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AmericanNaturalismAmericanNaturalism1RealismandNaturalismPlacingeventsinthepresenttimeofthewritingAimingataccuratereproductionofthespeech,mannersandlandscapeofitsworldExploringthepsychologicallyvalidmotivationRealismandNaturalismPlacing2
"pessimisticmaterialisticdeterminism."
Naturalism'sphilosophicalframeworkcanbesimplydescribedas"pessimisticmaterialisticdeterminism."
"pessimisticmaterialisticd3(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism4(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism5Naturalisticwritersusedaversionofthescientificmethodtowritetheirnovels;theystudiedhumanbeingsgovernedbytheirinstinctsandpassionsaswellasthewaysinwhichthecharacters'livesweregovernedbyforcesofheredityandenvironment---“theentrappedman”Naturalisticwritersusedave6CharactersFrequentlyill-educatedorlower-classcharacterswhoselivesaregovernedbytheforcesofheredity,instinct,andpassion.Theyarepersonwithstronganimaldrives.CharactersFrequentlyill-educa7SettingFrequentlyanurbansettingSettingFrequentlyanurbanset8TechniquesandplotsScientificaccuracyFactualdetailAsomberanddarkpictureHopelessanddespairtoneTechniquesandplotsScientific9Themeskeythemes:
survival
Violence
determinismThemeskeythemes:10
"managainstnature”"managainsthimself"----"brutewithin."
(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism11Anindifferent,deterministicuniverse.Naturalistictextsoftendescribethefutileattemptsofhumanbeingstoexercisefreewill,oftenironicallypresented,inthisuniversethatrevealsfreewillasanillusion.(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism12SubjectMatterThesubjectmatterdealswiththoserawandunpleasantexperienceswhichreducecharactersto"degrading"behaviorintheirstruggletosurvive.
SubjectMatterThesubjectma13Writers
StephenCrane
TheodoreDreiser
JackLondon
FrankNorrisWriters
StephenCrane14FrankNorris
(1870–1902)
FrankNorris
(1870–1902)
15FrankNorris,TheOctopus(1901)FrankNorris,TheOctopus(19016StephenCraneStephenCrane17StephenCrane(1871-1900)Americanauthor,whosesecondnovel,TheRedBadgeOfCourage(1895),broughthiminternationalfame.Crane'sfirstnovel,Maggie:AGirlOfTheStreets(1893)wasamilestoneinthedevelopmentofliterarynaturalism.StephenCrane(1871-1900)Ameri18(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism19(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism20(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism21TheRedBadgeOfCourage(1895)
AModernWarNovelANovelofBildungsroman----(Novelofinitiation，Growing-upnovel，
Coming-of-agenovel)APsychologicalNaturalistNovelTheRedBadgeOfCourage(189522TheRedBadgeofCourageTheRedBadgeofCouragedepictedtheAmericanCivilWarfromthepointofviewofanordinarysoldier.Ithasbeencalledthefirstmodernwarnovel.TheRedBadgeofCourage
shatteredAmericanpreconceptionsaboutwhatawarnovelcouldbe.TheRedBadgeofCourageTheRe23ComparisonheavilyidealisticconceptVSillusions,vanity,andromanticna?veté
large,epicviewVSindividualpsychologyaworldofmoralabsolutesVSauniverseutterlyindifferenttohumanexistence.(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism24
Themes
Severalthemesrunthroughthebookandaddgreatlytoitsunity.CourageManhoodWarFearTheUniverse’sDisregardforHumanLife
Themes
Severalthemesrunt25Themes
arethefundamentalandoftenuniversalideasexploredinaliterarywork.Themesarethefundamentaland26
Symbols
Symbols
areobjects,characters,figures,orcolorsusedtorepresentabstractideasorconcepts.Craneusessymbolsinmanydifferentwaysandonmanydifferentlevels
bycreatingunusualandcompellingimages.
