研究生英語(yǔ)閱讀綜合教程reading more

研究生英語(yǔ)閱讀綜合教程上ReadingMore翻譯Unit1WhyDoWeWork?Lawyerspracticeadifficultanddemandingprofession.Theyexpecttobewellcompensated.Inthinkingaboutwhatthatmeans,itcanhelptoconsiderthebasicquestion,“Whydowework?”SamuelJohnsonobviousanswerwhenhefamouslyobserved,“Nomanbutablockheadeverwrote,exceptformoney.”ButIamnotbeingpaidtowritethisarticle,andinstoflabelingmyselfablockhead,letmerefertotheinsightofeminentpsychologistTheodorReik"Workandloethesearethebasics.Withoutthemthereisneurosis."考慮一下這個(gè)基本問(wèn)題會(huì)對(duì)我們有所幫助:約翰遜在他的著名論賴克的深刻Whydowework?Formoney,butalsforsaniteexpectandneedtobecompensatedinnonmonetaryways.Noneconomiccompensationmatterstotop-flighterise,theywouldhavelongagofledtoinvestmentbanks.Lawfirmsthatwanttorecruitandretainthebest(andthesanest)mustcompensatenotonlyindollarsbutalsoinpsychicgratification.Accordinmanagersofelitfirmneedtothinconsciousboutwhatlawyerarelookinforbeyondmoney.Herearesomekeynoneconomicelementsofcompensation.們還在尋找什么。以下是非經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)酬的一些關(guān)鍵因素。Professionalidentity職業(yè)認(rèn)同感Manylawyersdefinethemselveswithreferenctotheprivilegndattributeoftheirprofession.Whenfirmsrecognizeprofessionalprerogatives,theyprovideanimportantformofcompensation.許多律師從行業(yè)的特權(quán)和性質(zhì)來(lái)詮釋他們自己。當(dāng)律師事務(wù)所認(rèn)可了他們的職業(yè)特權(quán)時(shí),便提供了一種重要的補(bǔ)償方式。Forexample,Lawyerspridethemselvesonbelongintoalearnedprofessioyprovidingopportunitiesforcontinuedintellectualgrowth,lawfirmscansimultaneouslyprovideaformofcompensationandreinforceacorevalueoftheprofessio’nt.hTahridstiosndo.Organizeandhostseminarswithleadinscholarssupportscholarshiin-housewithresourcesuchasresearchassistanceandcreatevenuesforlawyerstoengageinseriousdiscourse.AnothercoreAlawfirmpayspsychiccompensationwhenitunderstandsandacceptsthatinmattersofprofessionaljudgment,lawyersaretheirownmasters.Inthisregard,firmsshouldencourageadiversityofapproaches,lettingeachlawyerdevelophiorherownstyleofpractice.Empoweringlawyersinthiswayinculcatesaheightenedsenseofpersonalresponsibility,whichinturnreinforcesthedriveforindividualexcellence.Equallyimportanttoprofessionalautonomyisthatfirmsneedtotakecarenottoimpingeonalawyer'sexerciseofconsideredprofessionaljudgment,evenwhenthatmeansrefusingaclient.Lawyersarenottheservantoftheiclientnappropriatcircumstanceelliheclient“No”isanactofthehighestprofessionalism.Alawyeriswell-paidwiththeconfidencethatfirmwillstandbehindhimorherinsuchcircumstances.LastlrofessiontatuencompassesadherencetoethicastandardsMostlawyersfindself-worthinsettinganeahwithintheprofessionandwithinthelargrocietyethicalactors.Whenmanagementaffirmsthespecialrespectduetolawyerswhoactwiththeutmostintegrityandcivilityinalloftheirprofessionaldealings,itprovidesyetanotherforcompensation.Personal個(gè)人自豪感Fewofusmakeitthroughtherigorsofalegaleducationwithouthavingadeeplyinternalizedsenseofitsownsake.Lawyerscompensatethemselveswiththepowerfulself-affirmationofajobwelldone.求卓越的精神。工作出色的律師們用強(qiáng)有力的自我肯定來(lái)犒賞自己。