2012年考研英語一真題及答案解析

2012年入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一 UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshave eanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandJusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefree12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw. [D] [D] [D] [D] [A]byall [C]ina [D]asa ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextComeon–Everybody’sngit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.critiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthnsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardnaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonteraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.Accordingto paragraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasupplementtothesocialastimulustogroupanobstacletoschoolacauseofundesirableRosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesrecruitprofessionallearnfromadvertisers’stayawayfromcommercialrecognizethelimitationsofIntheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfails yprobesocialandbiologicaleffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialillustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffectParagraph5showsthatourimitationofisharmfultoournetworksofwillmisleadbehavioraloccurswithoutourrealizingcanproducenegativehealthTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureTextAdealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearInstead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove. hasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentEitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganNowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidetheThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningByenteringintothe2002agreement,EntergyintendedobtainprotectionfromVermontseekfavorfromthefederalacquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicensegetpermissiontopurchaseapowerAccordingtoParagraph4,EntergyseemstohaveproblemswithmanagerialtechnicalfinancialbusinessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewillEntergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsthematureofstates’patchworkthefederalauthorityovernuclearissuesthelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphEntergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbeEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthVermont’sreputationmightbeTextIntheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,now esthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaim espublic,thediscovererreceivesinlectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersagatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossibly panyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionand betweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsandiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scredibleTwoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess. ,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedaspleteorincorrect.Littlereward paniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthought lingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedand ,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”Accordingtothe paragraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyuncertaintyandmisconceptionandlogicalityandessandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocess[B]sharedefforts.individualwisdom.Paragraph3showsthatadiscovery escredibleafterhasattractedtheattentionofteralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreescientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefuture[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleoftheNoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.[C]EvolutionofCredibilityin ngScience.[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.TextIfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’ sterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmerican ernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving. ,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdomina politics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthesta eveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,the OAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keethepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehas eclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublican ernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwell$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandtheoftheStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butpublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.Itcanbelearnedfrom paragraphTeamstersstillhavealargebodyofJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership. ernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraphPublic-sectorunionsareprudentintakingEducationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionLaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that einthestatesectorillegallyindirectly[D]fairlyadjusted.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthe JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneofPartInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio, aswellasth carrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,the mediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons. ,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyare Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)evisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthatevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultima ywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.