Symbols
Symbolsareobjects27SymbolsinthisnovelAnimalimagesColorsSymbolsinthisnovelAnimalim28Animalimages“Itwasnowlikeoneofthosemovingmonsterswendingwithmanyfeet.”“Therewasanoccasionalflashandglimmerofsteelfrombacksofallthesehugecrawlingreptiles.“Therewereliketwoserpentscrawlingfromthecavernofthenight.”“Butthelongserpentscrawledslowlyfromfromhilltohillwithoutblusterofsmoke.”Animalimages“Itwasnowlike29Colors
Redisthemostimportantcolorinthebook.Itisrelatedtobattleasitsymbolizestheblood,the
ragewhichasoldierfeels,andthecolorofthe
flag.Italsoseemstoberelatedtoanystrongemotionsuchashate.Thetitleofthebook,“TheRedBadgeofCourage”,referstothebloodywoundsreceivedinbattle.Thesewoundsaresymbolicofcourage.Colors
Redisthemostimporta30TheCharacterHenryFleming:Henry’scharactergoesthroughvariousphasesasthebookprogresses.TheCharacterHenryFleming:31Ayounguntriedsoldier–beingunsureofhimself–beingdoubtabouthimself—beingpanic-stricken–fleeing–provingtobeacoward—pretendingawoundedsoldier—facinghiscowardiceopenly–returningtohisduty—fightingbravely—beingamanandaheroAyounguntriedsoldier–being32ImportantQuotations
I“Hefeltthatinthiscrisishislawsoflifewereuseless.Whateverhehadlearnedofhimselfwashereofnoavail.Hewasanunknownquantity.Hesawthathewouldagainbeobligedtoexperimentashehadinearlyyouth.ImportantQuotationsI“Hefelt33Hemustaccumulateinformationofhimself,andmeanwhileheresolvedtoremaincloseuponhisguardlestthosequalitiesofwhichheknewnothingshouldeverlastinglydisgracehim.”Hemustaccumulateinformation34
ImportantQuotationsExplained
ThispassagefromChapterIillustratesHenry’sinitialfearaboutwhetherhehasthecouragetofacebattle,andestablishesthathispredicamentislessamatterofwarthanofknowinghimselfandjudginghisworth.Untilthismoment,Henryhasbeenayouthofcomfortableassumptions.
ImportantQuotationsExplain35Hebelieves,forinstance,thatwarexistsforthepurposeofcreatingheroes,andthatmen,whentransformedintosoldiers,areguaranteedakindofhonorthatgrantsthemprestigeinsocietyandhistory.ThepurposeofTheRedBadgeofCourageistochartHenry’spsychologicalgrowthashe“accumulatesinformationofhimself”and“experiments”withdifferenttypesofbehaviors—somecourageous,somecowardly.Hebelieves,forinstance,tha36ImportantQuotations
II“Hehadfoughtlikeapaganwhodefendshisreligion.Regardingit,hesawthatitwasfine,wildandinsomeways,easy.Hehadbeenatremendousfigure,nodoubt.ImportantQuotationsII“Hehad37Bythisstrugglehehadovercomeobstacleswhichhehadadmittedtobemountains.Theyhadfallenlikepaperpeaks,andhewasnowwhathecalledahero.Andhehadnotbeenawareoftheprocess.Hehadsleptand,awakening,foundhimselfaknight.”Bythisstrugglehehadoverco38ImportantQuotationsExplainedLaterwhenHenryactswithgreatbravery,hediscoversthattheheroicactionsareinfactnatural.Inlookingbackhisactionhereflectsthenaturalisticconcept.ImportantQuotationsExplained39JackLondonJackLondon40JackLondonJackLondon(1876-1916),prolificAmericannovelistandshortstorywriter,whoseworksdealromanticallywiththeoverwhelmingpowerofnatureandthestruggleforsurvival.JackLondonJackLondon(1876-141London’sMajorWorksTheCalloftheWild(1903)TheSeaWolf(1904)MartinEden(1909)London’sMajorWorksTheCallo42TheCalloftheWildTheCalloftheWild43(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism44TheCalloftheWild-ATypicalNaturalisticNovelPublishedin1903,ItremainsLondon’smostfamouswork,blendinghisexperiencesasagoldprospectorintheCanadianwildernesswithhisideasaboutnatureandthestruggleforexistence.AlthoughTheCalloftheWildisfirstandforemostastoryaboutadog,itdisplaysa-philosophicaldepthabsentinmostanimaladventures.TheCalloftheWild-ATypical45CharactersBuck:
partSt.Bernard,partScotchshepherd,aheroinhisownsearchforfreedom.Histransitionandtransformationfrom
domesticatedtosavageisthepremiseofthenovel.Heisborntobealeader.Buck'sgreatintelligenceanddeterminationtosucceedmarkhimassuperiortomostofthehumansinthestory.CharactersBuck:partSt.Berna46JohnThornton:
ThemanwhorescuesBuckfromHal'scruelty.Heisbyfarthemostadmirablehumancharacterinthestory,kindbutfullofthe
uncompromisingstrength
thatisnecessarytosurvive.Johnistheidealmasterbecausehisnatureissodog-like.WecanseehimasBuckinhumanform.ForhispartBucklovesJohn,andiswillingtodoabsolutelyanythingforhim.
