英語雅思大作文課件

IELTS

大作文寫作手法IDAIELTSIELTS1.目錄HowareTask2answersassessed?1Waystodevelopaparagraph（論證方法）

2雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)3大作文分類42.ExaminersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteriaTaskResponse(i.e.howfullyandappropriatelythecandidatehasansweredallpartsofthetask;theextenttowhichthecandidate'sideasarerelevant,developedandsupported;theextenttowhichthecandidate'spositionisclearandeffective)3.ExaminersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteriaCoherence連貫性

andCohesion銜接(i.e.howwelltheinformationandideasareorganisedandpresentedi.e.paragraphing;howwelltheinformationislinked)

4.ExaminersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteriaLexicalResource詞匯資源

(i.e.therangeofvocabularyused,howaccuratelyitisusedandhowappropriateitisforthetask)

5.ExaminersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteriaGrammaticalRangeandAccuracy(i.e.therangeofstructuresused,howaccuratelytheyareusedandhowappropriatetheyareforthetask)6.段落的組織250字，4段至5段話，4段更容易操作第一段：2至4句第二段：4至6句第三段：4至6句第四段：2至4句Introduction:stateyourviewBody:supportyourviewwithreasons,arguments,examplesConclusion:restateyourview主體段落：Topicsentence+supportingsentences7.Argumentativedevices---Waystodevelopaparagraph（論證方法）

exemplification（舉例說明），explanation（解釋說明），causeandeffect（因果論證），comparisonandcontrast（比較與對比）concessionandrefutation（讓步與反駁），classification（分類）8.ExemplificationExample:aspecificfact,idea,person,orthingthatisusedtoexplainorsupportageneralidea,ortoshowwhatistypicalofalargergroup舉例相關(guān)關(guān)聯(lián)詞：ForexampleForinstanceTake(Consider)…asanexampleAcaseinpointsuchasincluding9.Somepeoplethinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedasfriends.Yetothersonlyconsideranimalsassourcesoffoodandclothing.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?SampleAnswerThereisagrowingtendencynowadaysforsomepeopletotreatanimalsaslivingmeatandwalkingfur.Thisleadstothecruelslaughterofanimalsallovertheworldeveryyear.Yet,inmyopinion,insteadofkillinganimals,humanbeingsshouldtreatthemastheirfriends.Itisanundeniablefactthatanimalsplayavitalroleinmaintainingthesubtlebalanceoftheearth'secologicalsystem.Thelackofthisessentialpartwillbringaboutthedestructionofthewholeworld.Therefore,tosomeextent,killinganimalsisequaltodiggingourowngraves.Forthousandsofyears,manyanimalshavegivenloyalservicetohumans.Pigeonsconveymessagesinwartime,anddogshelptodetectcrime.Evenpigs,whichmanypeoplethinkarethemoststupidanimals,areusedinthebattleagainstdrugs.Thereisnodoubtthatourliveswouldbefarlessconvenientwithoutalittlehelpfromouranimalfriends.Animalsalsohelphumansinaspiritualway.Thereisnothingbetterthankeepingacatoradogifyouwantyourkidstobemoreindependentandresponsible.Itisalsonotedthatseniorcitizenslivelongeriftheykeeppetsaftertheirretirement.Tosumup,animalsarehumanbeings'friends.Thosewhoregardanimalsasmerelyasourceoffoodandclothingshouldatleastbearonethinginmind:Beingkindtoanimalsisbeingkindtoourselves.Therefore,forourownfuturebenefit,pleasetreatanimalswithloveandcare.10.Topicsentence:Agrowingnumberofenvironmentalproblemsarenolongerconfinedtoacertainregionorcountry.Forexample,oilspillscanpolluteinternationalwatersandthelossoftheozonelayermayleadtothemeltingoficecapsandglaciers,whichinturn,mayraisesealevelsworldwide.11.練習(xí)Topicsentence:TheadvertisementsonTV,newspaperandotherkindsofmediamayconfuseconsumersandmakethemrushtopurchaseproductswhichtheydon’treallyneed.Takethecellphoneforexample.Itsfunctionsandpracticaluseareoftenexaggeratedinadvertisements.What’smore,theadvertisementsevencreateafashionableatmosphereforcellphoneswhichappealstoyoungpeopletochangetheirphonescontinuouslywhileignoringthebasicserviceofcellphonesisjusttomakeaphonecall.12.Explanation解釋：ItmeansThatistosayInotherwordsToputitanotherwayBythatImean13.Ibelievethetraditionalfamily,withbothparentsprovidingemotionalsupportandrole-modelsfortheirchildren,isthemostsatisfactorywayofbringingupchildren.Educationafterbirthplaysasignificantroleinone’sdevelopment.Education,whichhelpschildrendeveloptheirthinkingandaccumulatetheirknowledge,isadecidingfactorofone’ssuccess.Forexample,ahigh-schoollevelpersoncommonlymaynotsucceedtotheextentofapersonwhohasreceivedauniversityeducation.Thisisnotonlybecauseofthegreaterbreadthofknowledgeacquired,butalsoduetoamorecriticalandfocusedwayofthinkingthatisimpartedandrefinedduringonessenioreducation.Ithinkanabilitytokeepclearperspectivesinlifeisamoreessentialfactorinachievinghappiness.BythatImeananabilitytohaveaclearsenseofwhatisimportantinourlives(thewelfareofourfamilies,thequalityofourrelationships,makingotherpeoplehappy,etc.)andwhatisnot(aproblematwork,gettingannoyedabouttrivialthings,etc.)14.CauseandEffectCause:becauseofasaresultofduetothankstoowingtobecauseassinceforResult:asaresultasaconsequenceaccordinglyinthiswaythushencesotherefore15.練習(xí)婦女不應(yīng)該當(dāng)兵，因?yàn)樗齻兊捏w力不如男子。WomenshouldbejoininthearmyWomenshouldnotbeamemberofthearmyWomenshouldnottakeupamilitarycareerbecausetheyarenotasstrongasmenbecausetheyareinferiortomeninphysicalstrengthbecauseoftheirphysicalinadequacies16.Inmanycountriesschoolshavesevereproblemswithstudentbehavior.

