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APPROACHApproachProceduresAPPROACHApproachProcedures1SafelyFindingTheAirport?SafelyFindingTheAirport?2PrecisionApproachesPrecisionApproachesprovideverticalguidanceinadditiontolateralguidance,mostoftenthroughtheuseofanelectronicglideslope.PrecisionApproachesinclude:ILS(InstrumentLandingSystem)GPS(LAAS)MLS(MicrowaveLandingSystem)(5inUS)PAR–PrecisionApproachRadarPrecisionApproachesPrecision3Non-PrecisionApproachesprovidelateralguidanceonly,descentisstagedatspecificdistancesalongtheapproach.Non-PrecisionApproachesinclude:Non-PrecisionApproachesVORNDBRNAV(GPS)ASR–AirportSurveillanceRadarLocalizer(front&backcourses)LDA/SDF/RNAVNon-PrecisionApproachesprovi4TheUnitedStatesStandardforTerminalInstrumentProcedures(TERPS)istheapprovedcriteriaforformulatinginstrumentapproachprocedures.TheFAAHandbookisFAAOrder8260.3B.AirForce,Navy,ArmyandCoastGuardhavetheirownHandbookmanualnumber.TheUnitedStatesStandardfor5ApproachSegmentsFourapproachsegmentsInitialIntermediateFinalMissedApproachFivesegmentsifyoucounttheupfrontfeederroute.ApproachSegmentsFourapproach6SegmentsofanApproachSegmentsofanApproach7InitialApproachSegmentAlignsyouraircraftwiththeapproachcourseDMEArcProcedureTurnorHoldingPatternGuidedcourseInitialApproachFixAlwayslabeled“IAF”onchartInitialApproachSegmentAligns8IntermediateApproachSegmentPositionsyouraircraftforfinaldescenttotheairportIntermediatefix(IF)Beginsatpointwhereyouareproceedinginboundtothefinalapproachfix,properlyaligned.NotallapproacheshaveanintermediatefixIntermediateApproachSegmentP9NotallapproacheshaveanintermediatefixNotallapproacheshaveanint10FinalApproachSegmentNavigatesyoufromFAF/FAPtoapoint(MDAorDH/DA)whereyoumaydescendtorunway,ifrequiredvisualreferencesareinsight.Precision GlideslopeprovidesverticalguidancebetweenpointofGSintercepttominimums(DH/DA).NonprecisionFinalapproachfix(FAF)Finalapproachpoint(FAP)PTintersectsfinalapproachcourseinbound.FinalApproachSegmentNavigate11FinalsegmentofILSapproach