JohnThornton:Themanwhores47Themes
TheIndispensableStruggleforMasteryThePowerofAncestralMemoryandPrimitiveInstincts(atavism)TheLawsofCivilizationandofWildernessThemes
TheIndispensableStrug48MartinEdenMartinEden49MartinEden—AnAutobiographicalNovel
HissailorandworkerdaysHisself-educationHisLoveHiseventualsuccessasanauthorHissuicide(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism50TheodoreDreiserTheodoreDreiser51TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)Anoutstandingrepresentativeofnaturalism,whosenovelsdepictreal-lifesubjectsinaharshlight.Hisprincipalconcernwaswiththeconflictbetweenhumanneedsandthedemandsofsocietyformaterialsuccess.TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)An52PrimaryWorksSisterCarrie,1900;JennieGerhardt,1911;TheFinancier,1912;
TheTitan,1914;TheGenius.1915;AnAmericanTragedy,1925;PrimaryWorks53
SisterCarrie
SisterCarrie
54CharactersCarrieMeeberCharlieDrouetGeorgeHurstwoodCharactersCarrieMeeber55Caroline(Carrie)MeeberCaroline(Carrie)Meeber56
Caroline(Carrie)Meeber,theprotagonistofthenovel,travelstoChicagotostaywithhersisterandherbrother-in-law.ThecosmopolitanconsumerworldofChicagoenthrallsher,andsheconstantlywantstobuythings.Herfirstjobisalow-paid,arduouspositioninafactory.Whenshelosesherjob,hersisterandbrother-in-lawcannotsupporther,soshebecomesCharlieDrouet'smistress.
57Afterward,shebecomesinfatuatedwithanotherman,GeorgeHurstwood.CarrieandHurstwoodruntoNewYork,wheretheydiscoverthatmarriedlifeisfarlessexcitingthantheiraffair.CarrieleavesHurstwoodbecausehefailstoprovideherwiththelavishlifeshewants.Shebecomesafamous,high-paidactressinNewYorkCity.Afterward,shebecomesinfatua58
CharlieDrouet----Charming,flashysalesman.Nevertakinganyofhisromanticaffairsseriously.
59HeprovidesCarriewithaplacetostayaftersheisforcedtostoplivingwithhersister;healsopromisestomarryher,butheneverreallyintendsonfollowingthrough.HelosesCarrietoHurstwoodandthen,yearslater,aftershehasbecomeafamousactress,triesunsuccessfullytowinherback.HeprovidesCarriewithaplac60Hurstwood&CarrieHurstwood&Carrie61
GeorgeHurstwood-----themanagerofFitzgeraldandMoy's,asalooninChicago.
AWeakandindecisivecharacterDrivenbybiologicaldesireSlowlydescendingintoapathyandpoverty.
62(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism63CarrieandHurstwoodarenatrualisticcharacters.NeitherCarrienorHurstwoodearntheirfatesthroughvirtueorvice,butratherthroughrandomcircumstance.Theirsuccessesandfailureshavenomoralvalue;thisstancemarksSisterCarrieasadeparturefromtheconventional
literatureoftheperiod.CarrieandHurstwoodarenatru64Dreiser’sCommentonSisterCarrie“Itisnotintendedasapieceofliterarycraftsmanship,butasapictureofconditionsdoneassimplyandeffectivelyastheEnglishlanguagewillpermit”Dreiser’sCommentonSisterCa65ThreeWorldsinthisNovelTheslumChicagoNewYorkThreeWorldsinthisNovelThe66SlumSlum67(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism68NewYorkNewYork69Arestaurant,forinstance,isdescribedasa"...strange,glitteringnight-flower,odour-yielding,insect-drawing,insect-infestedroseofpleasure.",adescriptionwhichsymbolizesthepowerofattractionthecityhasoveritsinhabitants,andthepromiseofamusementarestaurantcanconveyinpassersby.Arestaurant,forinstance,is70ThemeThethemeinSisterCarrie,ismaterialism.ThethemeisprimarilypersonifiedthroughCarriewithherdesireforafinehome,clothesandeverythingelsemoneycanbuy.ThemeThethemeinSisterCarr71AmericanNaturalismAmericanNaturalism72RealismandNaturalismPlacingeventsinthepresenttimeofthewritingAimingataccuratereproductionofthespeech,mannersandlandscapeofitsworldExploringthepsychologicallyvalidmotivationRealismandNaturalismPlacing73
"pessimisticmaterialisticdeterminism."
