法律知識導(dǎo)讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件

法律知識導(dǎo)讀（英文）第十二單元InternationalLaw法律知識導(dǎo)讀（英文）第十二單元International1Lead-in國際法是指適用主權(quán)國家之間以及其它具有國際人格的實(shí)體之間的法律規(guī)則的總體。國際法又稱國際公法，以區(qū)別于國際私法或法律沖突，后者處理的是不同國家的國內(nèi)法之間的差異。根據(jù)《國際法院規(guī)約》第38條之規(guī)定，國際法的淵源包括以下幾個方面：條約、國際習(xí)慣法、一般法律原則、司法判例及學(xué)說等。至于國際法的法律依據(jù)，早期西方社會是不承認(rèn)的，但目前國際法的法律地位已經(jīng)得到了確認(rèn)。然而，從實(shí)證的角度來考察，名義上國際法對國家具有約束力，但事實(shí)上國際社會缺乏有效制裁違法國家的手段。Lead-in國際法是指適用主權(quán)國家之間以及其它具有國際人格2InternationalLaw

------Internationallawisthesetofrulesgenerallyregardedandacceptedasbindinginrelationsbetweenstatesandbetweennations,primarilyapplicabletocountriesratherthantoprivatecitizens.InternationalLaw3HistoryExistedsincethemid-19thcentury;TwosophisticatedlegalsystemsdevelopedintheWesternWorld:thecodifiedsystemsofcontinentalEuropeanstates(AmericanCivilLaw)andEnglishcommonlaw.Inthe20thcentury,thetwoWorldWarsandtheformationoftheLeagueofNationsacceleratethisprocessandestablishedmodernpublicinternationallaw.History4★AfterthefailureoftheTreatyofVersaillesandWorldWarII,theUNhasalsobeenthefocusforthedevelopmentofnewadvisory(non-binding)standards,suchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.Otherinternationalnormsandlawshavebeenestablishedthroughinternationalagreements,includingtheGenevaConventions,aswellasbyagreementsimplementedbyotherinternationalorganizations.★Afterthefailureofth5SourcesofinternationallawTreaties,internationalcustoms,andgeneralprinciples;

judicialdecisionsandscholarlywritingsSourcesofinternationallaw6TypesofinternationallawPublicinternationallaw:Publicinternationallaw(orinternationalpubliclaw)governstherelationshipbetweenstatesandinternationalentities.

Itincludestheselegalfields:treatylaw,lawofsea,internationalcriminallaw,thelawsofwarorinternationalhumanitarianlawandinternationalhumanrightslaw.Typesofinternationallaw7Normsofinternationallawhavetheirsources:1.custom,orcustomaryinternationallaw.(consistentstatepracticeaccompaniedbyopiniojuris)2.globallyacceptedstandardsofbehavior(peremptorynormsknownasjuscogensoriuscogens).3.codificationscontainedinconventionalagreements,generallytermedtreaties.法律知識導(dǎo)讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件8Privateinternationallaw:Conflictoflaws,oftencalled"privateinternationallaw"incivillawjurisdictions,governsconflictsbetweenprivatepersons.法律知識導(dǎo)讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件9Supranationallaw:Supranationallaworthelawofsupranationalorganizations,concernsregionalagreements.Itisdistinguishedfrompublicinternationallaw,becauseinsupranationallaw,nationsexplicitlysubmittheirrighttomakejudicialdecisionsbytreatytoasetofcommontribunal.

◆TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilandsubordinateorganizationssuchastheInternationalCourtofJusticearetheonlygloballyacceptedsupranationaltribunals.Supranationallaw:10MonismandDualisminInternationalLaw

“Monism”and“dualism”areusedtodescribetwodifferenttheoriesoftherelationshipbetweeninternationallawandnationallaw.Monistsacceptthattheinternalandinternationallegalsystemsformaunity.Dualistsemphasizethedifferencebetweennationalandinternationallaw,andrequirethetranslationofthelatterintotheformer.MonismandDualisminInternat11

ExamplesInUK,thedualistviewispredominant.InternationallawisonlypartofBritishnationallawonceitisacceptedinnationallaw.TheUnitedStatesofAmericahasa"mixed"monist-dualistsystem;internationallawappliesdirectlyinUScourts.