Whatdoyouthinkarethecausesofthis?

Whatsolutionscanyousuggest?范文：PoorstudentbehaviorseemstobeanincreasinglywidespreadproblemandIthinkthatmodernlifestylesareprobablyresponsibleforthis.Inmanycountries,thebirthrateisdecreasingsothatfamiliesaresmallerwithfewerchildren.Thesechildrenareoftenspoilt,notintermsofloveandattentionbecauseworkingparentsdonothavethetimeforthis,butinmorematerialways.Theyareallowedtohavewhatevertheywant,regardlessofprice,andtobehaveastheyplease.Thismeansthatthechildrengrowupwithoutconsiderationforothersandwithoutanyunderstandingofwheretheirstandardoflivingcomesfrom.Whentheygettoschoolagetheyhavenotlearntanyselfcontrolordiscipline.Theyhavelessrespectfortheirteachersandrefusetoobeyschoolrulesinthewaythattheirparentsdid.17.ComparisonandContrastsimilarlylikewiseinthesamemannerinthesamewaybutwhilewhereaswhilstonthecontraryincontrastbycontrastontheotherhandinsteadratherconverselyPlaneisthefastestmeansoftransportation.Itusedtotakeusabout10hourstogotoaplacebycar.Now,wecangothereinnomorethan1hourbyair.Whatusedtotakeus10hoursbycarcannowbecoveredwithin1hourbyair.18.ConcessionandRefutationalthoughwhileadmittedlyitistruethatitisoftenthecasethatbuthowevernevertheless19.Althougholdpeopleareunlikelytofacephysicallychallengingtasks,therearemanyjobsthatareespeciallysuitableforoldpeople,suchasjobsthatcallformoreexperienceandwisdomthanphysicalpower.Withtheirrichexperienceinbothworkandlife,manyoldpeoplewouldmakegoodconsultants,instructors,coaches,doctorsandpsychologists,tomentiononlyafew.Girlsalsoappeartobelessaggressivethanboys.Inadulthood,itismen,notwomen,whoprovetobetheaggressorsincrimeandinwar.Obviously,inraisingchildren,amorepatient,gentlemannerispreferabletoamoreaggressiveone.Althoughtherearecertainlygentlemenandaggressivewomen,byandlarge,femalesarelesslikelytoresorttoviolenceinattemptingtosolveproblems.20.論證方法總結(jié)及分類論證婦女是否應(yīng)當(dāng)參軍？Inmanycountries,womenarenotabletojoininthearmytoshareequalbasiswithmenandsomepeoplethinkthatonlymenshouldbeamemberofthearmy,navyandairforce.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?21.應(yīng)當(dāng)；不應(yīng)當(dāng)；主體客體分類Whyshould?戰(zhàn)爭的狀態(tài)和要求Thewaybattlesarefoughthasundergonedramaticchangesandsowomenhaveanequalbasisasmen.參軍的職責(zé)Justasmenhavetheresponsibilityofbringingupchildrenwithwomen,sowomenshouldbeartheburdenofprotectingtheirowncountrybyjoininginthearmy.Whyshouldnot?（軍人必備的條件？物質(zhì)/非物質(zhì)？）婦女體力不行（婦女不應(yīng)當(dāng)當(dāng)兵是因?yàn)樗齻兊捏w力不如男子。）男女分工不同Culturallyspeaking,womenarenotfitforthepositionofkilling.分類：主體/客體主體分類：什么婦女？客體分類：當(dāng)什么兵？22.