Asamatterofbothcompensationandreputation,anelitefirmcannotaffordtoimpedethedrivetoexcellence,evenwesotcosteffectiveintheshortterm,Thismeans,forexample,thatfirmmanagementshouldapplaudthewritinandrewritinofabrietothehighesstandardevenwhenacynicalperspectivewouldsuggestthattheextraeffortwillhavenopracticaleffecAlwayscelebratesuperlativeworkproductevenwhenitseemsunlikelytomakeadifferenceintheoutcome.Insteadofkowtowingtoclientdemandsforsuperworkatacut-rateprice,deliverexcellenceandexpecttobepaidforit.Idealism理想主義Thinkbacktolawschool.Whorememberstalkingintothenightabouthowtoobtainthehighestprofitsperequitypartner?夜?Morememorablediscussioncoveredthingsuchastheadvancementofcivirightstheprovisionoflegalservicestothepoor,thedevelopmentofamoreequitablesystemoftaxation,thepromulgatioofinternationormsguaranteeinbasihumandignitawyersthirsforjustice,andslakingthatthirstisanimportantelementofcompensation.Almostbydefinition,elitlawfirmsupportsprobonoandpublicserviceffortstherebyaccomplishintheintertwinedgoalofcompensatingitsprofessionalsanddischargingitsinstitutionalobligationssociety.Recognition表彰PsychiccompensationincludesrecognitionbothformalandinformalRenderingsuchcompensationdependsonmanagement’smakingacknowledgeachievement.Celebrateimportantaccomplishmentsandmarkimportantoftencasualeventswillservethepurpose.Instituteformalawardprograms.Stageceremoniesofpublicrecognition.Neverneglecttomarkevenrelativelyminoraccomplishmentswithacongratulatorye-mailorphonecall.團(tuán)體自蒙感Finally,alawfirmcancompensateitslawyersbygivingthemcausetobeproudtobeapartofthefirm.Lawfirms,asinstitutions,canoutlive,outperformandoutcontributeanyindividual.joifirminordertobeapartofsomethingbiggethanourselvehenfirmmanagementcommitsitselftobuildingthefirmasanintegratedinstitution,withstronginstitutionalvaluandwhenthefirmthrivesasaninstitution,belongingtothefirmbecomesitsownreward.Ofcoursethirequiremanagementtofosteacorporatidentithatsubsumesindividualgreatergoodofthegroupmusttakeprecedence.Andthefirmasaninstitutionmustmeetthehigheststandardsineveryarea:excellentcorporatecitizenship,superbclientserviceselflesspublicservice,outstandingreputation.Insum,lawyror,atleast,thebestlrtworkforbreadalone.Andlamsatleast,elitelaothopetoeffectivelyrecruitorretaintoplegaltalentwithoutanattractivepackage7ofpsychiccompensation,whichmeansthatlawfirmmanagersmustattendtothesame.Unit7TheBum流浪漢IhadcometoVeraCruzfromMexicoCitytocatchoneoftheWardCompanyswhitecoolshipstoYucatan;andfoundtothat,adockstrikehavingbeendeclaredover-night,myshipwouldnotputin.IwasstuckinVeraCruz.ItookaroomintheHotelDiligenciasoverlookingtheplazaandspentthemorninglookingatthsightsofthetown.Havingseenallthatwastobeseen.1satdowninthecoolnessofthearcadthatsurroundedthesquareandorderedawatchedthepeoplesquare;Negroes.Indians.Creoles,andSpanish,themotleypeopleoftheSpanishMain;andtheyvariedincolorfromebonytoivory.Myattentiowasattractebyabeggarwhohadhaiandbeardofaredsovivithatiwasstartling.Heworeonlyapairoftrousersandacottonsinglet,buttheyweretatters