(precision)FinalsegmentofILSapproach

12TheGlideSlopeTheGlideSlope13NotefinalsegmentofthisNDBApproach

(non-precisionwithFAF)NotefinalsegmentofthisNDB14FinalSegmentofaVORApproach

(non-precisionwithFAP)FinalSegmentofaVORApproac15MissedApproachSegmentNavigatefromMAPtomissedapproachholdingpoint.DepictedoneveryapproachForradarapproaches,givenverbally.ATCmaygiveyouinstructionsotherthanthepublishedmissedprocedure(bepreparedtocopy!).MissedApproachPointForPA:atdecisionheight/altitude(DH/DA).ForNPA:eitheratafixortiming.MissedApproachSegmentNavigat16ExampleofamissedapproachExampleofamissedapproach17PreparingForTheApproachInplanning,befamiliarwiththeavailableIAPs…atPrimaryANDAlternateAirports.Nearingdestination,acontrollerorATIStellsyoutheexpectedIAP.It’snotyoursuntilyou’re“clearedfortheapproach.”NowthoroughlyreviewtheIAP.Setupradiosandnavaidsearlyon.PreparingForTheApproachInp18ApproachClearanceIfyou’reclearedforaspecificapproach,andyoupreferanother,askthecontrollerforyourdesired.If“Clearedforapproach”onlyYoucanchooseanypublishedapproach.ExecuteentireprocedurefromfeederrouteorIAFunless:Radarvectoredtofinalapproachcourse.LISTEN LISTEN LISTENApproachClearanceIfyou’recl19Straight-inApproachDoesnotrequire,norareyouauthorizedtodoaprocedureturnorcoursereversal….evenifpublished.Initiatedat:fixcloselyalignedtofinalapproachcoursecompletionofDMEarcvectorstofinalapproachcourse‘NoPT’onchartmeansprocedureturnnotauthorizedonthissegmentStraight-inApproachDoesnotr20“Clearedforstraight-inapproach”ThismeansyouareclearedtoexecutetheapproachWITHOUTTHECOURSEREVERSALPROCEDURETURNDifferencebetweenstraight-inapproachandstraight-inlanding…“Clearedforstraight-inappro21Straight-inLANDINGFinalApproachCoursewithin30°oftherunway.Sometimesnotpossiblebecause:VORnotcloselyalignedwithanyusablerunways.Landingminimumstoohighfornormaldescenttoalanding.(e.g.:LHU)Straight-inLANDINGFinalAppro22Straight-InLandingThisiswhatyoudoattheENDofanapproach.Landonrunwayspecifiedinapproachtitle.Asopposedtocircling….Mostapproachminimaarewrittenforstraight-inlandingsbasedontheapproach….VersusCirclingminimaforrunwaysNOTaligned.Straight-InLandingThisiswha23UseofATCRadarforApproachesASRPARMonitornon-radarapproachesGuidancetofinalapproachcourseRadarvectorsaregiventoplaceyouontheIAPortoestablishyouonthefinalapproachcoursepriortotheFAF.UseofATCRadarforApproache24ClassBandCTerminalRadarServicesProvidevectoringandseparationbetweenIFRandVFRtrafficandVFRsequencingwithinterminalareasandhandlesthetransitionfromtheenroutesegmenttotheterminalenvironment.Monitoraircraftoninstrumentapproaches.Radarapproachesareavailablewherecivilinstrumentapproachminimumsarepublished.ClassBandCTerminalRadarS25AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachASRisdesignedforhigh-resolution,short-rangecoverageingeneralvicinityofanairport.Non-PrecisionapproachesareavailableatairportsthathaveanapprovedASRprocedure.ASRprovidesradarvectorstotheFAF,thenazimuthinformationduringtheapproach.Alongwithrangefromtherunway,thepilotisadvisedofMDA,whentobegindescent,andwhenattheMDA.Ifrequested,recommendedaltitudeswillbefurnishedeachmilewhileonfinalapproach.TherearenographicalASRapproachplates(NACO).AirportSurveillanceRadar(AS26AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(AS27AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(AS28AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(AS29AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(AS30PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesThePARisoneinwhichacontrollerprovideshighlyaccuratenavguidanceinbothazimuthandelevation.Pilotsaregivenheadingtokeeptheaircraftalignedwiththerunway.Pilotsaretoldtoanticipatedescentapproximately10-30secondsbeforeitbegins.Pilotsarethentoldwhentobeginthedescent.DHisgivenifthepilotrequestsit.Deviationfromtheglidepathisgiventothepilot.Thereare