完整文章分析：Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanmenandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.23.SampleAnswer:Theviewthatwomenarebetterparentsthanmenhasshownitselftobetruethroughouthistory.Thisisnottosaythatmenarenotofimportanceinchild-rearing;indeed,theyaremostnecessaryifchildrenaretoappreciatefullytherolesofbothsexes.Butwomenhaveproventhemselvessuperiorparentsasaresultoftheirconditioning,theirlessaggressivenatureandtheirgenerallybettercommunicationskills.Fromthetimetheyarelittlegirls,femaleslearnaboutnurturing.Firstwithdollsandlaterperhapswithyoungerbrothersandsisters,girlsaregiventheroleofcareer.Girlsseetheirmothersinthesamerolesandsoitisnaturalthattheyidentifythisasafemaleactivity.Boys,incontrast,learncompetitiverolefarremovedfromwhatitmeanstonurture.Whileboysmaydreamofadventures,girls’conditioningmeanstheytendtoseethefutureintermsofraisingfamilies.Girlsalsoappeartobelessaggressivethanboys.Inadulthood,itismen,notwomen,whoprovetobetheaggressorsincrimeandinwar.Obviously,inraisingchildren,amorepatient,gentlemannerispreferabletoamoreaggressiveone.Althoughtherecertainlyexistgentlemenandaggressivewomen,byandlarge,femalesarelesslikelytoresorttoviolenceinattemptingtosolveproblems.Finally,womentendtobebettercommunicatorsthanmen.Thisisshowninintelligencetests,wherefemales,onaverage,dobetterinverbalcommunicationthanmales.Ofcourse,communicationisofutmostimportanceinrearingchildren,aschildrentendtolearnfromandadoptthecommunicationstylesoftheirparents.Thus,whileitisallverywelltosuggestagreaterroleformeninraisingchildren,letusnotforgetthatwomenaregenerallybettersuitedtotheparentingrole.24.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)ArgumentSomepeoplethinkthat…Othersbelievethat…Discussandgiveyouropinion.題目特點(diǎn)：題目當(dāng)中包含著針鋒相對的兩種觀點(diǎn)。要求討論并且提出你自己的觀點(diǎn)。平衡式交代雙方觀點(diǎn)觀點(diǎn)一及其理由觀點(diǎn)二及其理由我的觀點(diǎn)（傾向性---一或二或折中）注意：中心思想常在末段首句25.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)Somepeoplebelievethatmoneyspentonspaceresearchbenefitsallofhumanity.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatmoneyforthistypeofresearchiswasted.Discusstheseviewsandgiveyouropinion.26.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)SampleAnswer：Foroverfiftyyears,anumberofnationshavebeeninvolvedintheexplorationofouterspace.Thisresearchhasbeenverycostly,ofcourse.Hasthismoneybeenwellspentorwasted?Somepeoplebelievethatallormostspaceresearchshouldbeeliminatedbecauseofitsincredibleexpense,notonlyintermsofmoney,butalsointermsofscientificandhumanresources.Thesepeoplepointoutthefactthatitcostbillionsofdollarstosendastronautstothemoon,butalltheybroughtbackweresomeworthlessrocks.Thesepeoplesaythatthemoneyandeffortnowbeingwastedinouterspacecouldbespentonmoreimportantprojectsrighthereonearth,suchasprovidinghousingforhomelesspeople,improvingtheeducationsystem,savingtheenvironment,andfindingcuresfordiseases.27.