中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對(duì)照)

中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對(duì)照)中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對(duì)照)中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對(duì)照)xxx公司中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對(duì)照)文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論（中英文對(duì)照）One:RADITIONAL-CHINESEMEDICINEWITHALONGHISTORY

第一部分:歷史悠久的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)TraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)hasahistoryofseveralyears.Itsorigincanbetracedbacktoremotealongcourseofstrugglingagainstdiseases,TCMevolvedintoauniqueandintegratedtheoreticalsystcmofTCM.ItisanimportantpartofChineseculture.Morethan2,000yearsago,cameoutHuangdi'sClassiconMedicine(HuangDiNeijing),whichistheearliestmedicalclassicextantinChina.Itconsistsoftwoparts—BasicQuestions(SuWen)andMiraculousPivot(LingShu),eachcomprising)ninevolumes,eachofwhich,inturn,containsninechapters,totalingupto162bookgivesacompleteandsystematicexpositiontothefollowingvarioussubjects:therelationshipbetweenmanandnature,thephysiologyandpathologyofthehumanbody,andthediagnosis,treatmentandpreventionotdiseases.Italsousesthetheoriesofyin-yangandthefiveelementstodealfullywiththeprinciplesoftreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)accordingtotheclimaticandseasonalconditions,geographicallocalitiesandindividualconstitution.Hence(givingexpression)totheholisticconceptoftakingthehumanbodyasanorganicwholeandtakingthehumanbodywiththesurroundingenvironmentastheintegrity.ItlaidapreliminaryfoundationforthetheoreticalformationofTCM.AfterHuangdi'sClassiconMedicineanotherclassicofmedicine,ClassiconMedicalProblems(NanJing),wasgivenbirthtotheworldbeforetheEasternHanDynasty.ThebookdealsmainlywiththebasictheoryofTCM,suchasphysiology,pathology,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseasesandsoon.ItsupplementedwhatHuangdi'sClassiconMedicinelacked.Fromthenon,manymedicalschoolsandvariousclassicsonmedicinewerebroughtintobeinginsuccession,eachhavingitsownstrongpoints.

中醫(yī)有著幾千年的歷史,起源可追溯至遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代。在長(zhǎng)期與疾病的斗爭(zhēng)中，中醫(yī)演化并形成了一套獨(dú)特且完整的理論體系。2000多年前出現(xiàn)的《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》是中國(guó)現(xiàn)存的最早醫(yī)著。它由《素問(wèn)》和《靈樞》兩部分組成。每部分包含9卷，每卷又有9章，總計(jì)162章。該書(shū)對(duì)人和自然的關(guān)系、人體的生理及病理、疾病的預(yù)防和診治等方面進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)全面的說(shuō)明。同時(shí)它運(yùn)用陰陽(yáng)和五行理論全面闡述了因時(shí)、因地、因人而異辯證論治的原則并且表達(dá)了整體觀念的思想即把人體看作一個(gè)整體，把人與其周?chē)沫h(huán)境看作一個(gè)整體。這為中醫(yī)理論的形成奠定了初步的基礎(chǔ)。繼《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》之后，東漢時(shí)期之前出現(xiàn)了《難經(jīng)》。該書(shū)涉及了中醫(yī)的基礎(chǔ)理論如生理、病理和疾病的診治等。它補(bǔ)充了《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》的不足。自此許多不同的學(xué)派及經(jīng)典著作相繼出現(xiàn)，各抒己見(jiàn)。

ShenNong'sHerbal(ShenNongBenCaoJing),alsoknownasClassicontheHerbal(BenCaoJing)orTheHerbal(BenCao),istheearliestbookonmateriamedicainChina,whichappearedinabouttheQin-HanPeriodwithitsauthorshipunknown.Notonlydoesitlist365medicinalitem—amongwhich252areherbs,67areanimals,and46areminerals,butalsodividesthemintothreegradesaccordingtotheirdifferentpropertiesandeffects.Thebookalsogivesabriefaccountofpharmacologicaltheories—principal(jun),adjuvant(chen),assistant(zuo)andguide(shi);harmonyinsevenemotions(qiqinghehe),fourpropertiesofmedicinalherbs(siqi)andfivetastesofmedicinalherbs(wuwei).

《神農(nóng)本草》(亦稱(chēng)“本草經(jīng)”或“本草”)是中國(guó)最早的藥物學(xué)專(zhuān)著。它出現(xiàn)于秦漢時(shí)期，作者不祥。它不僅羅列了365種藥物(其中草藥252種，動(dòng)物類(lèi)藥67種，礦物類(lèi)藥46種)而且依藥物性質(zhì)及功效的不同將其分為三個(gè)等級(jí)。同時(shí)，該書(shū)簡(jiǎn)述了方劑的基本原則(君、臣、佐、使)和七情與藥物的四氣五味相和的原則。

IntheHanDynasty(3rdcenturyAD),ZhangZhongjing,anoutstandingphysician,wroteTreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases(ShangHanZaBingLun),whichisdividedintotwobooksbylatergenerations,oneisentitled"TreatiseonFebrileDiseases",(ShangHanLun),theotherSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenCabinet(JinKuiYaoLue).ThebookestablishedthepnricipleofTDS(TreatmentofDifferentiationSyndromes；TechnicalDataSystem技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)),therebylayingafoundationforthedevelopmentofclinicalmedicine.