,grimyanfoul,thatbarelyheldtogether.Ihaveneverseenanyonesothin;hislegs,hisnakedarmswerebutskinandbone,andthroughtherentsofhissingletyousaweveryribofhiswastedbody';couldcountthebonesofhisdust-coveredfeet.Hewastheonlyoneofthebeggarswhodidnotspeak.Hedidnotevenholdouthishand,hemerelylookedatyou,butwithsuchwretchednessinhiseyes,suchdespairinhisattitude,itwdreadful;hestoodonandon,silentandimmobile,gazingsteadfastly,andthen,ifyoutooknonoticeofhim,hemovedslowlytothenexttable.Ihadnothingtogivehimandwhenhecametome,sothatheshouldnotwaitinvain,Ishookmyhead.Buthepaidnoattention.Hestoodinfrontofme,foraslongashestoodattheothertables,lookingatmewithtragiceyes.Ihaveneverseensuchawreckofhumanity.Therewassomethingterrifyinginhisappearance.Hedidnotlookquitesane.Atlengthhepassedon.Itwasstillveryhot,towardseveningabreathofaircominginthroughthewindowstemptedmeintothesawoncemorethatwatchedhimstandmotionlesswiththecrushedandpiteouairbeforeonetablafteanotherHedidnotstopbeforemine.Isupposedherememberedmefromthemorningandhavingfailedtogetanythingfrommethenthoughtituselesstotryagain.Sincetherewasnothingelsetodo,Istayedontillthethinningcrowdsuggesteditwasbed-timIhadsuddenlyastrangefeelingthatIhadseenhimbefore.IfeltsurethatIhadcomeacrossbutwhenandwhereIcouldnottell.IspentmyseconddayatVeraCruzasIhadspentthefirst.ButIwatchedforthecomingofthered-hairedbeggar,andashestoodatthetablesnearmineIexaminedhimwithattention.IfeltcertainnowthatIhadseenhimsomewhere.IevenfeltcertainthatIhadknownhimandtalkedtohim,butIstillcouldrecallnoneofthecircumstances.OncemorehepassedmytablewithoutstoppingandwhenhiseyesmetmineIlookedinthemforsomegleamofrecollection.Nothing.Irackedmybrains.IwentoverinmymindthepossibleoccasionswhenImighthavemethim.Nottobeabletoplacehimexasperatedmeasitdoeswhenyoutrytorememberanamethatisonthetipofyourtongueandyeteludesyou.Thedayworeon.ItwasSundayandtheplazawasmorecrowdedthanever.Asusualthered-hairedbeggarcamealong,aterrifyingfigureinhissilence.Hewasstandinginfrontofatableonlytwofromminwithoutagesture.ThenIsawthepolicemanwhoatintervalstriedtoprotectthepublicfromthimportunitiesofallthesebeggarssneakroundacolumnandgivehimaresoundingwhackwithhisthong.Histhinbodywinced,buthemadenoprotestandshowednoresentment.ThecruelstripehadwhippedmymemoryandsuddenlyIremembered.殘忍的鞭子打開(kāi)了我的記憶之門,我突然想起來(lái)了。Nothisname;thatescapedmestill,buteverythingelse.Hemusthaverecognizedme,forIhavenotchangedverymuchintwentyyears,andthatwaswhyafterthatfirstmorninghehadneverpausedinfrontofmytable.Yes,itwastwentyyearssinceIhadknownhim.IwasspendingawinterinRomeandeveryeveningIusedtodineinarestaurantintheViaSistinawhereyougotexcellentmacaroniandagoodbottleofwine.ItwasfrequentedbyalittlebandofEnglishandAmericanartstudents,andoneortwowriters;andweusedtostaylateintothenightengagediinterminableargumentsuponartandliterature.Hewasonlyaboythen,hecouldnothavebeenmorethan22;andwithhisblueeyes,straightnose,andredhairhewaspleasingtolookat.IrememberedthathespokeagreatdealofCentralAmerica,hehadhadajobwiththeAmericanFruitCompany,buthadthrownitoverbecausehewantedtobeawriter.Hewasnotpopularamongusbecausehewasarrogantandwewerenoneofusoldenoughtotakethearroganceofyouthwithtolerance.Hethoughtuspoorfishanddidnothesitatetotellusso.Hewouldnotshowushiwork,becauseoupraismeantnothintohimandhedespiseourcensurehisvanitywasenormous.202022Irecalledhishighspirits,hisvitality,hisconfidenceinthefuture,andhisdisinterestedneimpossiblethatitwasthesameman,andyetIwassureofit.Istoodup,paidformydrink,anwentoutintotheplazatofindhim.Mythoughtswereinaturmoil.Iwasaghast.Icouldneverhaveimaginedthathewasreducedtothisfrightfulmisery.Iaskedmyselfwhathadhappened.Whathopesdeferredhadbrokenhisspirit,whatdisappointmentsshatteredhim,andwhatlosthimtothedust?Iaskedmyselfifnothingcouldbedone.Iwalkedroundtheplaza.ThelightwaswaningandIwasafraidIhadlosthim.ThenIpassedthechurchandsawhisittingonthesteps.Iwentuptohim.“DoyourememberRome?”Isaid.“你記得羅馬嗎?”我說(shuō)道。Hedidnotmove.Hedidnotanswer.HetooknomorenoticeofmethanifIwerenotstandingbeforehim.Ididnotknowwhattodo.Itookayellow-backednoteoutofmypocketandpresseditinhishand,hedidnotgiveitaglance.Buthishandmovedalittle,thethinclaw-likefinclosedonthenoteandscruncheditup;homadeitintoalittleballandthenflickeditintotsothatitfellamongthejanglingbuzzardsIturnedmyheadinstinctivelyandsawoneofthemseizeitinhisbeakandflyofffollowedbytwoothersscreamingbehindit.WhenIlookedbackmanwasgone.IstayedthreemoredaysinVeraCruz.Ineversawhimagain.我在維拉克魯斯又待了三天,但再也沒(méi)見(jiàn)到他。Unit10TheshortageofscienceandtechnologygraduatesthreatenstheUSeconomy,andWashington'shelpisbadlyneededtotackletheproblem.科技人才短缺危及美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì),而解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題急需政府求助。America’sFailureinScienceEducation美國(guó)理科教育的失敗ForanyoneconcernedaboutstrengtheninAmeric’slong-terleadershiinsciencandtechnology,thenainschoolsareanobviousplacetostart.ButbraceyourslfforwhatyoulfindThedepressinrealithatwhenicomestoeducatinthenextgeneratiointhesesubjects,Americaisnolongeraworldcontender.Infact,USstudentshavefallenfarbehindthmuchofWesternEuropeandinandtheKorea.對(duì)于那些關(guān)注如何增強(qiáng)美國(guó)在科技方面長(zhǎng)期領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的人來(lái)說(shuō),教育無(wú)疑是首先要考慮的陣ThistrendhasdisturbinimplicatiootjusforthefuturoftheAmericantechnologicalleadershibutforthebroadereconomy.Alreadywehavedevelopedashortagofhighlyskilledworkersandasurplusoflesser-skilakeralReserveBoardChairmanAlanGreenspaninaMarch12addressatBostonCollege.AndtheproblemiWwrsening.regraduatingtoofewskilledworkerstoaddresstheapparentimbalancebetweenthesupplyofsuchworkersanddieburgeoningdemandfor”thGerme,enspanadded312低技能勞動(dòng)力已經(jīng)供過(guò)于求AsaresutthefuturestrengthoftheUSscienceandengineeringworkforchimperiled,NationalScienceBoardwarnedinasweepingreportissuedlastyear.可危。