Examples12

Amatterofnationallegaltradition

Amoniststateislessatriskofviolatinginternationalrules,becauseitsjudgescanapplyinternationallawdirectly.Dualiststatesareintheriskofnegligenceorunwillingnesstotranslateinternationallaw,ordelaysoftranslation,ormisinterpretationofinternationallaw.★Everystatedecidesforitself,accordingtoitslegaltraditions,determinemonismordualism.

Amatterofnationallegaltr13WordsandExpressionssupranational超國家的，多國的supranationallaw超國家法tribunal法庭；裁決

statesovereignty國家主權(quán)theInternationalLaborOrganization國際勞工組織theWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織theInternationalTelecommunicationUnion國際電信聯(lián)盟UNESCO=theUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganizaition聯(lián)合國教科文組織WordsandExpressionssupranati14theWorldTradeOrganization世界貿(mào)易組織theInternationalMonetaryFund國際貨幣組織hierarchy等級制度publicinternationallaw國際公法humanitarian人道主義的

privateinternationallaw/conflictoflaws國際私法UNGeneralAssembly聯(lián)合國大會supplychain供應(yīng)鏈theWorldTradeOrganization15NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanRights（歐洲人權(quán)法院）：TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsisasupra-nationalorinternationalcourtestablishedbytheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights.NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanR16InternationalCriminalCourt（歐洲刑事法院）：TheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICCorICCt)isapermanentinternationaltribunaltoprosecuteindividualsforgenocide,crimesagainsthumanity,warcrimes,andthecrimeofaggression

(althoughjurisdictionforthecrimeofaggressionwillnotbeawakeneduntil2017attheearliest).InternationalCriminalCourt（歐17GenevaConventions（《日內(nèi)瓦公約》）：TheGenevaConventionscomprisefourtreaties,andthreeadditionalprotocols,thatestablishthestandardsofinternationallawforthehumanitariantreatmentofwar.TheGenevaConventionsextensivelydefinedthebasic,wartimerightsofprisoners(civilandmilitary);establishedprotectionsforthewounded;andestablishedprotectionsfortheciviliansinandaroundawar-zone.GenevaConventions（《日內(nèi)瓦公約》）：Th18customaryinternationallaw(國際慣例法):Customaryinternationallawarethoseaspectsofinternationallawthatderivefromcustom.Generalprinciplesoflawandtreaties,custom,andcustomaryinternationallawareconsideredthe

