2012醫(yī)學(xué)考博閱讀課程講義全

2012年醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語閱讀理解講主講：金歡迎使考博閱讀概考博院第一類：、社科院、 閱讀文章選 能抓住文章重點和做準(zhǔn)確定位問題答案，熟悉各種題型，能對選項進(jìn)行正確篩復(fù)習(xí)計1、詞要有基本的六級詞匯量，再增加2000左右醫(yī)學(xué)科普類詞匯，包展等方面的詞匯大體需要8000多個單詞，重點復(fù)習(xí)高中以上的近4000個單詞，主要是動詞和形容詞2、如何背單1小時40個單詞左曲線（如右單詞背誦保證3-5天內(nèi)復(fù)次7天左右復(fù)習(xí)第二次，后一次復(fù)時間間隔倍增，經(jīng)過7次記熟單研做題步驟先學(xué)習(xí)該篇文章查詢每一個不認(rèn)識的單詞同時看懂每句話并能翻分析文章結(jié)題目分選項分精讀、泛讀能力的訓(xùn)醫(yī)療期西方大的健康欄目和頻 The泛讀訓(xùn)練目練速練猜測、練跳衛(wèi)生類英語資醫(yī)類一、速多次背單詞二、精讀三、精讀訓(xùn)四、量定范圍做泛第二博閱讀理解專項練2002年人民大Passage24(2002大學(xué)Realmen,bothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilarities,ofcourse,butthecopsdon'tthinkmuchofthem.Thefirstdifferenceisthataman'srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyer,andwhatismore,hehastoapplyitonhisfeet,inthedarkandrain,runningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorin swithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetymillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsad,unimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupid,pettycrimes.Mostevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe'sarrested,thestoryisover.Inreallife,findingcriminalsismuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthe—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen.Havingmadeanarrest,adetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon'twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworked,adetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthem,usuallyagainsttheirownbestinterests,tohelphim.Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofaforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegality,secondly,asexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworld,theworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetslshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,lawmakers,andjudges,who,insteadofstamoutpunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresult,detectivesfeel,isthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.Itisessentialforamantobetrainedincriminallaw sothathecancatchcriminalsinthebecausemanyofthecriminalshehastocatcharesothathecanjustifyhisarrestsinbecausehehastoknownearlyasmuchaboutlawasaprofessionallawyerTheeverydaylifeofamanordetectiveis excitingandfullofdevotedmostlytoroutinewastedonunimportantWhenmurdersandterroristattacksoccurthe prefertowaitforthecriminaltogivehimselfspendalotofeffortontryingtotrackdowntheirtrytomakeaquickarrestinordertokeepuptheirusuallyfailtoproduceTherealdetectivelivesin“anunpleasantmoraltwilight” heisanexpensivepublichemustalwaysbehavewith heisobligedtobreakthelawinordertopreservehefeelshimselftobecutofffromtherestoftheworld20．Detectivesarerathercynicalbecause ninetenthsoftheirworkinvolvesarrestinghardly lsthemthesocietydoesnotpunishcriminalsseverelytoomanycriminalsescapefrom1、掃描題干，提煉找共性重點關(guān)注問原因的重點關(guān)注與作者有關(guān)的2、通讀全文，抓住中首段原則，即文章第一段或前1/4盡量逐字逐句讀抓住中心就是要明確下述三個問題本文的話題是什么各段大意是什么作者觀點和態(tài)七種常見錯誤選項陷阱偷換概正反：較難詞替換，單數(shù)否時態(tài)錯擴(kuò)大范無中生有（無關(guān)，無關(guān)真理答非所問（尤其細(xì)節(jié)題定語從名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從分詞狀獨(dú)立主虛擬語2000年試PassageAhistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulbut,ifproperlyhandled,itmay eadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericanevisionmakerleft,Zenith．(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreignmadecarsandweresweeintothedomesticmarket.America'smachinetoolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofngbusinesswasfailing,andthat eswouldthereforeshortlytofallaswell.Themid1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.TheirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromHowthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Selfdoubthasyieldedtoblindpride．“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonahaslearnttobemorequickwitted,”accordingtoRichardexecutivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofernment．“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-inWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”TheU.S．a(chǎn)chieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarⅡ ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthis[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanthewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmosttheunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitsThelossofU.S．predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980smanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican [A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarketsemiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignmachinetoolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarketWhatcanbeinferredfromtheItishumannaturetoshiftbetweenselfdoubtandblindpr[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternational[D]AlonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherTheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S．