生物新人教版必修2 41《基因指導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)的合成》課件5

基因指導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)的合成基因指導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)的合成11.

mRNA(信使RNA）

MessengerRNAs-arethenucleicacidsthat"record"informationfromDNAinthecellnucleusandcarryittotheribosomesandareknownasmessengerRNAs(mRNA).

（功能：作為編碼蛋白質(zhì)中氨基酸的模板）1.mRNA(信使RNA）MessengerRNAs22.rRNA(核糖體RNA）RibosomalRNAs-existoutsidethenucleusinthecytoplasmofacellinstructurescalledribosomesRibosomesaresmall,granularstructureswhereproteinsynthesistakesplace.Eachribosomeisacomplexconsistingofabout60%ribosomalRNA(rRNA)and40%protein.(功能：核糖體的組成結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分）2.rRNA(核糖體RNA）RibosomalRNAs-33.

tRNA(轉(zhuǎn)運RNA）TransferRNAs-ThefunctionoftransferRNAs(tRNA)istodeliveraminoacidsonebyonetoproteinchainsgrowingatribosomes.（功能：轉(zhuǎn)運氨基酸）3.tRNA(轉(zhuǎn)運RNA）TransferRNAs-T45TranslationistheprocessbywhichthegeneticmessagescarriedbymRNAaredecodedandusedtobuildproteinsinthecytoplasm1.Stationcytoplasm2.TempletmRNA3.Materialaminoacids4.ProductsproteinsAsetofthreenucleotidebasesonanmRNAmoleculeiscalledacodon..(翻譯是在細胞質(zhì)中進行的。它是指以信使RNA為模板，合成具有一定氨基酸順序的蛋白質(zhì)的過程。）(場所；細胞質(zhì))(模板：信使RNA)(原料：氨基酸)(產(chǎn)物：蛋白質(zhì))(信使RNA上決定一個氨基酸的三個相鄰的堿基叫一個密碼子）Translationistheprocessby6UCAUGAUUAmRNACODONCODONCODONUCAUGAUUAmRNACODONCODONCODONww71.Eachcodonspecifiesasingleaminoacid.Forexample,CGCencodesarg.(一個密碼子編碼一個氨基酸，例如CGC編碼精氨酸）1.Eachcodonspecifiesa82.大多數(shù)氨基酸有多個密碼子，例如，GUU，GUA都編碼纈氨酸2.大多數(shù)氨基酸有多個密碼子，例如，GUU，GUA都編碼93.AUG（編碼甲硫氨酸）為起始密碼子，翻譯從此密碼子開始，少數(shù)起始密碼子為GUG3.AUG（編碼甲硫氨酸）為起始密碼子，翻譯從此密碼子開始，104.UAA,UAG,UGA（終止密碼子，不編碼任何氨基酸），翻譯到次終止4.UAA,UAG,UGA（終止密碼子，不編碼任何氨基酸），11121.InitiationAUG,GUG（起始密碼子）2.StopUAA,UAG,UGA（終止密碼子）3.Onecodondecidesoneaminoacid一個密碼子決定一個氨基酸4.oneaminoacidmayhavemanycodons一個氨基酸可有多個密碼子1.InitiationAUG,GUG（起始密碼子）2.13UCAUGAUUAAUCMetUUATypUCAUGAUUAAUCMetUUATypwww.jkzyw14Proteinsynthesisoccursinthreestages:Initiation,ElongationandTermination.(蛋白質(zhì)的合成包括三個步驟：起始，延長，終止)

1.Initiation(起始)mRNAattachestotheribosome.(mRNA與核糖體結(jié)合）Proteinsynthesisoccursin15AsetofthreenucleotidebasesonatRNAmoleculeiscalledananticodon(反密碼）AAULeucineAsetofthreenucleotidebase1617DNAbases=RNAbase=3aminoacidQuestions1.FortheDNAstrand5'-TACGATCATAT-3'thecorrectcomplementaryDNAstrandis:A.3'-TACGATCATAT-5‘B.3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5'C.3'-AUGCUAGUAUA-5‘D.3'-GCATATACGCG-5'E.3'-TATACTAGCAT-5'2.IntheMeselson-StahlDNAreplicationexperiment,ifthecellswerefirstgrownformanygenerationsinN-15containingmedia,andthenswitchedtoN-14containingmedia,whatpercentoftheDNAhad1lightstrandand1heavystrandafter2generationsofgrowthinN-14growthmedia?A.0B.25C.50D.75E.100BCDNAbases=RNAbase=3aminoac183.ThreetypesofRNAinvolvedincomprisingthestructuralandfunctionalcoreforproteinsynthesis,servingasatemplate(模板)fortranslation,andtransportingaminoacid,respectively,are:AmRNA,tRNA,rRNABrRNA,tRNA,mRNACtRNA,mRNA,rRNADtRNA,rRNA,mRNAErRNA,mRNA,tRNA4.AmessengerRNAis336nucleicacids,includingtheinitiatorandterminationcodons.ThenumberofaminoacidsintheproteintranslatedfromthismRNAis:A999B630C330D111E110ED3.ThreetypesofRNAinvolved195.WithwhatmRNAcodonwouldthetRNAinthediagrambeabletoformacodon-anticodonbasepairinginteraction?