Globalcompetition全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Untilnow,Americahascompensatedforitsfailuretoadequatelyeducatethenextgenerationby2000,astunning38%ofUSjobsPh.D.inscienceortechnologywerefilledbypeoplewhowerebornabroad,upfrom24%in1990,accordingtotheNSB.Similarly,doctoralpositionsatteguniversitiesareoftenfilledwithforeignstudents.:200038%1990However,becausetetheglobalcompetitionforscienceandengineeringtalentisintensifying...theUSmaynotbeabletorelyontheinternationalmarkettofillurteds,NSB.Indeed,asglobalizationaccelerates,brightyoungIndianorChinesescientistsmaywellhabetteropportunitiesathomethanintheUS.全有更好的機(jī)會(huì)。Theconsequencesofthiscouldbeenormous.Becausethequalityoswocehassuchahugeinfluenceonproductivity,effectiveschoolreformcouldeasilystimulatetheeconommorethanconventionalstrategies,suchastheBushtaxcuts.ConsiderwhatwouldhappeniftheUScouldraisetheperformanceofitshighschoolstudentsonmathandsciencetothelevelsofWesternEuropewithinadecade.AccordingtoEricA.Hunushek,aseniorfellowattheHooverInstitutitStanforUniversitSgrosdomesticproductgrowthwouldthenbe4%higherthanotherwiseby2025and10%higherin30years.人員埃里克A2025GDP4%;3010%Thatmaynotsoundlikemuch.ButHanushekfiguresthatthe4%annualincreasealonewouldbeenoughtooffsettheentirecostofAmerica'spublicK-12schoolsystemforthesameyear.這聽(tīng)上去好像并不怎么樣,可是哈努謝克指出:4%的年增幅就等于美國(guó)全年從幼兒園到高中全部公立教育計(jì)劃的全部經(jīng)費(fèi)。Scienceleftbehind幕后的科技Here'wheretheproblembeginwithscienceeducati:thetimeUSstudentreachtheirsenioryearofhighschool,theyrankbelowtheircounterpartsin17othercountriesinmathandscienceliteracy,accordingtotheThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy,completedin1996-1997,thelargestinternationalstudyofstudentachievementeverconducted.Inphysics,UShighschoolseniorsscoredlastamong16countriestested.171996-1997大規(guī)模的學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)調(diào)查。在被調(diào)查的16IronicallPresidenBush’seducation-reforinitiati.ChildLeftBehind,maybeexacerbatingtheproblem,atleastfornow.BecauseNCLBnowrequiresthatstudentsbetestedjustinreadingandmath(sciencesededuntil2007)."someteachersarebeingtoldtostopteachingscienceandgetbacktoreadingandcomplainsGeraldWheeler,executivdirectooftheNationaSciencTeacherAssnwhichrepresentmorethanscienceteachers.(2007杰拉爾德是代表美國(guó)50,000名科學(xué)教師的機(jī)構(gòu)——美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)教師協(xié)會(huì)的執(zhí)行董事。Oneresultisthatmosthighschoolgraduatesaren'tadequatelypreparedforcollegelevelscienNSTAof2003highschoolgraduatesscoredhighenoughontheACTsciencetesttohaveagoodchanceofcompletingafirst-yearcollegesciencecourse.Thtsonereason,whyenrollmentsofUSstudentsinscienceandengineeringmajorshasbeenflatordeclining-evenasdemandformanyoftheseskillsincreases.,2003年26%Ill-equippedteachers教師素質(zhì)偏低Theupshot:TheUSnowranksbelow13otherandRepublicofKoreainthepercentageof24-yearoldswithacollegedegreeinthesesubjects,dowfromthirdplace25yearsago.otvetobeascientisttorecognizeatestatusquoisarecipforbigtroubeorthatreversinthislidwilrequirstrongefederaleadershiandmoremoney.25Consideronerootcauseoftheproblem:thesevereshortageofqualifiedscienceteachers.Anastonishing28%ofthosewhoteachatleastonescienceclassin7thdonmajororminorinRichardM.theUniversityofPennsylvania.Moreover,eventhosewhohaveasciencedegreeareoftenteachingoutsidetheirareaofexpertise.Inthephysiaischemistryandpysoftheinstructors’dtonhaveamajororminorinthesubjectstheyteach.28%尼亞大學(xué)教育學(xué)教授理查德M60%或輔修過(guò)他們所教授的課程。