgeinunionizationamongclericalworkers?First,morewomenhaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastfewyears,andmoreofthemplantoremainworkinguntilretirementage.Consequently,theyareprobablymoreconcernedthantheirpredecessorswereaboutjobsecurityandeconomicbenefits.Also,thewomen’smovementhassucceededinlegitimizingtheeconomicandpoliticalactivismofwomenoftheirownbehalf,therebyproducingamorepositiveattitudetowardunions.Theabsenceofanycomparableincreaseinunionizationamongprivate-sectorclericalworker,however,identifiestheprimarycatalystthestructuralchangeinthemulti-occupationalpublic-sectorunionsthemselves.Overthepasttwentyyears,theoccupationaldistributionintheseunionshasbeensteadilyshiftingfrompredominantlyblue-collartopredominantlywhite-collar.Becausetherearefarmorewomeninwhite-collarjobs,anincreaseintheproportionoffemalemembershasaccompaniedtheoccupationalshiftandhasalteredunionpolicy-makinginfavoroforganizingwomenandaddressingwomen’sissues.

1.Accordingtothepassage,thepublic-sectorworkerswhoweremostlikelytobelongtounionsin1977were（

）.

2.Theauthorcitesunioneffortstoachieveafullyunionizedworkforce(line11—15)inordertoaccountforwhy（

）.

3.Theauthor’sclaimthat,sincethemid-1970’s,anewstrategyhasemergedintheunionizationofpublic-sectorclericalworkers(line19)wouldbestrengthenediftheauthor（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,intheperiodpriorto1975,eachofthefollowingconsider