nographicalPARapproachplates.PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)31PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)32PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)33Radar-RequiredApproachesRADARREQUIREDThoughnotaPAR,manyapproachesdorequireradarRadar-RequiredApproachesRADA34Radar-RequiredApproachesTheSERRA/FAFisidentifiedbyRadarMICCOIntersectionisidentifiedbyRadarRadar-RequiredApproachesThe35RadarVectoringIfradarvectored,don’tturninboundontofinalapproachcourseuntilclearedfortheapproach.Ifcrossingapproachcourse-query!Minimumvectoringaltitude(MVA)Sectorspecific/ControllerresponsibleMaybelowerthanMSAPayattention!NotpublishedonchartsRadarVectoringIfradarvector36儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE37CourseReversalGenerallylimitedtowithin10nmofprimaryaidorfix(notedonprofileview)Threetypes:Procedureturn:NACO-barbedarrowJepp-fullturndepictedHolding(racetrack)Teardroppattern200KIASmaximuminPTWhenpresent,thesemustbeflownasdepictedonchartThistypecoursereversaldoesnothavetobeflownasdepictedShapeandtypeofturnoptionalCourseReversalGenerallylimit38儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE39TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFixAIM5-4-10Whenused?RadarsystemfortrafficsequencingisoutofserviceNumerousaircraftarewaitingforapproachclearanceNotstatedasatimedapproachButyou’regivenatimetoleaveaholdingfix.TimedApproachesfromaHoldin40TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFix

AIM5-4-10TimedApproachesfromaHoldin41TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFixTheholdingfix:FAFfornonprecisionapproachOutermarkerorsubstituteforprecisionConditionsrequiredtobemet-OperatingcontroltowerDirectcommunicationNOcoursereversalsinmissedapproachesIfonly1missedapproachprocedure,ceiling&visibilityhigherthanhighestcirclingminimumsTimedApproachesfromaHoldin42儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE43Procedureturnnotauthorized:

“NORTH”(memoryaid)N:“NoPT”onroutesegmentO:

OtherwisedirectedbyATC(“clearedstraight-in)R:RadarvectorstofinalapproachcourseT:TimedapproachfromholdingfixH:HoldingpatternorteardropinlieuofPTProcedureturnnotauthorized:44OperatingbelowMDAorcontinuinganapproachbelowDH

ALL3CRITERIAMUSTBEMET!!!

“FAR”(91.175)Flightvisibilityisatleastlandingminimumsforthatapproach.AircraftmustbeinpositiontomakenormaldescenttolandRunwayenvironmentinsight:AtleastONEoffollowingvisualreferencesdistinctlyvisible&identifiable:RunwayorRunwayMarkings,RunwayLights…TouchdownZoneorMarkings,TDZlightsThreshold,ThresholdMarkings,ThresholdLightsREILVisualApproachSlopeIndicator(VASI;PAPI,etc…)ApproachLightSystem,butifALSisONLYreferencemaynotdescendbelow100’HATUNLESS

REDBARS

INSIGHT

(ALSF-1redterminatingbars;ALSF-2redside-rowbars)OperatingbelowMDAorcontinu45FinalDescentTechniquesPrecisionapproach:followglideslope.IfglideslopebecomesinopinIMC,transitiontolocalizerimmediately&useLOCminimums.Nonprecisionapproach:DescendtoMDApriortoreachingtheMAP.Beawareoftheadjustmentfrominstrumentstovisual-tricky!VASIsareagreataidwheninsightFinalDescentTechniquesPrecis46VASIVASI47IllusionsIllusions48CirclingApproachesSizeofprotectedarea(definedbyTERPs)varieswithaircraftcategory.WhencanyougobelowdesignatedcirclingMDA?OnlywheninnormalpositionforlandingrunwayCanexecuteastraight-inlandingfor“circlingonly”approachif:runwayisinsight.plentyoftimeremainingtogetdownusing“normal”procedures—I.E.“StabilizedApproach”.CirclingApproachesSizeofpro49TERPSCriteriaforCirclingKnowyourcategoryTERPSCriteriaforCirclingKno50儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE51CirclingManeuversCirclingManeuvers52CirclingErrorsCirclingErrors53SidestepManeuverOnlyavailablewhenparallelrunwaysare1,200feetorlessapart.Remember,minimumsarehigherthanstraight-in,butlowerthancircling.Sidestepassoonaspossibleaftertherunwayorenvironmentisinsight.SidestepManeuverOnlyavailabl54MissedApproachProcedureMissedApproachProcedure55MissedApproachMissedApproach56EARLYMISSEDAPPROACHIfexecutingmissedapproachearlywhilestillonfinal:maintaintrackuntilatMAP(unlessclearedotherwise)youcanclimbearlybutdon’tturnearly!Whencirclingifyoulosesightoftheairport,makeaclimbingturntowardthelandingrunwayandcontinueuntilestablishedonthemissedapproachcourseSafestareaofprotectionDon’tjustgodirecttomissedapproachholdingfix!Youdon’tknowwhatliesbetweenyou&thefixunlessyoufollowthepublishedprocedure.EARLYMISSEDAPPROACHIfexecut57LightingandMissedApproachIconsLightingandMissedApproachI58MissedApproachErrorsMissedApproachErrors59VisualApproachesVisualApproaches60ContactApproachesContactApproaches61ChartedVisualFlightProcedures