economyin1990scanbeattributedtothe [A]turningofthebusinesscycle[B]restructuringofindustryimprovedbusinesssuccessin定位原1、信號詞定2、自順序原3、長難句定位原細(xì)節(jié)題解題原將選項逐一與原文核對，不要憑印象做題PassageIhadneverbeeninthepublicwardofahospitalbefore,anditwasmyfirstexperienceofdoctorswhohandleyouwithoutspeakingtoyouor,inahumansense,takinganynoticeofyou.Theyonlyputonsixglassesinmycase,butafterngsotheyscarifiedtheblistersandappliedtheglassesagain,Eachglassnowdrewoutaboutadessertspoonfulofdark-coloredblood,Ihadachesandpainsallover.AsIlaydownagain,humiliated,disgustedandfrightenedbythethingthathadbeendonetome,Ireflectedthatnowatleasttheywouldleavemealone.Butno,notabitofit.Therewasanothertreatmentcoming,themustardpoultice,seeminglyamatterofroutinelikethehotbath.Twoslatternlynurseshadalreadygotthepoulticeready,andtheylasheditroundmychestastightasastrait-jacketwhilesomemenwhowerewanderingaboutthewardinshirtandtrousersbegantocollectroundmybedhalf-sympatheticgrins.Ilearnedlaterthatwatchingapatienthavingamustardpoulticewasafavoritepastimeintheward.Thesethingsarenormallyappliedforaquarterofanhourandcertainlytheyarefunnyenoughifyoudon'thappentobethe inside.Forthefirstfiveminutesthepainissevere,butyoubelieveyoucanbearit.Duringthesecondfiveminutesthisbeliefevaporates,butthepoulticeisbuckedatthebackandyoucan'tgetitoff.Thisistheperiodtheonlookersenjoymost.DuringthelastfiveminutesInotedasortofnumbnesssupervenes.AfterthepoulticebadbeenremovedawaterproofpillockedwithicewasthrustbeneathmyheadandIwasleftalone,Ididnotsleep,andtothebestofknowledgethiswastheonlynightofmylife-Imeantheonlynightspentinbed—inwhichIhavenotsleptatallnotevenaWhichofthefollowingwasNOTusedinthetreatmentofthe C．Astrait- D．AwaterproofItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthewriter'sfello werewerecuriousaboutthetookpleasureinothers'showedindifferencetotheTotheauthor'sdisappointment,the lastedawholenight B．gaveplacetonumbnessC．wasworsenedbythepillow D．wasunbearableThepatientdidn'tsleepatallthatnight theice-packedpillowwastooitwasthepatient'sfirstnightinthehefeltpainalloverandhadahighhehadbeendisturbedbytheday'sPassageThetruthmaywellbeself-evidentthatallhumansarecreatedequal,butonethingourMakerdidnotendowuswithequallyisthespeedatwhichwetakeinwordsontheprintedpage.Thisseemsnotsomuchafunctionofbrainsasofhowefficientlythemachineryworks.Afewofusareindustrialvacuumcleaners,abletosuckup“TheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire”inamatterofhours.Attheotherextremearethelint-pickers,thosewhomustlip-readevenDanielleSteel.Therestofusarelefttocarpet-sweepattherateofthreeorfourwordsataglance,anddreamofthehoursthatwouldbesavedifonlywewerebetterendowed.OntothisunevenfieldchargedEvelynWoodbackinthelateShewasconvincedthatwithalittlepushing,allofas,eventhelint-pickets,couldbetransformedintovacuumcleaners.Allwehadtodowasstopsayingthewordsoutloudinourheads-“subvocalizing”,shecalledit-andtostoppausingtorereadwordsasourmindsdriftedaway.Thepointwastostartconsumingprintinbitesinsteadofnibble.Todothis,Woodwantedustodragourfingersdownthemiddleofthepagetoapacers,toberabbitsforthegreyhoundsofoureyesShepromisedthatthewordswouldn'tblur;thefasterwewent,themorewewouldtakein.Didhermethodreallywork?MultitudesbelieveditdidandflockedtoherEvelynWoodReadingDynamicsInstitutesastheyspreadacrosstheland. softheUnitedStatespackedmembersoftheirstaffsofftoherschools,thebettertokeepfromdrowningin memos.HerstudentsdevouredGeorgeOrwell's“AnimalFarm”attherateof1.400wordsaminute.Woodhadguaranteedthathermethodworkedonallmannerofmaterial.Notlikely.Sotherehadtobeadropofsnakeoilintheointment.StilltheessenceofWood'snotionwassound.FromParagraphl,wehavelearntthat itisnottruethatallhumansarecreatedthehumanbrainfunctionsasathereadingspeedactuallyvaries D．a(chǎn)vacuumcleanerworksalotmoreefficiently int-Inthelate1950's,EvelynWood inventedaspecialdevicewithwhichtohelppeopleimprovetheirreadingabilityhelpedpeoplepickuptheirreadingtaughtpeoplehowtoreadfasterthantheirthansubvocalizethemwhilereadinginstructedpeopletovocalizethewordsrathermindsThewriter'sdescriptionoftheworkability,ofWood'smethod 54．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTItgoeswithoutsayingthatthewriteriscomple yinfavourofWood'sviewandmethodThewriterdoesnotquestiontheessenceofWood'sInthewriter'sopinion.Wood'smethodcannotbeabsolu practicableonallkindsofmaterials.Thewriterwrotethispassage第一部分閱讀基礎(chǔ)能力訓(xùn)Passage24講

PassageWhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatlmight eapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”,preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting—alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-'90sequivalentofdropout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline—afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate'80s—andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe'80s,downshiftinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife—growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone—asa alrecognitionofyourlimitations.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph［A］Full-timeemploymentisanewinternational［B］Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveher［C］“Alateralmove”meansstepoutoffull-time［D］ThewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherThewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting ［A］enableshertorealizeher［B］helpshermoldanewphilosophyof［C］promptshertoabandonherhighsocial［D］leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine69．“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby ［A］non-materialistic ［B］abitof［C］extremestress 4Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof ［A］thequickpaceofmodern［C］man’ssearchformythical［D］theeconomicThechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.這種改變通過涉及大量的專業(yè)因素，迎合了新時代的技術(shù)要求始人之后的二三代之后曾經(jīng)如此普遍的毀掉了企業(yè)的。1、長句的目標(biāo)有三個找出句子的主干結(jié)分清修飾關(guān)將抽象概念簡2、造成句子復(fù)雜的原因有定語從狀語從句-在英文中，凡是狀語從句一定要有連詞引①時間狀語從句②原因狀語從句③讓步狀語從句 ④結(jié)果狀語從句Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedernmentminister,Imyexitbyclaiming"Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmy一個我自尊并阻撓我事業(yè)發(fā)展的水平移動促使我放棄了我形式主語或形式賓省略結(jié)Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuildupofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof"jugglingyourlife",andmakingthealternativemoveinto"downshifting"bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateand1onceenjoyed:12hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton"qualitytime".分詞狀語和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)分詞作狀語有兩種情況：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof"havingitall",preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：主語和謂語顛①否定詞提前會倒②某一個成分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)時會倒③疑問句是典型的倒裝強(qiáng)調(diào)句調(diào)的成分前后加"itisthat/who"虛擬語①當(dāng)用虛擬語氣時，真實意思和虛擬語氣表達(dá)的意思相②當(dāng)用虛擬語氣時，時態(tài)要比正常時態(tài)降一3、長難句的基本順將主句和從句區(qū)分開，重點理解主將分詞狀語與主句分開，分詞狀語不重語最后看或跳過不PassagePassage8D.H．LawrencewasthefourthchildofArthurLawrenceandLydiaBeardsall,andtheirfirsttohavebeenborninEastwood.Eversincetheirmarriagein1875,thecouplehadbeenonthemove:Arthur'sjobasminerhadtakenthemwherethebest-paidworkhadbeenduringtheboomyearsofthe1870s,andtheyhadlivedinasuccessionofsmallandrecentlybuiltgrimycollieryvillagesalloverNottinghamshire.ButwhentheymovedtoEastwoodin1883,itwastoaplacewheretheywouldremainfortherestoftheirlives;themoveseemstohavemarkedwatershedintheirearlyForonething,theyweresettlingdown:ArthurLawrencewouldworkatBrinsleycollieryuntilheretiredin1909．Foranother,theynowhadthreesmallchildrenandLydiamayhavewantedtogivethemthekindofcontinuityinschoolingtheyhadneverpreviouslyhad.Itwasthecasethat,whentheycametoEastwood,theytookahousewithashopwindow,andLydiaranasmallclothesshop:presumablytosupplement e,butalsoperhapsbecauseshefeltshecouldtinadditiontoraisingtheirchildren.Itseemspossiblethat,gettingonbadlywithherhusbandasshedid,sheimaginedthatfurtherchildrenwereoutofthequestion.TakingontheshopmayhavemarkedherownbidforArthur'sparentslivedlessthanaaway,downinBrinsley,whilehisyoungestbrotherWalterlivedonly100yardsawayfromtheminanothercompanyhouse,inPrincesStreet.WhenthefamilymovedtoEastwood,ArthurLawrencewascomingbacktohisownfamily'scenter:oneofthereasons,forsure,whytheystayedthere.LydiaLawrenceprobablyfelt,ontheotherhand,moreasifsheweredigginginforasieg.astwoodmayhavebeenhometoArthurLawrence,buttoLydiaitwasjustanothergrimycollieryvillagewhichsheneverlikedverymuchandwheresheneverfelteithermuchathomeorproperlyaccepted.HerKentaccentdoubtlessmadeMidlandspeoplethatsheputonThispassageismainlyabouttheintroductionof D．H.D．H.Lawrence'sD．H.Lawrence'sD．H.Lawrence'sfamilybackgroundandWhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonforD.HLawrence'sfamilysettlingdowninEastwood?ChildreninthefamilyneededconsistentD．H.Lawrence'sfathercouldbeneartohisfamilyD．H.Lawrence'smothercouldseekforherD．H.Lawrencecouldaccumulateenoughmaterialstowriteaboutinhisnovels.WhichofthefollowingmightbeanimageofD.HLawrence'smotherinotherpeople'smind?AmotherwhowasquiteAwifewhowasAnarrogantAfaithfulThefamilyhadbeenonthemove,because theyhadtostaywiththefatherwhohadtogoeverywheretofindajobindepressionthefathercouldfindbetter-paidjobsintheprosperityofthefatherwantedtobenearwithhisownthemotheralwayswantedtochangethelocationoftheirWhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTTherelationshipbetweenD.H．