漢朝(公元前3世紀(jì))的張仲景是一位著名的醫(yī)家，著有《傷寒雜病論》。該書(shū)被后人分為兩部分，名為《傷寒論》和《金匱要略》。該書(shū)建立了辯證論治的原則及技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)，因此，為臨床醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

IntheWesternJinDynasty.HuangFumi,afamousphysician,compiledA-BClassicofAcupunctureandMoxibustion(ZhenJiuJiaYiJing)Thebookconsistsof12volumeswith128chapters,including349acupoints.Itistheearliestextantworkdealingexclusivelywithacupunctureandmoxibustionandoneofthemostinfluentialworksinthehistoryofacupunctureandmoxibustion.

西金時(shí)期的著名醫(yī)家皇浦謐編輯的《針灸甲乙經(jīng)》由12卷128章組成，包括349個(gè)穴位。它是現(xiàn)存最早的針灸學(xué)專(zhuān)著，也是針灸史上最具影響力的著作之一。

TheSuiandTangDynastiescameintotheirowninfeudaleconomyandculture.In610AD,ChaoYpiledGeneralTreatiseontheEtiologyandSymptomology.Thebookgaveanextensiveandminutedescriptionoftheetiologyandsymptomsofvariousdiseases.ItistheearliestextantclassiconetiologyandsymptomsinChina.In657AD,SuJingtogetherwith20otherscholars,compiledNewly-RevisedMateriaMedica(XinXiuBenCao),whichisthefirstpharmacopoeiasponsoredofficiallyinancientChina,andtheearliestpharmacopoeiaintheworldaswell.SunSimiao(581-682AD)devotedallhislifetowritingoutthetwobooks:ValuablePrescriptionsforEmergencies(BeiJiQianJinYaoFang)andSupplementtoValuablePrescriptions(QianJinYiFang).Thehooksdealwithgeneralmedicaltheory,materiamedica,gynecologyandobstetrics,pediatrics,acupunctureandmoxibustion,diet,healthpreservationandprescriptionsforvariousbranchesofmedicine.BothbooksarerecognizedasrepresentativeworksofmedicineintheTangDynasty.SunSimiaowashonoredbylatergenerationsas"thekingofherbalmedicine".

隋唐時(shí)期形成了自己封建的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化制度。公元前610年，巢元方編輯的《諸病源候論》對(duì)各種不同疾病的病因及癥狀進(jìn)行了廣泛而詳細(xì)的描述。它是現(xiàn)存最早的病因及癥狀學(xué)著作。公元前657年，蘇敬和其他20名醫(yī)家學(xué)者編輯了《新修本草》。它是中國(guó)古代官方正式發(fā)起編輯的藥典，也是世界上最早的藥學(xué)著作。孫思邈(公元前581-682年)傾其一生精力撰寫(xiě)了兩部著作，分別是《備急千金藥方》和《千金翼方》.書(shū)中涉及了醫(yī)理總論、中藥、婦產(chǎn)科、兒科、針灸、方藥飲食及養(yǎng)生等醫(yī)學(xué)的不同分支。兩本著作都是唐代醫(yī)學(xué)的代表作。孫思邈因此被后世譽(yù)為“方藥之祖”。

IntheSongDynasty,moreattentionwaspaidtotheeducationofTCM.Thegovermentsetup"theImperialMedicalBureau"fortrainingandbringingupqualifiedTCMworkers.In1057AD,aspecialorgannamed"BureauforRevisingMeidicalBooks"wassetupinordertoproofreadandcorrectthemedicalbooksfromprecedingages,andtopublishthemoneafteranother.ThebooksrevisedhavebeenhandeddowntillnowandarestilltheimportantclassicsforChinaandothercountriestostudyTCM.

宋朝更注重的是中醫(yī)教育。政府興辦了太醫(yī)局訓(xùn)練和培養(yǎng)合格的中醫(yī)師。公元前1057年，一個(gè)特殊的組織-校正醫(yī)書(shū)局成立了，其目的是為了對(duì)從前的醫(yī)書(shū)進(jìn)行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改過(guò)的醫(yī)書(shū)流傳至今并仍是現(xiàn)今中國(guó)和全世界學(xué)習(xí)中醫(yī)的重要經(jīng)典著作。