CVFPMusthaveachartedvisuallandmark,oraircraftinfrontofyouinsight.Weatheratoraboveminimums.Whenfollowing,youareresponsibleforsafeintervals.Ifunabletocontinueoryoulosesightofaircraft,adviseATC.ChartedVisualFlightProcedur62COPTERILS007OHelicopterApproachProcedureCOPTERILS007OHelicopterAppr63APPROACHApproachProceduresAPPROACHApproachProcedures64SafelyFindingTheAirport?SafelyFindingTheAirport?65PrecisionApproachesPrecisionApproachesprovideverticalguidanceinadditiontolateralguidance,mostoftenthroughtheuseofanelectronicglideslope.PrecisionApproachesinclude:ILS(InstrumentLandingSystem)GPS(LAAS)MLS(MicrowaveLandingSystem)(5inUS)PAR–PrecisionApproachRadarPrecisionApproachesPrecision66Non-PrecisionApproachesprovidelateralguidanceonly,descentisstagedatspecificdistancesalongtheapproach.Non-PrecisionApproachesinclude:Non-PrecisionApproachesVORNDBRNAV(GPS)ASR–AirportSurveillanceRadarLocalizer(front&backcourses)LDA/SDF/RNAVNon-PrecisionApproachesprovi67TheUnitedStatesStandardforTerminalInstrumentProcedures(TERPS)istheapprovedcriteriaforformulatinginstrumentapproachprocedures.TheFAAHandbookisFAAOrder8260.3B.AirForce,Navy,ArmyandCoastGuardhavetheirownHandbookmanualnumber.TheUnitedStatesStandardfor68ApproachSegmentsFourapproachsegmentsInitialIntermediateFinalMissedApproachFivesegmentsifyoucounttheupfrontfeederroute.ApproachSegmentsFourapproach69SegmentsofanApproachSegmentsofanApproach70InitialApproachSegmentAlignsyouraircraftwiththeapproachcourseDMEArcProcedureTurnorHoldingPatternGuidedcourseInitialApproachFixAlwayslabeled“IAF”onchartInitialApproachSegmentAligns71IntermediateApproachSegmentPositionsyouraircraftforfinaldescenttotheairportIntermediatefix(IF)Beginsatpointwhereyouareproceedinginboundtothefinalapproachfix,properlyaligned.NotallapproacheshaveanintermediatefixIntermediateApproachSegmentP72NotallapproacheshaveanintermediatefixNotallapproacheshaveanint73FinalApproachSegmentNavigatesyoufromFAF/FAPtoapoint(MDAorDH/DA)whereyoumaydescendtorunway,ifrequiredvisualreferencesareinsight.Precision GlideslopeprovidesverticalguidancebetweenpointofGSintercepttominimums(DH/DA).NonprecisionFinalapproachfix(FAF)Finalapproachpoint(FAP)PTintersectsfinalapproachcourseinbound.FinalApproachSegmentNavigate74FinalsegmentofILSapproach