primarysourcesofinternationallaw.customaryinternationallaw(國19theLeagueofNations（國際聯(lián)盟）：TheLeagueofNations(LN)wasanintergovernmentalorganizationfoundedasaresultoftheParisPeaceConferencethatendedtheFirstWorldWar.Itwasthefirstinternationalorganizationwhoseprincipalmissionwastomaintainworldpeace.theLeagueofNations（國際聯(lián)盟）：Th20TreatyofVersailles（《凡爾賽和約》）：TheTreatyofVersailleswasoneofthepeacetreatiesattheendofWorldWarI.ItendedthestateofwarbetweenGermanyandtheAlliedPowers.Itwassignedon28June1919TreatyofVersailles（《凡爾賽和約》）：21UNcharter（《聯(lián)合國憲章》）：TheCharteroftheUnitedNationsisthefoundationalofUN.ItwassignedattheSanFranciscoWarMemorialandPerformingArtsCenterinSanFrancisco,UnitedStates,on26June1945,by50ofthe51originalmembercountries.(Poland,theotheroriginalmember,whichwasnotrepresentedattheconference,signedittwomonthslater.)UNcharter（《聯(lián)合國憲章》）：TheCharte22UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights（《世界人權(quán)宣言》）：TheDeclarationarosedirectlyfromtheexperienceoftheSecondWorldWarandrepresentsthefirstglobalexpressionofrightstowhichallhumanbeingsareinherentlyentitled.UniversalDeclarationofHuman23InternationalCourtofJustice（國際法院）：TheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ),locatedinHague,Netherlands,istheprimaryjudicialorganoftheUnitedNations.Establishedin1945,theStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,similartothatofitspredecessor,isthemainconstitutionaldocumentconstitutingandregulatingtheCourt.InternationalCourtofJustice24StatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice（國際法院規(guī)約）：TheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeisanintegralpartoftheUnitedNationsCharter,asspecifiedbyChapterXIVoftheUnitedNationsCharter,whichestablishedtheInternationalCourtofJustice.StatuteoftheInternationalC25Legalpositivism(法律實(shí)證主義):Legalpositivismisaschoolofthoughtofphilosophyoflawandjurisprudence,largelydevelopedbyeighteenthandnineteenth-centurylegalthinkerssuchasJeremyBenthamandJohnAustin.ThemostprominentfigureinthehistoryoflegalpositivismisH.L.A.Hart,whoseworkTheConceptofLawcausedafundamentalre-thinkingofthepositivistdoctrineanditsrelationshipwiththeotherprincipaltheoriesoflaw.Legalpositivism(法律實(shí)證主義):Le26Pactasuntservanda(有約必守):Initsmostcommonsense,theprinciplereferstoprivatecontracts,stressingthatcontainedclausesarelawbetweentheparties,andimpliesthatnonfulfilmentofrespectiveobligationsisabreachofthepact.Pactasuntservanda(有約必守):In27opinionjuris(法律確信):Opiniojuris("anopinionoflaw")isthebeliefthatanactionwascarriedoutbecauseitwasalegalobligation,frequentlyusedinlegalproceedingssuchasadefenseforacase.opinionjuris(法律確信):Opinioju28juscogens(強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范)：Aperemptorynorm(alsocalledjuscogensoriuscogens,Latinfor"compellinglaw")isafundamentalprincipleofinternationallawacceptedbytheinternationalcommunityofstatesasanormfromwhichnoderogation<克減>ispermitted.juscogens(強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范)：Aperemptor29softlaw(軟法):"softlaw"referstoquasi-legalinstrumentswhichdonothaveanylegallybindingforce,or"weaker"thanthebindingforceoftraditionallaw,oftencontrastedwithsoftlawbybeingreferredtoas"hardlaw“.◆Traditionally,theterm"softlaw"isassociatedwithinternationallaw.softlaw(軟法):"softlaw"refe30WordsandExpressionstakeprecedenceover優(yōu)先于predate在日期上早于（先于）municipallaw國內(nèi)法lexposterior后法（lexposteriorderogatpriori后法優(yōu)于前法）invoke求助于（法律）negligence疏忽；瀆職negligent疏忽的；瀆職的WordsandExpressionstakeprec31NotesInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRight(《公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利國際公約》):TheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR)isamultilateraltreaty.Itcommitsitspartiestorespectthecivilandpoliticalrightsofindividuals,includingtherighttolife,freedomofreligion,freedomofspeech,freedomofassembly,electoralrightsandrightstodueprocessandafairtrial.NotesInternationalCovenanton32ActofParliament(議會法案):AnactofParliamentisastatute(commonlycalledalaw)enactedasprimarylegislationbyanationalorsub-nationalparliament.ActofParliament(議會法案):Ana33法律知識導(dǎo)讀（英文）第十二單元InternationalLaw法律知識導(dǎo)讀（英文）第十二單元International34Lead-in國際法是指適用主權(quán)國家之間以及其它具有國際人格的實(shí)體之間的法律規(guī)則的總體。國際法又稱國際公法，以區(qū)別于國際私法或法律沖突，后者處理的是不同國家的國內(nèi)法之間的差異。根據(jù)《國際法院規(guī)約》第38條之規(guī)定，國際法的淵源包括以下幾個方面：條約、國際習(xí)慣法、一般法律原則、司法判例及學(xué)說等。至于國際法的法律依據(jù)，早期西方社會是不承認(rèn)的，但目前國際法的法律地位已經(jīng)得到了確認(rèn)。然而，從實(shí)證的角度來考察，名義上國際法對國家具有約束力，但事實(shí)上國際社會缺乏有效制裁違法國家的手段。Lead-in國際法是指適用主權(quán)國家之間以及其它具有國際人格35InternationalLaw