Naturalism'sphilosophicalframeworkcanbesimplydescribedas"pessimisticmaterialisticdeterminism."
"pessimisticmaterialisticd74(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism75(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism76Naturalisticwritersusedaversionofthescientificmethodtowritetheirnovels;theystudiedhumanbeingsgovernedbytheirinstinctsandpassionsaswellasthewaysinwhichthecharacters'livesweregovernedbyforcesofheredityandenvironment---“theentrappedman”Naturalisticwritersusedave77CharactersFrequentlyill-educatedorlower-classcharacterswhoselivesaregovernedbytheforcesofheredity,instinct,andpassion.Theyarepersonwithstronganimaldrives.CharactersFrequentlyill-educa78SettingFrequentlyanurbansettingSettingFrequentlyanurbanset79TechniquesandplotsScientificaccuracyFactualdetailAsomberanddarkpictureHopelessanddespairtoneTechniquesandplotsScientific80Themeskeythemes:
survival
Violence
determinismThemeskeythemes:81
"managainstnature”"managainsthimself"----"brutewithin."
(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism82Anindifferent,deterministicuniverse.Naturalistictextsoftendescribethefutileattemptsofhumanbeingstoexercisefreewill,oftenironicallypresented,inthisuniversethatrevealsfreewillasanillusion.(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism83SubjectMatterThesubjectmatterdealswiththoserawandunpleasantexperienceswhichreducecharactersto"degrading"behaviorintheirstruggletosurvive.
SubjectMatterThesubjectma84Writers
StephenCrane
TheodoreDreiser
JackLondon
FrankNorrisWriters
StephenCrane85FrankNorris
(1870–1902)
FrankNorris
(1870–1902)
86FrankNorris,TheOctopus(1901)FrankNorris,TheOctopus(19087StephenCraneStephenCrane88StephenCrane(1871-1900)Americanauthor,whosesecondnovel,TheRedBadgeOfCourage(1895),broughthiminternationalfame.Crane'sfirstnovel,Maggie:AGirlOfTheStreets(1893)wasamilestoneinthedevelopmentofliterarynaturalism.StephenCrane(1871-1900)Ameri89(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism90(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism91(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism92TheRedBadgeOfCourage(1895)
AModernWarNovelANovelofBildungsroman----(Novelofinitiation，Growing-upnovel，
Coming-of-agenovel)APsychologicalNaturalistNovelTheRedBadgeOfCourage(189593TheRedBadgeofCourageTheRedBadgeofCouragedepictedtheAmericanCivilWarfromthepointofviewofanordinarysoldier.Ithasbeencalledthefirstmodernwarnovel.TheRedBadgeofCourage
shatteredAmericanpreconceptionsaboutwhatawarnovelcouldbe.TheRedBadgeofCourageTheRe94ComparisonheavilyidealisticconceptVSillusions,vanity,andromanticna?veté
large,epicviewVSindividualpsychologyaworldofmoralabsolutesVSauniverseutterlyindifferenttohumanexistence.(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism95
Themes
Severalthemesrunthroughthebookandaddgreatlytoitsunity.CourageManhoodWarFearTheUniverse’sDisregardforHumanLife
Themes
Severalthemesrunt96Themes
arethefundamentalandoftenuniversalideasexploredinaliterarywork.Themesarethefundamentaland97
Symbols
Symbols
areobjects,characters,figures,orcolorsusedtorepresentabstractideasorconcepts.Craneusessymbolsinmanydifferentwaysandonmanydifferentlevels
bycreatingunusualandcompellingimages.