IntheJinandYuanDynasties,thereappearedfourmedicalschoolsrepresentedbyLiuWansu(1120-1200AD),ZhangCongzheng(1156-1228AD),LiGao(l180-1251AD)andZhuZhenheng(1281-1358AD).Amongthem,LiuWansubelievedthat"fireandheat"werethemaincausesofavarietyofdiseases,andthatthediseasesshouldbetreatedwithdrugscoldandcoolinnature.Sohewasknownas"theschoolofcoldandcool"bylatergenerations,ZhangCongzhengbelievedthatalldiseaseswerecausedbyexogenouspathogenicfactorsinvadingthebody,andadvocatedthatpathogenicfactorsshouldbedrivenoutbymethodsofdiaphoresis,emesisandpurgation.Sohewasknownasthe"schoolofpurgation".ThethirdschoolrepresentedbyLiGaoheldthat"Internalinjuriesofthespleenandstomachwillbringaboutvariousdiseases".Therefore,heemphasizeedthatthemostimportantthing,clinically,shouldbetowarmandinvigoratethespleenandstomachbecausethespleenisattributedtotheearthinthefiveelements.Sohewasregardedasthefounderofthe"schoolofreinforcingtheearth".Andthefourthschoolwasknownasthe"schoolofnourishingyin"byfoundedZhuZhenheng.Hebelieved:"Yangisusuallyredundant,whileyiniseverdeficient".Thatiswhythebody"oftenhasenoughyangbutnotenoughyin".Soheusuallyusedthemethodtonourishyinandpurgefireinclinicalpractice.

金元時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了四個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)派代表人物分別為：劉完素(公元前1120-1200)、張從正(公元前1156-1228)、李杲(公元前1180-1251)、朱震亨(公元前1281-1358)。他們中，劉完素認(rèn)為火熱是導(dǎo)致各種疾病的病因，治療疾病應(yīng)選擇性質(zhì)寒涼的藥，因此被后世稱(chēng)為“寒涼派”。張從正認(rèn)為外邪侵犯人體是疾病的原因，提倡用“汗、吐、下”等法驅(qū)邪外出，所以被稱(chēng)為“攻邪派”。第三個(gè)學(xué)派以李杲為代表主張“脾胃內(nèi)傷，百病由生”。因此強(qiáng)調(diào)臨床中最重要的應(yīng)為溫養(yǎng)脾胃。因?yàn)槠⒃谖逍兄袑偻?，故其被稱(chēng)為“補(bǔ)土派”的奠基人。第四個(gè)學(xué)派為朱震亨發(fā)起的“滋陰派”。他認(rèn)為“陽(yáng)常有余，陰常不足?！币虼嗽谂R床上常用“滋陰瀉火”的方法。

LiShizhen(1518-1593AD),afamousphysicianandpharmacologistintheMingDynasty,wroteTheCompendiumofMateriaMedica(BenCaoGangMu).Thebookconsistsof52volumeswith1,892medicinalherbs,includingover10,000prescriptionsand1,000illustrationsofmedicinalitems.Inaddition,hisbookalsodealswithbotany,zoology,mineralogy,physics,astronomy,meteorology,etc.ItisreallyamonumentalworkinMateriaMedica.ItisagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofpharmacologybothinChinaandallovertheworld.Duringthesameperiod,acupunctureandmoxibustionreachedtheirclimax.Manyliteratureconcerningacupunctureandmoxibustionfortheagesweresummarizedanddeveloped.

李時(shí)珍(公元前1518-1593年)是漢朝著名的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生及藥師，撰寫(xiě)了《本草綱目》。該書(shū)共有52卷，記載了1892種藥，10000首方劑和1000條醫(yī)理注釋。另外該書(shū)還涉及了植物學(xué)、動(dòng)物學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、藥理學(xué)、天文學(xué)、氣象學(xué)等學(xué)科，是一部真正的藥物學(xué)不朽著作。它對(duì)中國(guó)乃至全世界藥學(xué)的發(fā)展作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。在同一時(shí)期，針灸也達(dá)到了發(fā)展的高潮，許多歷代的涉及針灸的文化得到了總結(jié)和發(fā)展。

SincethefoundingofNewChina,ourgovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontoinheritinganddevelopingtheheritageofTCMandMateriaMedica.AseriesofpoliciesandmeasureshavebeentakenfordevelopingTCM.In1986,theStateAdministrativeBureauofTCMandMateriaMedicawasestablished.ThisleadingbodyistheguaranteeofdevelopingTCMandMateriaMedicasmoothly.NeverbeforehasTCMbeenasprosperousasitistoday.TCMhasexperiencedmanyvicissitudesoftimesbutalwaysremainsevergreen.ThereisnodoubtthatTCMwilltakeitsplaceinmedicalcirclesoftheworldasacompletelynewmedicine.

自從新中國(guó)成立以后，我國(guó)政府對(duì)繼承和發(fā)揚(yáng)中醫(yī)藥遺產(chǎn)予以了高度的重視，制定了一系列利于中醫(yī)藥發(fā)展的方針政策和措施。1986年，國(guó)家中醫(yī)藥管理局成立了，它成為保證中醫(yī)藥順利發(fā)展的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)主體。中醫(yī)藥從來(lái)沒(méi)有象今天這樣繁榮過(guò)。在歷經(jīng)了時(shí)代的變遷和滄桑之后，中醫(yī)藥仍然保持著其鮮活的生命力。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，中醫(yī)藥將以嶄新的面貌聳立于世界之林。PartTwo:SPECIFICANDPROFOUNDTCM

第二部分:中醫(yī)的獨(dú)特性與深刻意義TCM,oneofChina'ssplendidculturalheritages,isthesciencedealingwithhumanphysiology,pathology,diagnosis,treatmentandpreventionofdiseases.TCMsummeduptheexperienceoftheChinesepeopleintheirlongstruggleagainstdiseasesand,undertheinfluenceofancientnaivematerialismanddialectics,evolvedintoaunique,integralsystemofmedicaltheorythroughlongclinicalpractice.Duringseveralthousandyearsithasmadegreatcontributionstothepromotionofhealth,theproliferationandprosperityoftheChinesenation,andtheenrichmentanddevelopmentofworldmedicineaswell.TheformationofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMwasgreatlyinfluencedbyancientChinesematerialismanddialectics.Thetheoreticalsystemtakesthephysiologyandpathologyofzang-fuorgansandmeridiansasitsbasis,andTDSasitsdiagnosticandtherapeuticfeatures.

中醫(yī)是中國(guó)輝煌的傳統(tǒng)文化之一，它是一門(mén)涉及人體生理、病理、診斷、治療和疾病預(yù)防的科學(xué)。它是在古代樸素的唯物主義和辨證法的影響下對(duì)中國(guó)人民長(zhǎng)期與疾病斗爭(zhēng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)，并在長(zhǎng)期的臨床實(shí)踐中演化成了一套獨(dú)特完整的醫(yī)學(xué)理論。在過(guò)去的幾千年里，中醫(yī)為中華人民健康水平的提高、民族的繁榮昌盛及世界醫(yī)學(xué)的豐富及發(fā)展做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。中醫(yī)理論系統(tǒng)的形成受到古代中國(guó)的唯物主義和辯證法的極大影響。這套理論系統(tǒng)以臟腑經(jīng)絡(luò)的生理病理為基礎(chǔ)，以辨證論治為其診斷特色。

TCMhasitsownspecificunderstandingbothinthephysiologicalfunctionsandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbodyandinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdisease.TCMregardsthehumanbodyitselfasanorganicwholeinterconnectedbyzang-fuorgans,meridiansandTCMalsoholdsthatthehumanbodyiscloselyrelatedtotheoutsideworld.Inregardtotheonsetanddevelopmentofadisease,TCMattachesgreatimportancetotheendogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesevenemotion,butitbynomeansexcludestheexogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesixpathogens.Indiagnosis,TCMtakesthefourdiagnosticmethods(inspection,auscultationantolfaction,inquiry,pulse-takingandpalpationasitsprincipaltcchniques,eightprincipalsyndromesasitsgeneralguideline,anddifferentiationofsyndromeaccordingtothezang-futheory,differentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothesix-meridiantheory,anddifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothetheoryofwei,qi,yingandxueasitsbasictheoriesofthedifferentiationofsyndromes.Italsostressesthepreventionandpreventivetreatmentofdisease,andputsforwardsuchtherapeuticprinciplesas"treatmentaidingattherootcauseofdisease"."strengtheningvitalqianddispellingpathogens,regulatingyinandyangandtreatingdiseasesinaccordancewiththreeconditions"(i.e.theclimaticandseasonalconditiont,geographiclocalitiesandthepatient'sconstitution).

中醫(yī)在對(duì)人體的生理功能、病理改變和診治疾病方面有其獨(dú)特的見(jiàn)解。它把人體看作一個(gè)以臟腑和經(jīng)絡(luò)相互聯(lián)系的有機(jī)整體并認(rèn)為人體與其外界環(huán)境也是息息相關(guān)的。中醫(yī)高度重視內(nèi)因即所謂的“七情”在疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過(guò)程中所起的作用，但也決不排除外因的作用即所謂的“六淫”。在診斷方面，中醫(yī)以四診(望、聞、問(wèn)、切)為技術(shù)原則、八綱辨證為指導(dǎo)總綱并把臟腑辨證、六經(jīng)辨證、衛(wèi)氣營(yíng)血辨證作為其辨證論治的基礎(chǔ)。它強(qiáng)調(diào)“未病先防”、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪”、“調(diào)整陰陽(yáng)”和“三因制宜”(因時(shí)、因地、因人制宜)的重要性。

Thesecharacteristicts,however,canbegeneralizedastheholisticconceptandtreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)

然而，對(duì)以上的中醫(yī)特點(diǎn)可以用“整體觀念”和“辨證論治”加以概括。

l.TheHolisticConcept1.整體觀念

By"theholisticconcept"ismeantageneralideaof,ontheonehand,theunity)andintegritywithinthehumanbodyand,ontheother,itscloserelationshipwiththeouterworld.Thehumanbodyiscomposedofvariousorgansandtissues,eachhavingitsowndistinctfunction,whichisacomponentpartofthelifeactivitiesofthewholebody.AndinTCMthehumanbodyisregardedasanorganicwholeinwhichitsconstituentpartsareinseparableinstructure,interrelatedandinterdependentinphysiology,andmutuallyinfluentialinpathology.Meanwhile,manlivesinnature,andnatureprovidestheconditionsindispensibletoman'ssurvival.Soitfollowsthatthehumanbodyisboundtobeaffecteddirectlyorindirectlybythechangesofnature,towhichthehumanbody,inturn,makescorrespondingresponses.TCMsays:"Physicianshavetoknowthelawofnatureandgeographicalconditionswhendiagnosingandtreatingdiseases."That'swhyTCMnotonlystressestheunityofthehumanbodyitselfbutalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheinterrelationshipbetweenthebodyandnatureindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases.