------Internationallawisthesetofrulesgenerallyregardedandacceptedasbindinginrelationsbetweenstatesandbetweennations,primarilyapplicabletocountriesratherthantoprivatecitizens.InternationalLaw36HistoryExistedsincethemid-19thcentury;TwosophisticatedlegalsystemsdevelopedintheWesternWorld:thecodifiedsystemsofcontinentalEuropeanstates(AmericanCivilLaw)andEnglishcommonlaw.Inthe20thcentury,thetwoWorldWarsandtheformationoftheLeagueofNationsacceleratethisprocessandestablishedmodernpublicinternationallaw.History37★AfterthefailureoftheTreatyofVersaillesandWorldWarII,theUNhasalsobeenthefocusforthedevelopmentofnewadvisory(non-binding)standards,suchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.Otherinternationalnormsandlawshavebeenestablishedthroughinternationalagreements,includingtheGenevaConventions,aswellasbyagreementsimplementedbyotherinternationalorganizations.★Afterthefailureofth38SourcesofinternationallawTreaties,internationalcustoms,andgeneralprinciples;

judicialdecisionsandscholarlywritingsSourcesofinternationallaw39TypesofinternationallawPublicinternationallaw:Publicinternationallaw(orinternationalpubliclaw)governstherelationshipbetweenstatesandinternationalentities.

Itincludestheselegalfields:treatylaw,lawofsea,internationalcriminallaw,thelawsofwarorinternationalhumanitarianlawandinternationalhumanrightslaw.Typesofinternationallaw40Normsofinternationallawhavetheirsources:1.custom,orcustomaryinternationallaw.(consistentstatepracticeaccompaniedbyopiniojuris)2.globallyacceptedstandardsofbehavior(peremptorynormsknownasjuscogensoriuscogens).3.codificationscontainedinconventionalagreements,generallytermedtreaties.法律知識導(dǎo)讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件41Privateinternationallaw:Conflictoflaws,oftencalled"privateinternationallaw"incivillawjurisdictions,governsconflictsbetweenprivatepersons.法律知識導(dǎo)讀(英文)第十二單元-International-Law課件42Supranationallaw:Supranationallaworthelawofsupranationalorganizations,concernsregionalagreements.Itisdistinguishedfrompublicinternationallaw,becauseinsupranationallaw,nationsexplicitlysubmittheirrighttomakejudicialdecisionsbytreatytoasetofcommontribunal.

◆TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilandsubordinateorganizationssuchastheInternationalCourtofJusticearetheonlygloballyacceptedsupranationaltribunals.Supranationallaw:43MonismandDualisminInternationalLaw

“Monism”and“dualism”areusedtodescribetwodifferenttheoriesoftherelationshipbetweeninternationallawandnationallaw.Monistsacceptthattheinternalandinternationallegalsystemsformaunity.Dualistsemphasizethedifferencebetweennationalandinternationallaw,andrequirethetranslationofthelatterintotheformer.MonismandDualisminInternat44

ExamplesInUK,thedualistviewispredominant.InternationallawisonlypartofBritishnationallawonceitisacceptedinnationallaw.TheUnitedStatesofAmericahasa"mixed"monist-dualistsystem;internationallawappliesdirectlyinUScourts.

Examples45

Amatterofnationallegaltradition

Amoniststateislessatriskofviolatinginternationalrules,becauseitsjudgescanapplyinternationallawdirectly.Dualiststatesareintheriskofnegligenceorunwillingnesstotranslateinternationallaw,ordelaysoftranslation,ormisinterpretationofinternationallaw.★Everystatedecidesforitself,accordingtoitslegaltraditions,determinemonismordualism.