Lawrence'sparentsmaynotbesoD．H.Lawrence'smotherwasawomanofstrongD．H.Lawrence'smotherdidnotlikeherhomeatD．H.Lawrencewasthefirstchildinthe閱讀中標(biāo)點的使（逗號：兩個逗號之間或一個逗號之后，往往是長句的補(bǔ)充成， 分號：分號前后往往表示語意并列關(guān)系，故只需看懂簡單的一括號：括號的功能主要是解釋和補(bǔ)充生詞短語標(biāo)題干中明確原文中某個生詞或短語，要求根據(jù)上下文確定其解題思，如果劃線詞是一個簡單的大綱內(nèi)詞匯，則其字面意思必為陷阱PassageBeingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceatofmaturity,andamong70yearoldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Atoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,has average.Mostofushaveroughlythesamberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.showswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middleclasscomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100,000years—eventhepast100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“l(fā)ookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollyhiscomprehension.”Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.WhatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstAlackofAfierceAlowersurvivalAdefectiveWhatdoestheexampleofWealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorNaturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandtheThemiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatoftheisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthTheauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolving lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicalthenumberoffemalebabieshasbeenourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofthedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheRatioChangesinHumanofContinuingMan'sEvolutionaryFutureofEvolutionGoing題型及解題思 （3）做題步驟1）返回原文確定該例2）80%向上，20%向下，搜素該例子所支持的論（1）只談例子本身（2）列舉無關(guān)題干中出現(xiàn)如下詞：mainideabesttitle：1）主旨題最后2）重點理解首末段首末3）重點關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)折后的信inconclusion、inaword、，專有名詞；自順序原則；長難句定位）2）將選項逐一與原文或比原文范圍小，所謂錯是與原文有或原文沒提及，不要用判斷；判斷正誤題相當(dāng)是一道細(xì)節(jié)題猜PassageThereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearch,suchasarticlestoappearinjournals,reportsaddressedtofundingagencies,thesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegrees,andpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem.Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabrief,yetinformativeway,focusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurpose,reviewoftheliterature(oftenreferredtoas paniedbytables,charts,andgraphs,andinterpretationsoftheresults(oftenreferredtoasThecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreaders(researchorpractitioners)anditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.Articlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsand mendationsoftheresearch,whilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdata,theconstructionofdatacollectionprocedures,andthetechniquesusedforyzingthedata.Itisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedjournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentand mendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot.Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudy,therationale,athoroughreviewoftheliterature,detailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopment,adescriptionofdataysisandtheresults,andaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusions,implications,and mendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent'sabilitytocarryoutresearch.Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferences,seminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconcise,yetinformativeway,focusingonthemostessential panythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticle,heretoo,thecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeeting,andwhethertheyresearchersorThebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe TypesofResearchWritingofresearchThecommonaspectforthejournalarticles,theseandconferencepapersliesinthat theyareallforthetheyarealltobereadbytheyareallforbeingtheyareallformsofreportingWecandistinguishthoseresearchreportsfromeachothermainlythrough theirwritingstyleandtheiraimsandpossibletheirpresentedplacesandtheircontentandWhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthisBothjournalarticlesandconferencepapersarereportedinabriefandinformativeway.Allthethesesordissertationsandconferencepapersarereportedinspokenlanguages.Boththejournalarticlesandconferencepapersareinfluencedgreatlybytheintendedreceivers.Thevariousformatsofresearchreportsmaybepresentedindifferentways.Howcanaprofessorevaluateastudent'scapabilityoftheByconcentrating