整體觀念的總思想是一方面認(rèn)為人體是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的整體，另一方面認(rèn)為人體與其外界環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。人體由不同的臟腑組織組成，每個(gè)臟腑組織都有其獨(dú)特的功能并都是整個(gè)人體進(jìn)行生命活動(dòng)的組成部分。中醫(yī)把人體看作一個(gè)有機(jī)人體認(rèn)為人體的各部分在生理上相互聯(lián)系和相互獨(dú)立，在病理上相互影響。同時(shí)，因?yàn)槿祟?lèi)生活在自然中，自然提供給人類(lèi)賴(lài)以生存的環(huán)境，所以人體就會(huì)直接或間接的受到自然環(huán)境變化的影響并產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的反應(yīng)。中醫(yī)認(rèn)為醫(yī)生在診治疾病時(shí)應(yīng)該熟悉自然規(guī)律和地理環(huán)境。這便是中醫(yī)為何在診治疾病時(shí)既強(qiáng)調(diào)人體為一整體也重視人體與自然環(huán)境相互作用的關(guān)系。

2.TreatmentbyDifferentiationofSyndromes2.辨證論治

TCM,ontheotherhand,ischaracterizedbyTDS.Differentiationmeanscomprehensiveanalysis,whilesyndromereferetosymptomsandsigns.Sodifferentiationofsyndromesimpliesthatthepatient'ssymptomsandsignscollectedbythefourdiagnosticmethodsareanalyzedandsummarizedsoastoidentifytheetiology,natureandlocationofadisease,andtherelationbetweenvitalqiandpathogens,therebydeterminingwhatsyndromethediseasebelongsto.Bytreatmentismeantselectingthecorrespondingtherapyaccordingtotheoutcomeofdifferentiatingsyndromes.Takenasawhole,TDSmeansdiagnosisandtreatmentbasedonoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns.

中醫(yī)的另一特色是辨證論治。“辨證”即綜合分析相關(guān)的癥狀，因此辨證意味著將四診收集到的癥狀加以分析和總結(jié)確定疾病的病理、病性、病位和邪正關(guān)系，從而確定疾病的證型。“論治”指的是根據(jù)辨證的結(jié)果選擇相應(yīng)的治療。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，辨證論治即在對(duì)癥狀的全面分析基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行診治。

Asconcernstherelationshipbetween"disease"and"treatment",TCMtakestwodifferentclinicalwaysonthebasisofTDS.Oneis"treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies",bywhichismeantthatthesamediseasemaymanifestitselfindifferentsyndromesatdifferentstagesorunderdifferentconditions.Therefore,thetherapiesofthesamedieaseshouldbeadoptedtowardsdifferenttherapiesaccordingtothepatient'sconstitution,thegeographicalenvironment,theclimaticandseasonalchanges.Takefluforexample,itmaybecausedbywind-cold，wind-heat,summer-heatanddampnessorotherpathogens.Soisadvisabletoadoptdispersingwind-cold,eliminatingwind-heat,clearingawaysummer-heatanddampnessrespectively.Theotheriscalled"treatingdifferentdiseaseswiththesametherapy",bywhichismeantthatdifferentdiseasesmanifestingthemselvesinthesamesyndromemaybetreatedwiththesametherapy.Forexampleprolapseoftherectumduetoprotracteddiarrheaandhysteroptosisaretwodifferentdiseases.However,iftheyarebothmarkedbythemselvesinthesamesyndromeofqiofsinkingofthemiddleenergizer,theycanbetreatedinthesametherapybyliftingqiofthemiddieenergizer.FromtheaboveitbecomesobviousthatTCMdoesnotfocusitsattentiononsimilaritiesordissimilaritiesbetweendiseasesbutonthedifferencesbetweenthesyndromes.Generallyspeaking,thesamesyndromesaretreatedwithbasicallysametherapies,whiledifferentsyndromeswithdifferentones.

關(guān)于疾病和治療的關(guān)系，中醫(yī)在辨證論治的基礎(chǔ)上存在兩種治療途徑。一種是“同病異治”，即同一疾病在不同環(huán)境、不同階段下會(huì)顯示出不同的證候，因此，對(duì)同一疾病應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的體質(zhì)、地理環(huán)境的不同和天氣季節(jié)的變化采取不同的治療措施。例如流感可以由風(fēng)寒、風(fēng)熱、暑濕之邪造成，所以治療應(yīng)相應(yīng)的采取祛風(fēng)散寒、疏散風(fēng)熱和清暑化濕的方法。另一種是“異病同治”，即不同的疾病出現(xiàn)相同的證候可以采取相同的治療。例如瀉泄引起的脫肛和子宮下垂是兩種不同的疾病，然而，如果它們都是以中焦之氣下陷引起相同的證候?yàn)樘卣鞯脑捑涂梢圆扇∠嗤闹委煛嶂薪怪畾?。從以上，顯而易見(jiàn)，中醫(yī)并不是注重疾病之間的相似和不相似，而是重視證候的相同與否?？偠灾?，相同的證候采取相同的治療方法，不同的證候采取不同的治療方法。

Tosumup,theprinciplethatdifferentcontradictionsinessencearehandledbydifferentmethodsinthecourseofdevelopmentofadiseaseisthecoreofTDS.