[B]Applicationslike ,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whose ewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.Thechallengethecomputermountsto evisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-evision-andevisionisdefinedbyThenetworkedcomputeroffersthe chancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10thescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,inglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,givenremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumansalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyoftheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryareernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninna anguage—acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttolearnitsoquickly.universalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveGrayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky’sgrammarshouldsho tternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbythe ysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnot ernedbyuniversals IPart51.Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.WritetheminthenameoftheStudents’Unionextend eprovidesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifeYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyour oftheletter.Use“LiMing”Donotwritetheaddress(10Part52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushouldgiveyour【答案】【解析】從空后信息可以看出，這句表達(dá)的是“__表現(xiàn)得像”【答案】作為法律衛(wèi)士的。只有B，when表示這個意思?！敬鸢浮繐p，影響他們獨立、公正的名聲。只有B，weaken能表示這個意思?！敬鸢浮烤蜁J(rèn)為其審判不公正，所以選D，beacceptedas...“被認(rèn)為是”。【答案】【解析】空所在的語境為：產(chǎn)生這樣的問題，部分原因在于“沒有__一句話。所以上一句是說沒有受到道德規(guī)范的約束，選C，bound?！敬鸢浮窟B用，表示“服從某物，受…支配”。故本題選B【答案】【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里是由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾說明前面“適用于”符合題意。resortto“求助于”;stickto“堅持(原則等)”語意不【答案】治之間是否還存在著界限。提出問題，產(chǎn)生問題用只能選raise?！敬鸢浮俊窘馕觥扛鶕?jù)第8題可知，空內(nèi)應(yīng)填line，“界限”。barrier“”， 【答案】享有獨立的權(quán)力。envisionas“將…想象成…”。所以選B?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮繖?quán)者(thoseinpower)?！敬鸢浮俊窘馕觥看祟}承接上題,結(jié)合句意,可知該半句主要表達(dá)“也無需政治支持了?！边x項C最符題意?！敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮俊敬鸢浮砍梢欢ㄕZ從句，限定“thelaw”。其次，文中語境表達(dá)“當(dāng)法律處理社會政策【答案】【答案】【答案】accessibletoamiableto可親，多指人和藹可親，易于接近agreeableto欣然同意的;適合的，適宜的accountableto對…負(fù)責(zé)【答案】信服?！苯Y(jié)合四個選項意思，可知選[D]。SectioReadingComprehensionPartAText【答案】Peerpressure，再引出TinaRosenberg在新書JointheClub中對于peerpressure的看常常是…”問的僅僅是同伴壓力，并無涉及到TinaRosenberg或者新書，因此答案則應(yīng)主要涉及文章對于peerpressure的介紹，而非Tina對于peer【答案】【解析】根據(jù)題干“public-healthadvocates”可以定位到第三段最后一句話“Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure”,即應(yīng)該向商學(xué)習(xí)，這里主要是對于短語“takeapagefrom”的理解，答案選B【答案】【解析】根據(jù)題干“在作者看來，Rosenberg的書沒能…”，所選答案是Rosenberg“JointheClub話充分說明了在作者心目中這本書的不足在哪兒，故答案選A【答案】【解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第五段首句告訴我們peergroups確實會一詞進(jìn)行了釋義，因此C選項正確?！敬鸢浮坷訛檎f明，得出結(jié)論“Thetacticneverreallyworks.”(這個策略從來沒有真正起作用)。通過作者的這樣一番描述，可以看出，作者對于peerpressure是否能有效果是質(zhì)疑的，故答案選D。Text【答案】reneging的是renege，本議是“食言”“否認(rèn)”之意，為反向意義意為“重申”“再肯定，再斷言”，C中的dishonoring的意為“拒付，不兌付”，在意思和方向上都符合，Dsecuring意為“保證，使保險”的含義。本文主要在說Entergy這個公司不兌現(xiàn)自己的諾言，所以應(yīng)選C項?！敬鸢浮勘绢}答案定位在文中第三段每二句話，Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesalethecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012asaconditionof”可以理解為“為了”，D項中的“purchase”一詞就是對文中“sale”的替換。Entergy···上存在著問題”，題目中已清晰把答案范圍確定在第四段，通過閱讀第四段我們可以看到Entergy公司出現(xiàn)了一系列的事故“astringofaccidents”,而后面的這句“raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’swilltest章中的定位是在第5段第5句話，“Vermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend”意思是“佛蒙特certainlybut是的是合理的，但是But后面是個虛擬語氣，與事實相反。所以作者的真正態(tài)度是支持legalscholars的觀點，即佛蒙特州事件是對州的權(quán)限的考Howfarthosepowerextended與Dthelimitsofstates’power與Pilgrim核電站獲得另外20年的開放權(quán)。但是作者認(rèn)為，核管理在公司在其它地方的生意將會受到影響”由最后一段的第一句話“Entergy段沒給出任何要藐視核管理的暗含信息，因此B選項錯誤;C“EntergyPilgrim息;D“Vermont因此，最佳答案是A。Text【答案】TheScientist,TheEvolutionofCredibility。文章第一段第二句話提到“Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute."，即在每天的科學(xué)實踐中，發(fā)現(xiàn)所遵循的規(guī)律是和復(fù)雜的。A項uncertaintyandBOpportunitiesformisinterpretation,但是第一句同時提出只有“在理想中(intheidealizedversionof【答案】第二段第二句中提到“Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancethroughesthecommunity'sanyoneanywhereanytime.”，即要經(jīng)歷從個人到集體的過程，需要每個人共同的努力，故答案為B?！敬鸢浮勘径蔚谌湓捴刑岬健癢ithinthecomplexsocialstructureofscientificcommunityresearchersmakediscoveries”，即“研究者需要在discoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery”即將個人的發(fā)現(xiàn)偏概全;答案D文中沒有提及?！敬鸢浮緼lbertSzent-Gyorygi的觀點主要針對第二個，即創(chuàng)新本身經(jīng)常會引起懷whatnobodyhasthought”，即看到每個人都已經(jīng)看到的，并想到別人沒有物。故答案為D。答案A與本段中講到的第一個有關(guān);答案B的過渡推斷來自本段最后一答案C文中沒有提到，屬于臆斷?！敬鸢浮克龅降膬蓚€;最后一段用AnnetteBaier的一句話總結(jié)了這個過程。由此可知，CAB到的一部分;而答案D只是對第四段的概括Text【答案】根據(jù)題干定位于第一段When…wereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmerican ernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.意思是1960年時，部門只有1/10的人是工會成員，但是現(xiàn)在比例是36%。所以C選項正確：工會增加了部門成員。A選項：Teamster仍然擁【答案】 ,second,nowdomina eft-of-centrepolitics”這句話設(shè)置的干擾項，“左派”為激進(jìn)派，不可能謹(jǐn)慎;而B錯在教育不是需要的，而是社團(tuán)成員受教育程度普遍偏高，并非必需;C工黨長期與社團(tuán)，該段倒數(shù)第二句工會與社團(tuán)一直有聯(lián)系，最后一句講到工會Miliband榮登寶座正是因為社團(tuán)的大力支持，因此與原文相悖;D選項為,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.這句話的同義改寫。意【答案】increasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous。大意是公共部門員工的工資漲幅很小，但是節(jié)假日福利津來源，故該選項屬于過度推理;C是通過“暗