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)However,otherpeoplebelievethatspaceresearchhasprovidedmanybenefitstomankind.Theypointoutthathundredsofusefulproducts,frompersonalcomputerstoheartpacemakerstofreeze-driedfoods,arethedirectorindirectresultsofspaceresearch.Theysaythatweatherandcommunicationsatellites,whicharealsoproductsofspaceprograms,havebenefitedpeopleallovertheglobe.Inadditiontothesepracticalbenefits,supportersofthespaceprogrampointtothescientificknowledgethathasbeenacquiredaboutthesun,themoon,theplanets,andevenourownearthasaresultofspaceresearch.28.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)Iagreewiththosepeoplewhosupportspaceresearchandwishtocontinue.Spaceresearch,asshown,hasalreadybroughtmanybenefitstohumanity.Perhapsitwillbringevenmorebenefitsinthefuture,onesthatwecannotevenimaginenow.Moreover,justasindividualpeopleneedchallengestomaketheirlivesmoreinteresting,Ibelievethehumanraceitselfneedsachallenge,andIthinkthatthepeacefulexplorationofouterspaceprovidesjustsuchachallenge.29.練習(xí)Successfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessions.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion題解：和從事其他重要職業(yè)的人士相比，成功的職業(yè)運(yùn)動員能掙多得多的錢。一些人認(rèn)為這是完全合理的，而其他人認(rèn)為不公平。討論這兩種觀點(diǎn)并提出你的看法。30.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)范文：Asaresultofconstantmediaattention,sportsprofessionalsinmycountryhavebecomestarsandcelebrities,andthoseatthetoparepaidhugesalaries.Justlikemoviestars,theyliveextravagantlifestyleswithhugehousesandcars.Manypeoplefindtheirrewardsunfair,especiallywhencomparingthesesupersalarieswiththoseoftopsurgeonsorresearchscientists,orevenleadingpoliticianswhohavetheresponsibilityofgoverningthecountry.However,sportssalariesarenotdeterminedbyconsideringthecontributiontosocietyapersonmakes,orthelevelofresponsibilityheorsheholds.Instead,theyreflectthepublicpopularityofsportingeneralandthelevelofpublicsupportthatsuccessfulstarscangenerate.Sothenotionof“fairness”isnottheissue.31.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)范文：Thosewhofeelthatsportsstars’salariesarejustifiedmightarguethatthenumberofprofessionalswithrealtalentareveryfew,andthemoneyisarecognitionoftheskillsanddedicationapersonneedstobesuccessful.Competitionisconstantandaplayeristestedeverytimetheyperformintheirrelativelyshortcareer.Thepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereislittleprivacyoutofthespotlight.Soallofthesefactorsmayjustifythehugeearnings.Personally,Ithinkthattheamountofmoneysuchsportsstarsmakeismorejustifiedthanthehugeearningsofmoviestars,butatthesametime,itindicatesthatoursocietyplacesmorevalueonsportthanonmoreessentialprofessionsandachievements.32.雅思議論文論證結(jié)構(gòu)用詞多樣：“收入高”，題目中用的是earnagreatdealofmoney，文中幾處地方分別改寫成了arepaidhugesalaries,supersalaries,hugeearnings。“認(rèn)為”，文中分別用了find,feel,和think等。句型多變：長短句結(jié)合：例如第二段和第三段論證用的長句和總結(jié)時的短句。分類式交代雙方觀點(diǎn)并指出其復(fù)雜性，進(jìn)行分類情形一及做法情形二及做法總結(jié)33.AgreeorDisagree?

Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisview?同意不同意題型的幾種開頭寫法：直接提出觀點(diǎn)，同意：情景+觀點(diǎn)：讓步反駁：事實(shí)+對方觀點(diǎn)及理由+反駁并提出自己觀點(diǎn)34.直接提出觀點(diǎn)，同意：Creativeartistsshouldalwaysbegiventhefreedomtoexpresstheirownideas(inwords,pictures,musicorfilm)inwhicheverwaytheywish.Thereshouldbenogovernmentrestrictionsonwhattheydo.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)家應(yīng)該擁有以自己想要的任何方式通過文字、圖畫、音樂或影像來表達(dá)思想的自由。對此政府不應(yīng)該加以任何限制。你在何等程度上同意還是不同意這個觀點(diǎn)？35.展示+練習(xí)范文一：Onthespecificissueofcreativefreedomversusgovernmentrestrictions,Iamfullyoftheopinionthatthelattershouldgiveplacetotheformer.范文二：Toaverylargeextent,Ibelievethattheworkofcreativeartistsshouldnotberestrictedbyanygovernment.36.Usingacomputereverydaycanhavemorenegativethanpositiveeffectsonyoungchildren.

Doyouagreeordisagree?

每天用電腦對小孩來說弊大于利。你同意還是不同意？范文：Itendtoagreethatyoungchildrencanbenegativelyaffectedbytoomuchtimespentonthecomputereveryday.Thisispartlybecausesittinginfrontofascreenfortoolongcanbedamagingtoboththeeyesandthephysicalpostureofayoungchild,regardlessofwhattheyareusingthecomputerfor.我同意小孩每天花太多時間在電腦上會受到負(fù)面影響。部分原因在于無論小孩用電腦從事什么活動，長時間坐在屏幕前對小孩的眼睛和身體姿勢有害。37.情景+觀點(diǎn)：

Shoulddangeroussportssuchasboxingormotor-racingbebanned?