總之，原則是在疾病的發(fā)展過(guò)程中不同的本質(zhì)矛盾應(yīng)采取不同的方法，這就是辨證論治的核心。PartFour:THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEYIN-YANGTHEORY

第四部分:陰陽(yáng)學(xué)說(shuō)的應(yīng)用Theyin-yangtheorypermeatesallaspectsofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.Thetheoryisusedtoexplaintheorganicstructure,physiologicalfunctionandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbody.Italsoservesasaprincipletoguideclinicaldiagnosis

陰陽(yáng)理論滲透于中醫(yī)理論系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)方面。該理論可用于解釋人體的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、生理功能和病理改變，也是指導(dǎo)臨床診斷的原則之一。

l.ExplainingtheTissuesandStructureoftheHumanBody1.解釋人體組織結(jié)構(gòu)

Thehumanbodyisanintegratedwhole.Allitstissuesandstructuresareorganicallyconnectedandmaybeclassifiedastwooppositeaspects-yinandyang.ThatiswhySuwenstates,"Man,havingaform,cannotdeviatefromyinandyang."Intermsoftheanatomicallocations,theupperpartofthebodyisyangandthelowerpartisyin;theexteriorisyangandtheinterior,yin;thebackisyangandtheabdomen,yin;thelateralaspectsoftheextremitiesareyangandthemedicalaspects,yin.Concerningthezang-fuorgans,thezang-organsstorebutnotdischargeessence-qiand,therefore,theyareyin;whilethefu-organstransmitandtransformfoodintoessence-qibutnotstoreit,and,forthisreason,theyareyang.Furthermore,eachofthezang-orfu-organscanberedividedintoyinandyang.Forexample,heart-yinandheart-yang,kidney-yinandkidney-yang,stomach-yinandstomach-yang,etc.Asconcernsyinandyangofthemeridian-collateralsystem,therearetwocategories:yinmeridiansandyangmeridians;yincollateralsandyangcollaterals.Allofthemareoppositepairs.Thus,inlinewiththeyin-yangtheory,theunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyangexistintheupperandlower,internalandexternal,frontandbackpartsofthehumanbody,andwithinalltheinternalorgansaswell.

人體是一個(gè)完整的整體。所有的組織結(jié)構(gòu)都存在著有機(jī)聯(lián)系，并可被分為陰陽(yáng)相反的兩類(lèi)。這就是為什么《素問(wèn)》說(shuō)：人生有形，不離陰陽(yáng)。就解剖位置而言，人體上部為陽(yáng)，下部為陰；外為陽(yáng)，內(nèi)為陰；背為陽(yáng)，腹為陰；四肢末端為陽(yáng)，軀干為陰。就臟腑組織而言，臟藏而不泄，故為陰；而腑泄而不藏，故為陽(yáng)。再者，臟腑的每一部分又可分陰陽(yáng)。例如，心陰和心陽(yáng)，腎陰和腎陽(yáng),胃陰和胃陽(yáng)等等。就經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)之陰陽(yáng)而言，可分為兩類(lèi)：陰經(jīng)和陽(yáng)經(jīng)，陰絡(luò)和陽(yáng)絡(luò)。以上都屬于陰陽(yáng)的對(duì)立兩面。以此而知，陰陽(yáng)理論貫穿存在于人體的上下、內(nèi)外、前后部分和內(nèi)部組織之間。

2.ExplainingthePhysiologicalFunctionsoftheHumanBody2.解釋人體的生理功能

Theyin-yangtheorybelievesthatthenormallifeactivitiesofthehumanbodyresultfromtheharmoniousrelationoftheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang.Taketherelationshipbetweenfunctionandmatterforexample,functionpertainstoyangwhilematter,toyin.Physiologicalactivitiesofthebodyarebasedonmatter.Withoutmatter,therewouldbenosustentationforfunctionactivities.Andfunctionalactivitiesarethemotivepowerforproducingmatter.Inotherwords,withoutfunctionalactivities,themetabolismofmatterwouldnotbeperformed.Inthisway,yinandyangwithinthehumanbodydependoneachotherforexistence.Ifyinandyangcan'tcomplementeachotherandbecomeseparatedfromeachother,lifewillcometoanend.SoSuWensays:"Theequilibriumofyinandyangmakesthevitalitywell-conserved;thedivorceofyinandyangessence-qiexhausted."