(precision)FinalsegmentofILSapproach

75TheGlideSlopeTheGlideSlope76NotefinalsegmentofthisNDBApproach

(non-precisionwithFAF)NotefinalsegmentofthisNDB77FinalSegmentofaVORApproach

(non-precisionwithFAP)FinalSegmentofaVORApproac78MissedApproachSegmentNavigatefromMAPtomissedapproachholdingpoint.DepictedoneveryapproachForradarapproaches,givenverbally.ATCmaygiveyouinstructionsotherthanthepublishedmissedprocedure(bepreparedtocopy!).MissedApproachPointForPA:atdecisionheight/altitude(DH/DA).ForNPA:eitheratafixortiming.MissedApproachSegmentNavigat79ExampleofamissedapproachExampleofamissedapproach80PreparingForTheApproachInplanning,befamiliarwiththeavailableIAPs…atPrimaryANDAlternateAirports.Nearingdestination,acontrollerorATIStellsyoutheexpectedIAP.It’snotyoursuntilyou’re“clearedfortheapproach.”NowthoroughlyreviewtheIAP.Setupradiosandnavaidsearlyon.PreparingForTheApproachInp81ApproachClearanceIfyou’reclearedforaspecificapproach,andyoupreferanother,askthecontrollerforyourdesired.If“Clearedforapproach”onlyYoucanchooseanypublishedapproach.ExecuteentireprocedurefromfeederrouteorIAFunless:Radarvectoredtofinalapproachcourse.LISTEN LISTEN LISTENApproachClearanceIfyou’recl82Straight-inApproachDoesnotrequire,norareyouauthorizedtodoaprocedureturnorcoursereversal….evenifpublished.Initiatedat:fixcloselyalignedtofinalapproachcoursecompletionofDMEarcvectorstofinalapproachcourse‘NoPT’onchartmeansprocedureturnnotauthorizedonthissegmentStraight-inApproachDoesnotr83“Clearedforstraight-inapproach”ThismeansyouareclearedtoexecutetheapproachWITHOUTTHECOURSEREVERSALPROCEDURETURNDifferencebetweenstraight-inapproachandstraight-inlanding…“Clearedforstraight-inappro84Straight-inLANDINGFinalApproachCoursewithin30°oftherunway.Sometimesnotpossiblebecause:VORnotcloselyalignedwithanyusablerunways.Landingminimumstoohighfornormaldescenttoalanding.(e.g.:LHU)Straight-inLANDINGFinalAppro85Straight-InLandingThisiswhatyoudoattheENDofanapproach.Landonrunwayspecifiedinapproachtitle.Asopposedtocircling….Mostapproachminimaarewrittenforstraight-inlandingsbasedontheapproach….VersusCirclingminimaforrunwaysNOTaligned.Straight-InLandingThisiswha86UseofATCRadarforApproachesASRPARMonitornon-radarapproachesGuidancetofinalapproachcourseRadarvectorsaregiventoplaceyouontheIAPortoestablishyouonthefinalapproachcoursepriortotheFAF.UseofATCRadarforApproache87ClassBandCTerminalRadarServicesProvidevectoringandseparationbetweenIFRandVFRtrafficandVFRsequencingwithinterminalareasandhandlesthetransitionfromtheenroutesegmenttotheterminalenvironment.Monitoraircraftoninstrumentapproaches.Radarapproachesareavailablewherecivilinstrumentapproachminimumsarepublished.ClassBandCTerminalRadarS88AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachASRisdesignedforhigh-resolution,short-rangecoverageingeneralvicinityofanairport.Non-PrecisionapproachesareavailableatairportsthathaveanapprovedASRprocedure.ASRprovidesradarvectorstotheFAF,thenazimuthinformationduringtheapproach.Alongwithrangefromtherunway,thepilotisadvisedofMDA,whentobegindescent,andwhenattheMDA.Ifrequested,recommendedaltitudeswillbefurnishedeachmilewhileonfinalapproach.TherearenographicalASRapproachplates(NACO).AirportSurveillanceRadar(AS89AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(AS90AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(AS91AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(AS92AirportSurveillanceRadar(ASR)ApproachAirportSurveillanceRadar(AS93PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesThePARisoneinwhichacontrollerprovideshighlyaccuratenavguidanceinbothazimuthandelevation.Pilotsaregivenheadingtokeeptheaircraftalignedwiththerunway.Pilotsaretoldtoanticipatedescentapproximately10-30secondsbeforeitbegins.Pilotsarethentoldwhentobeginthedescent.DHisgivenifthepilotrequestsit.Deviationfromtheglidepathisgiventothepilot.Thereare