范文：Millionsofpeopleplaysporteveryday,and,inevitably,somesufferinjuryorpain.Mostplayersandspectatorsacceptthisrisk.However,inmyopinion,dangeroussportssuchasboxingshouldbebanned.38.讓步反駁Universitiesshouldacceptequalnumbersofmaleandfemalestudentsineverysubject.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?大學(xué)應(yīng)該在每一個學(xué)科都招收同等數(shù)量的男女學(xué)生。你在何等程度上同意或不同意這個觀點(diǎn)？范文：Althoughsomepeoplemaythinkthatitisfairtomaintaingenderequalityineverydisciplineintheuniversity,Itendtobelievethatsucharigidruleisimpracticalandevenharmful.雖然有的人認(rèn)為大學(xué)里每個學(xué)科維持性別均等很合理，但我認(rèn)為這種僵化做法不切實(shí)際，甚至有害。39.改寫的三種方法：Paraphrase換詞性；使用同義詞；改變句型。40.改寫練習(xí)1：Thepositionofwomeninthesocietyhaschangedgreatlyinthepast20years.Women’ssocialstatushasundergonedramaticchangesinthelasttwodecades.改寫練習(xí)2：Widespreadtobaccoconsumptionhasledtograveconsequences,yetthetobaccocompaniesarestillclaimingthattheymakeavaluablecontributiontotheworldeconomy.Extensivecigarettesmokinghascausedseriousproblems.Butthetobaccocompaniesinsistthattheycontributegreatlytotheworldeconomy.改寫練習(xí)3：Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest.Thereisprobablynootherfeelingthatisnoblerthanlove.41.事實(shí)+對方觀點(diǎn)及理由+反駁并提出自己觀點(diǎn)Everyyearseverallanguagesdieout.Somepeoplethinkitisnotimportantbecauselifewillbeeasieriftherearefewerlanguagesintheworld.Doyouagreeordisagree?范文：Recentsurveyssuggestthatmanyoftheexistinglanguagesarethreatenedwithextinction.（事實(shí)陳述）Somepeopleclaimthatthereisnothingtoworryaboutandcommunicationsbetweennationsmayevenbecomelessdifficultasaresult.（對方觀點(diǎn)及理由）However,Idonotagreewiththisopinionbecauselanguagediversityiscrucialtothesurvivalanddevelopmentofhumancivilisationasawhole.（反駁，提出自己觀點(diǎn)）42.文章的主體段落論證反駁段支持段或者支持段1支持段2或者讓步段反駁段43.文章的三種結(jié)尾總結(jié)本方中心思想及段落大意反駁對方觀點(diǎn)并指出其謬誤再次提出本方觀點(diǎn)并融合對方觀點(diǎn)的合理之處44.第一種結(jié)尾舉例：Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanmenandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.45.開頭：Theviewthatwomenarebetterparentsthanmenhasshownitselftobetruethroughouthistory.Thisisnottosaythatmenarenotofimportanceinchild-rearing;indeed,theyaremostnecessaryifchildrenaretoappreciatefullytherolesofbothsexes.Butwomenhaveproventhemselvessuperiorparentsasaresultoftheirconditioning,theirlessaggressivenatureandtheirgenerallybettercommunicationskills.結(jié)尾：Thus,whileitisallverywelltosuggestagreaterroleformeninraisingchildren,letusnotforgetthatwomenaregenerallybettersuitedtotheparentingrole.46.第二種結(jié)尾舉例：明顯的是，那種認(rèn)為語言少一些生活會更方便的觀點(diǎn)是過于短視的。持有這種觀點(diǎn)的人們沒有能夠考慮到語言在文化多元化中所扮演的重要角色。Obviously,theopinionthatlifewillbesimplerwithfewerlanguagesisfartooshort-sighted.Peoplewhoholdthisviewhavenottakenintoconsiderationtheimportanceoflanguageinculturaldiversity.Peoplewhoholdthisview(Supportersofthisview/Proponentsofthisview)Opponents/Peoplewhoargueagainstthisview/Peoplewhoobjecttothisview/47.第三種結(jié)尾舉例：Manypeoplethinkthatpubliclibrariesshouldonlyprovidebooksandshouldnotwastetheirlimitedmoneyonexpensivehi-techmediasuchassoftware,videoorDVD.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?題目核心詞：publiclibraries,books(traditionalandlessexpensive),software/video/DVD(modernandmorecostly),limitedmoney分析：公共圖書館的角色/使命，有限的經(jīng)費(fèi)，應(yīng)該用來買書：lessexpensive,andthereforecanbenefitmorepeopleeasytocarry,andsocanbereadanytime,anywhere(e.g.ontheplane,in