陰陽(yáng)理論認(rèn)為人體的正常生命活動(dòng)來(lái)自于陰陽(yáng)對(duì)立統(tǒng)一關(guān)系的協(xié)調(diào)。以功能和物質(zhì)的關(guān)系為例，功能屬陽(yáng)，物質(zhì)屬陰。人體的生理活動(dòng)以物質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)。沒(méi)有物質(zhì)，功能活動(dòng)就無(wú)法維持。功能活動(dòng)是物質(zhì)形成的動(dòng)力。換言之，沒(méi)有功能活動(dòng)，物質(zhì)形態(tài)就無(wú)法形成。因此，人體陰陽(yáng)是相互依存的。如果陰陽(yáng)不能相互補(bǔ)充而是相互分離，生命就將告終。故《素問(wèn)》曰：陰平陽(yáng)秘，精神乃治；陰陽(yáng)離決，精氣乃絕。

3.ExplainingthePathologicalChanges3.解釋病理改變

TCMconsidersthattheimbalancebetweenyinandyangisoneofthebasicpathogenesisofadisease.Theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadiseasearerelatedtoboththevital-qiandpathogenicfactors.Althoughthepathologlicalchangeswhichoccurindiseasesarecomplicatedandchangeable,theycanstillbesummarizedasexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang.Tobemoreconcrete,"yangexcessleadstoheatsyndromewhileyinexcesscausescoldsyndrome";"yangdeficiencyresultsincoldsyndromewhileyindeficiencycausesheatsyndromes";"yangdeficiencyaffectsyinwhileyindeficiencyaffectsyang."

中醫(yī)認(rèn)為陰陽(yáng)不調(diào)是疾病的基本病理改變之一。疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展與正邪兩方面因素有關(guān)。盡管疾病的病理改變變幻復(fù)雜，但始終能歸結(jié)為陰陽(yáng)的虛實(shí)。更具體的說(shuō)就是“陽(yáng)盛則熱，陰盛則寒；陽(yáng)虛則寒，陰虛則熱；陽(yáng)損及陰，陰損及陽(yáng)”。

4.ServingastheGuidetoDiagnosisandTreatment4.指導(dǎo)診斷與治療

Astheimbalancebetweenyinandyangistherootcausefortheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadisease,allclinicalmanifestations,nomatterhowcomplicatedandchangeabletheyare,canbeexplainedwiththeaidofyin-yangtheory.SoTCMholds,"Askilleddiagnostician,firstofall,differentiatesbetweenyinandyangwhenobservingthecomplexionandfeelingthepulse."Indifferentiatingsyndromes,althoughtherearetheeightprincipalsyndromes,namely,yin,yang,interior,exterior,cold,heat,deficiencyandexcess.Yinandyangareregardedasthegeneralprinciplesamongtheeightones.Accordingtotheyin-yangtheory,exterior,heatandexcesspertaintoyang;whileinterior,coldanddeficiencypertaintoyin.Whentreatingadisease,TCMfirstdeterminesthetherapeuticprinciples,andthenpreponderanceofyangbelongstoexcess-heatsyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedwithcold-natureddrugsinordertoinhibitexcessiveyang,,tocooltheheat.Coldsyndromecausedbypreponderanceofyinbelongstocold-excesssyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedwithhot-natureddrugssoastorestrainexcessiveyin,.,toheatthecold.Asbothsyndromesaboveareexcesssyndromes,thistherapeuticprincipleiscalled"treatingexcesssyndromeswiththepurgation".Deficiency-coldsyndromecausedbyyangdeficiency,shouldbetreatedwiththedrugswarmandtonicinnaturetorelieveexcessiveyin.ThisissaidinTCM,"restrainingpredominantyinbyreinforcingyang,"alsoknownas"treatingyangforyindiseases."TheinteriorheatsyndromeresultingfromyindeficiencybelongstoDeficiency-heatsyndrome,whichshouldbetreatedwiththedrugsofnourishingyinandreplenishingfluidssoastorestrictexcessiveyang,thisiswhatisknowninTCM,"restrainingpredominantyangbystrengthening(renal腎)yin,"alsocalled"treatingyinforyangdiseases."

由于陰陽(yáng)不調(diào)是疾病發(fā)生和發(fā)展的根源，所有的臨床癥狀，無(wú)論其有多么變幻復(fù)雜,都能用陰陽(yáng)理論加以解釋。所以中醫(yī)認(rèn)為“善醫(yī)者，必先察色按脈，以別陰陽(yáng)”。在辨證中，雖然有八綱即陰陽(yáng)、表里、寒熱、虛實(shí)，但總以陰陽(yáng)為總綱。根據(jù)陰陽(yáng)理論，表、熱、實(shí)屬于陽(yáng)，里、寒、虛屬于陰。中醫(yī)治療疾病時(shí)首先確定治療原則。陽(yáng)盛則產(chǎn)生實(shí)熱證，應(yīng)投以寒性藥以抑亢陽(yáng)，如熱者寒之。陰盛導(dǎo)致的寒證屬于實(shí)寒證，應(yīng)投以熱性藥，以化實(shí)陰，如寒者熱之。以上的證候?qū)儆趯?shí)證，治療原則為“實(shí)者泄之”。陽(yáng)虛導(dǎo)致的虛寒證應(yīng)投以溫補(bǔ)之藥以化實(shí)陰。這在中醫(yī)稱(chēng)為“益火之源，以消陰翳”，亦為“陰病治陽(yáng)”。陰虛引起的內(nèi)熱證屬于虛熱證，應(yīng)投以滋補(bǔ)陰液之藥以抑亢陽(yáng)，這就是中醫(yī)所說(shuō)的“壯水之主，以制陽(yáng)光”，亦稱(chēng)為“陽(yáng)病治陰”。

ZhangJingyuethoughtthat,intreatingdeficiencyofyinoryang,drugstonifyingbothyinandyangshouldbeused,becauseyinandyangareinterdependent.Therefore,reducingtheexcessiveandreplenishthedeficientcanadjustexcessordeficiencybetweenyinoryangandrestorethebalancebetweenthem.