nographicalPARapproachplates.PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)94PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)95PrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)ApproachesPrecisionApproachRadar(PAR)96Radar-RequiredApproachesRADARREQUIREDThoughnotaPAR,manyapproachesdorequireradarRadar-RequiredApproachesRADA97Radar-RequiredApproachesTheSERRA/FAFisidentifiedbyRadarMICCOIntersectionisidentifiedbyRadarRadar-RequiredApproachesThe98RadarVectoringIfradarvectored,don’tturninboundontofinalapproachcourseuntilclearedfortheapproach.Ifcrossingapproachcourse-query!Minimumvectoringaltitude(MVA)Sectorspecific/ControllerresponsibleMaybelowerthanMSAPayattention!NotpublishedonchartsRadarVectoringIfradarvector99儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE100CourseReversalGenerallylimitedtowithin10nmofprimaryaidorfix(notedonprofileview)Threetypes:Procedureturn:NACO-barbedarrowJepp-fullturndepictedHolding(racetrack)Teardroppattern200KIASmaximuminPTWhenpresent,thesemustbeflownasdepictedonchartThistypecoursereversaldoesnothavetobeflownasdepictedShapeandtypeofturnoptionalCourseReversalGenerallylimit101儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE102TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFixAIM5-4-10Whenused?RadarsystemfortrafficsequencingisoutofserviceNumerousaircraftarewaitingforapproachclearanceNotstatedasatimedapproachButyou’regivenatimetoleaveaholdingfix.TimedApproachesfromaHoldin103TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFix

AIM5-4-10TimedApproachesfromaHoldin104TimedApproachesfromaHoldingFixTheholdingfix:FAFfornonprecisionapproachOutermarkerorsubstituteforprecisionConditionsrequiredtobemet-OperatingcontroltowerDirectcommunicationNOcoursereversalsinmissedapproachesIfonly1missedapproachprocedure,ceiling&visibilityhigherthanhighestcirclingminimumsTimedApproachesfromaHoldin105儀表等級飛行員理論培訓stage5-210APPROACHPROCEDURE106Procedureturnnotauthorized:

“NORTH”(memoryaid)N:“NoPT”onroutesegmentO:

OtherwisedirectedbyATC(“clearedstraight-in)R:RadarvectorstofinalapproachcourseT:TimedapproachfromholdingfixH:HoldingpatternorteardropinlieuofPTProcedureturnnotauthorized:107OperatingbelowMDAorcontinuinganapproachbelowDH

ALL3CRITERIAMUSTBEMET!!!

“FAR”(91.175)Flightvisibilityisatleastlandingminimumsforthatapproach.AircraftmustbeinpositiontomakenormaldescenttolandRunwayenvironmentinsight:AtleastONEoffollowingvisualreferencesdistinctlyvisible&identifiable:RunwayorRunwayMarkings,RunwayLights…TouchdownZoneorMarkings,TDZlightsThreshold,ThresholdMarkings,ThresholdLightsREILVisualApproachSlopeIndicator(VASI;PAPI,etc…)ApproachLightSystem,butifALSisONLYreferencemaynotdescendbelow100’HATUNLESS

REDBARS

INSIGHT

(ALSF-1redterminatingbars;ALSF-2redside-rowbars)OperatingbelowMDAorcontinu

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