3'-AUG-5‘B.3'-GUA-5‘C.3'-CAU-5‘D.3'-UAC-5‘E.3'-UAG-5'A5.WithwhatmRNAcod20基因指導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)的合成基因指導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)的合成211.

mRNA(信使RNA）

MessengerRNAs-arethenucleicacidsthat"record"informationfromDNAinthecellnucleusandcarryittotheribosomesandareknownasmessengerRNAs(mRNA).

（功能：作為編碼蛋白質(zhì)中氨基酸的模板）1.mRNA(信使RNA）MessengerRNAs222.rRNA(核糖體RNA）RibosomalRNAs-existoutsidethenucleusinthecytoplasmofacellinstructurescalledribosomesRibosomesaresmall,granularstructureswhereproteinsynthesistakesplace.Eachribosomeisacomplexconsistingofabout60%ribosomalRNA(rRNA)and40%protein.(功能：核糖體的組成結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分）2.rRNA(核糖體RNA）RibosomalRNAs-233.

tRNA(轉(zhuǎn)運RNA）TransferRNAs-ThefunctionoftransferRNAs(tRNA)istodeliveraminoacidsonebyonetoproteinchainsgrowingatribosomes.（功能：轉(zhuǎn)運氨基酸）3.tRNA(轉(zhuǎn)運RNA）TransferRNAs-T2425TranslationistheprocessbywhichthegeneticmessagescarriedbymRNAaredecodedandusedtobuildproteinsinthecytoplasm1.Stationcytoplasm2.TempletmRNA3.Materialaminoacids4.ProductsproteinsAsetofthreenucleotidebasesonanmRNAmoleculeiscalledacodon..(翻譯是在細胞質(zhì)中進行的。它是指以信使RNA為模板，合成具有一定氨基酸順序的蛋白質(zhì)的過程。）(場所；細胞質(zhì))(模板：信使RNA)(原料：氨基酸)(產(chǎn)物：蛋白質(zhì))(信使RNA上決定一個氨基酸的三個相鄰的堿基叫一個密碼子）Translationistheprocessby26UCAUGAUUAmRNACODONCODONCODONUCAUGAUUAmRNACODONCODONCODONww271.Eachcodonspecifiesasingleaminoacid.Forexample,CGCencodesarg.(一個密碼子編碼一個氨基酸，例如CGC編碼精氨酸）1.Eachcodonspecifiesa282.大多數(shù)氨基酸有多個密碼子，例如，GUU，GUA都編碼纈氨酸2.大多數(shù)氨基酸有多個密碼子，例如，GUU，GUA都編碼293.AUG（編碼甲硫氨酸）為起始密碼子，翻譯從此密碼子開始，少數(shù)起始密碼子為GUG3.AUG（編碼甲硫氨酸）為起始密碼子，翻譯從此密碼子開始，304.UAA,UAG,UGA（終止密碼子，不編碼任何氨基酸），翻譯到次終止4.UAA,UAG,UGA（終止密碼子，不編碼任何氨基酸），31321.InitiationAUG,GUG（起始密碼子）2.StopUAA,UAG,UGA（終止密碼子）3.Onecodondecidesoneaminoacid一個密碼子決定一個氨基酸4.oneaminoacidmayhavemanycodons一個氨基酸可有多個密碼子1.InitiationAUG,GUG（起始密碼子）2.33UCAUGAUUAAUCMetUUATypUCAUGAUUAAUCMetUUATypwww.jkzyw34Proteinsynthesisoccursinthreestages:Initiation,ElongationandTermination.(蛋白質(zhì)的合成包括三個步驟：起始，延長，終止)

1.Initiation(起始)mRNAattachestotheribosome.(mRNA與核糖體結(jié)合）Proteinsynthesisoccursin35AsetofthreenucleotidebasesonatRNAmoleculeiscalledananticodon(反密碼）AAULeucineAsetofthreenucleotidebase3637DNAbases=RNAbase=3aminoacidQuestions1.FortheDNAstrand5'-TACGATCATAT-3'thecorrectcomplementaryDNAstrandis:A.3'-TACGATCATAT-5‘B.3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5'C.3'-AUGCUAGUAUA-5‘D.3'-GCATATACGCG-5'E.3'-TATACTAGCAT-5'2.IntheMeselson-StahlDNAreplicationexperiment,ifthecellswerefirstgrownformanygenerationsinN-15containingmedia,andthenswitchedtoN-14containingmedia,whatpercentoftheDNAhad1lightstrandand1heavystrandafter2generationsofgrowthinN-14growthmedia?A.0B.25C.50D.75E.100BCDNAbases=RNAbase=3aminoac383.ThreetypesofRNAinvolvedincomprisingthestructuralandfunctionalcoreforprotein