張景岳認(rèn)為，治療陰虛或陽(yáng)虛應(yīng)該同時(shí)應(yīng)用滋陰和扶陽(yáng)的藥物，因?yàn)殛庩?yáng)是相互依存的。因此，補(bǔ)虛瀉實(shí)適用于陰虛或陽(yáng)虛之證，從而使陰陽(yáng)重新建立平衡。

Theyin-yangtheoryisusedinnotonlydeterminingdiagnosticprinciplesbutsummarizingthenature,flavorandactionofmedicinalherbs.Thusprovidingatheoreticalbasisfortheclinicalapplicationofherbs.

陰陽(yáng)理論不僅可用于診斷原則的確立，并可用于對(duì)藥物的性質(zhì)、氣味和功效進(jìn)行總結(jié)，從而為臨床用藥提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

Intermsofthemedicinalnature,herbswithcoldnaturebelongtoyinandthosewithwarmandhotnaturepertaintoyang.Asconcernstheflavors,herbsthataresour,bitterandsaltybelongtoyinandthosethatareacrid,sweetandblandpertaintoyang.Intermsofactions,herbswithastringent,descendingandsinkingactionsbelongtoyin,whilethosewithdispersing,ascendingandfloatingactionspertaintoyang.

就藥物的性質(zhì)而言，寒性藥屬于陰，溫?zé)崴帉儆陉?yáng)。就氣味而言，酸、苦、咸味藥屬于陰，辛辣、甜、淡味藥屬于陽(yáng)。就藥物的功效而言，具有收斂、沉降功效的藥物屬陰，具有發(fā)散、升浮功效的藥物屬陽(yáng)。

Tosumup,theprincipleoftreatmentshouldbeestablishedinthelightoftheexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang,andthenrelevant(相關(guān)的)herbsshouldbeselectedaccordingtotheattribution(歸因)ofyinoryangandtheirfunctions.Soandsoonlycanimbalanceofyinandyangbeputright,andeventually,theaimofcuringdiseasesisattained.

總而言之，治療原則的確立必須以陰陽(yáng)虛實(shí)為根據(jù)，相應(yīng)藥物的選擇也必須依其陰陽(yáng)歸屬及功效而定。所以，只有明確陰陽(yáng)不調(diào)，才能最終達(dá)到治愈疾病的目的。

Specialphrases特殊詞組

treating...with...“治法+證名”＝“……者……之”

treatingexcesssyndromewithpurgationpurgingexcess實(shí)者泄之

treatingdeficiencysyndromewithinvigoration，(orinvigoratingdeficiency)虛者補(bǔ)之

treatingcoldsyndromewithhot-natureddrugs，(orheatingthecold)寒者熱之

treatingheatsyndromewithcold-natureddrugs，(orcoolingtheheat)熱者寒之PartFive:THEFIVE－ELEMENTTHEORY—NATURALPHILOSOPHYINANCIENTCHINA

第五部分:五行學(xué)說(shuō)-中國(guó)古代自然哲學(xué)觀Thefiveelementsrefertowood,fire,earth,metal,andwaterandtheirmotions.ThefiveelementtheoryresultedfromtheobservationsandstudiesofthenaturalworldbytheancientChinesepeopleinthecourseoftheirlivesandproductivelabor.Sinceancienttime,wood,fire,earth,metalandwaterhavebeenconsideredasbasicsubstancestoconstitutetheuniverseandtheyarealsoindispensableforlife.Zuo'sInterpretationoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals(ZuoZhuan)says:"Thefivekindsofmaterialsinnatureareallusedbypeople.Noneofthemcannotbedispensedwith".AnotherclassicalworkShangshustates:"waterandfireareusedforcooking,metalandwoodareusedforcultivatingandearthgivesbirthtoallthings,whichareusedbypeople."Thesefivekindsofsubstancesareoftherelationshipsofgenerationandrestrictionandareinconstantmotionandchange.InTCMthefive-elementtheory,asatheoreticaltool,isusedtoexplainandexpounddifferentkindsofmedicalproblemsbyanalogizinganddeducingtheirpropertiesandinterrelations.Italsousedtoguideclinicaldiagnosisandtreatment.Thetheory,likethetheoryofyin-yang,hasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.五行指的是木、火、土、金、水和它們的運(yùn)動(dòng)。五行理論來(lái)自于古代中國(guó)人民在生活和生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)中對(duì)自然界的觀察和學(xué)習(xí)。自古代以來(lái)，木、火、土、金、水就被認(rèn)為是宇宙