EarlihiyearTheTeachinCommission,headedbyformerIBMChairmanLouiGerstner7,arguedinareportthattheUSmustpayscienceteachersmoreifithopestosolvethisproblem.ButthatnlikelytohappenwithoutleadershipfromWashington.Asthingsstandnow,sciencegraduatessimplyhavetoomanylucrativealternativestoteaching.IBMAsAmericanationsthathavelongofmovingahead.TheUShasgraspedthislessoninmanyOlympicsports,wherestrongnationalprogramshavebeenestablishedtoensurethatAmericahassameapproachtoscienceeducationistandtolosfamorethanafewgoldmedals.Icouldultimatequanderitsleadershipoftheworldeconomy.下Unit1Tohaveamindtodoathingistoforeseeafuturepossibili;istohaveaplanforitsaccomplishment;itistonotethemeanswhichmaketheplancapableofexecutionandtheobstructionsintheway--or,ifitisreallyamindtodothethingandnotavagueaspirationitistplanwhichtakesaccountofresourcesanddifficulties.——JohnDewey——約翰·杜威TheGoodMindIsFlexible優(yōu)秀的頭腦是靈活的EdgarDal埃德加戴爾1Formanyyearswehavetalkedabouteducationinachangingsocietybuthavedonelittletoeducateforuncertainty.Perhapsthebestinsurancewecanofferforthisuncertaintyisthepresenceofagomind.Todevelopagoodmindthestudentmustlearnhowtolearnanddevelopatasteforlearning.Theworldoftomorrowneedsflexibleindividuals,intelligentlymobileindividuals,individualswholandontheirfeetwhentheirjobsbecometechnologicallyobsolete,individualswhocancopewiththeunexpected.2ToeducateforflexibilymustdistinguietweentraininandeducationTotraiistoemphasizefixedresponses,tostressimmediategoalstotheneglectoflong-termgrowth.Toeducate,however,istofosterlimitlessgrowth,lifelonglearning,todevelopthegoodmind.3MarkTwain'sstoryaboutthecatisinorderhere.Hesaidthatacatthatjumpsontoahotstovewineverjumponahotadded,everjumponacoldone.Thecatcanbetrainedbut,contrarytowhatcat-loversmaysay,cannotbeeducated.這里剛好可以用上馬克吐溫講的貓的故事。他說(shuō)跳到熱火爐上的貓?jiān)僖膊粫?huì)往熱火爐上跳。貓是無(wú)法被教育的。4Thepersoneducatedforflexibilitywillseetheworldinafresh,inventiveway.Suchapersonisnchainedtotheimmediate,thecustomary,thehabitual,notdependentonsomeoneelsetoplantherouteandshowhowtogetthere.Suchpersonswillcharttheirowncourse.Todeveloptheflexiblepersonwiththegoodmindwemustfavorthoselearningexperiencesthathavehightransfevaluetovarielifsituationemustlearhowtoteachskillttitudendconceptssothattheynotonlymeetcurrentneedsbutcanbegeneralizedtofutureneedsaswell.6EducationforflexibillcertainlincludguidanceinthefineartsIfweacceptDewq'sdefinitionofartas"theintensificationoftheordinary,"thentheteacher'staskistohelplearnethecommon placeintothecreativelStrawnofAntiochCollegdescribethiapproachtolearningas"aheighteningoftheindividual'sperceptualawareness,anintensificationofhissenseform.Heseesmoreandcomprehendsmoreofwhathesees."InAnneMorrowLindbergh'sbook,HourofCold,HourofLead:DiariesandLetters1929-1932,shesaysthat"anexperiencwasnotfinish