Amatterofnationallegaltr46WordsandExpressionssupranational超國家的，多國的supranationallaw超國家法tribunal法庭；裁決

statesovereignty國家主權(quán)theInternationalLaborOrganization國際勞工組織theWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization世界知識產(chǎn)權(quán)組織theInternationalTelecommunicationUnion國際電信聯(lián)盟UNESCO=theUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganizaition聯(lián)合國教科文組織WordsandExpressionssupranati47theWorldTradeOrganization世界貿(mào)易組織theInternationalMonetaryFund國際貨幣組織hierarchy等級制度publicinternationallaw國際公法humanitarian人道主義的

privateinternationallaw/conflictoflaws國際私法UNGeneralAssembly聯(lián)合國大會supplychain供應(yīng)鏈theWorldTradeOrganization48NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanRights（歐洲人權(quán)法院）：TheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightsisasupra-nationalorinternationalcourtestablishedbytheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights.NotesEuropeanCourtofHumanR49InternationalCriminalCourt（歐洲刑事法院）：TheInternationalCriminalCourt(ICCorICCt)isapermanentinternationaltribunaltoprosecuteindividualsforgenocide,crimesagainsthumanity,warcrimes,andthecrimeofaggression

(althoughjurisdictionforthecrimeofaggressionwillnotbeawakeneduntil2017attheearliest).InternationalCriminalCourt（歐50GenevaConventions（《日內(nèi)瓦公約》）：TheGenevaConventionscomprisefourtreaties,andthreeadditionalprotocols,thatestablishthestandardsofinternationallawforthehumanitariantreatmentofwar.TheGenevaConventionsextensivelydefinedthebasic,wartimerightsofprisoners(civilandmilitary);establishedprotectionsforthewounded;andestablishedprotectionsfortheciviliansinandaroundawar-zone.GenevaConventions（《日內(nèi)瓦公約》）：Th51customaryinternationallaw(國際慣例法):Customaryinternationallawarethoseaspectsofinternationallawthatderivefromcustom.Generalprinciplesoflawandtreaties,custom,andcustomaryinternationallawareconsideredthe

primarysourcesofinternationallaw.customaryinternationallaw(國52theLeagueofNations（國際聯(lián)盟）：TheLeagueofNations(LN)wasanintergovernmentalorganizationfoundedasaresultoftheParisPeaceConferencethatendedtheFirstWorldWar.Itwasthefirstinternationalorganizationwhoseprincipalmissionwastomaintainworldpeace.theLeagueofNations（國際聯(lián)盟）：Th53TreatyofVersailles（《凡爾賽和約》）：TheTreatyofVersailleswasoneofthepeacetreatiesattheendofWorldWarI.ItendedthestateofwarbetweenGermanyandtheAlliedPowers.Itwassignedon28June1919TreatyofVersailles（《凡爾賽和約》）：54UNcharter（《聯(lián)合國憲章》）：TheCharteroftheUnitedNationsisthefoundationalofUN.ItwassignedattheSanFranciscoWarMemorialandPerformingArtsCenterinSanFrancisco,UnitedStates,on26June1945,by50ofthe51originalmembercountries.(Poland,theotheroriginalmember,whichwasnotrepresentedattheconference,signedittwomonthslater.)UNcharter（《聯(lián)合國憲章》）：TheCharte55UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights（《世界人權(quán)宣言》）：TheDeclarationarosedirectlyfromtheexperienceoftheSecondWorldWarandrepresentsthefirstglobalexpressionofrightstowhichallhumanbeingsareinherentlyentitled.UniversalDeclarationofHuman56InternationalCourtofJustice（國際法院）：TheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ),locatedinHague,Netherlands,istheprimaryjudicialorganoftheUnitedNations.Establishedin1945,theStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice,similartothatofitspredecessor,isthemainconstitutionaldocumentconstitutingandregulatingtheCourt.InternationalCourtofJustice57StatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJustice（國際法院規(guī)約）：TheStatuteoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeisanintegralpartoftheUnitedNationsCharter,asspecifiedbyChapterXIVoftheUnitedNationsCharter,whichestablishedtheInternationalCourtofJustice.StatuteoftheInternationalC58Legalpositivism(法律實(shí)證主義):Legalpositivismisaschoolofthoughtofphilosophyoflawandjurisprudence,largelydevelopedbyeighteenthandnineteenth-centurylegalthinkerssuchasJeremyBenthamandJohnAustin.ThemostprominentfigureinthehistoryoflegalpositivismisH.L.A.Hart,whoseworkTheConceptofLawcausedafundamentalre-thinkingofthepositivist