Symbols
Symbolsareobjects98SymbolsinthisnovelAnimalimagesColorsSymbolsinthisnovelAnimalim99Animalimages“Itwasnowlikeoneofthosemovingmonsterswendingwithmanyfeet.”“Therewasanoccasionalflashandglimmerofsteelfrombacksofallthesehugecrawlingreptiles.“Therewereliketwoserpentscrawlingfromthecavernofthenight.”“Butthelongserpentscrawledslowlyfromfromhilltohillwithoutblusterofsmoke.”Animalimages“Itwasnowlike100Colors
Redisthemostimportantcolorinthebook.Itisrelatedtobattleasitsymbolizestheblood,the
ragewhichasoldierfeels,andthecolorofthe
flag.Italsoseemstoberelatedtoanystrongemotionsuchashate.Thetitleofthebook,“TheRedBadgeofCourage”,referstothebloodywoundsreceivedinbattle.Thesewoundsaresymbolicofcourage.Colors
Redisthemostimporta101TheCharacterHenryFleming:Henry’scharactergoesthroughvariousphasesasthebookprogresses.TheCharacterHenryFleming:102Ayounguntriedsoldier–beingunsureofhimself–beingdoubtabouthimself—beingpanic-stricken–fleeing–provingtobeacoward—pretendingawoundedsoldier—facinghiscowardiceopenly–returningtohisduty—fightingbravely—beingamanandaheroAyounguntriedsoldier–being103ImportantQuotations
I“Hefeltthatinthiscrisishislawsoflifewereuseless.Whateverhehadlearnedofhimselfwashereofnoavail.Hewasanunknownquantity.Hesawthathewouldagainbeobligedtoexperimentashehadinearlyyouth.ImportantQuotationsI“Hefelt104Hemustaccumulateinformationofhimself,andmeanwhileheresolvedtoremaincloseuponhisguardlestthosequalitiesofwhichheknewnothingshouldeverlastinglydisgracehim.”Hemustaccumulateinformation105
ImportantQuotationsExplained
ThispassagefromChapterIillustratesHenry’sinitialfearaboutwhetherhehasthecouragetofacebattle,andestablishesthathispredicamentislessamatterofwarthanofknowinghimselfandjudginghisworth.Untilthismoment,Henryhasbeenayouthofcomfortableassumptions.
ImportantQuotationsExplain106Hebelieves,forinstance,thatwarexistsforthepurposeofcreatingheroes,andthatmen,whentransformedintosoldiers,areguaranteedakindofhonorthatgrantsthemprestigeinsocietyandhistory.ThepurposeofTheRedBadgeofCourageistochartHenry’spsychologicalgrowthashe“accumulatesinformationofhimself”and“experiments”withdifferenttypesofbehaviors—somecourageous,somecowardly.Hebelieves,forinstance,tha107ImportantQuotations
II“Hehadfoughtlikeapaganwhodefendshisreligion.Regardingit,hesawthatitwasfine,wildandinsomeways,easy.Hehadbeenatremendousfigure,nodoubt.ImportantQuotationsII“Hehad108Bythisstrugglehehadovercomeobstacleswhichhehadadmittedtobemountains.Theyhadfallenlikepaperpeaks,andhewasnowwhathecalledahero.Andhehadnotbeenawareoftheprocess.Hehadsleptand,awakening,foundhimselfaknight.”Bythisstrugglehehadoverco109ImportantQuotationsExplainedLaterwhenHenryactswithgreatbravery,hediscoversthattheheroicactionsareinfactnatural.Inlookingbackhisactionhereflectsthenaturalisticconcept.ImportantQuotationsExplained110JackLondonJackLondon111JackLondonJackLondon(1876-1916),prolificAmericannovelistandshortstorywriter,whoseworksdealromanticallywiththeoverwhelmingpowerofnatureandthestruggleforsurvival.JackLondonJackLondon(1876-1112London’sMajorWorksTheCalloftheWild(1903)TheSeaWolf(1904)MartinEden(1909)London’sMajorWorksTheCallo113TheCalloftheWildTheCalloftheWild114(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism115TheCalloftheWild-ATypicalNaturalisticNovelPublishedin1903,ItremainsLondon’smostfamouswork,blendinghisexperiencesasagoldprospectorintheCanadianwildernesswithhisideasaboutnatureandthestruggleforexistence.AlthoughTheCalloftheWildisfirstandforemostastoryaboutadog,itdisplaysa-philosophicaldepthabsentinmostanimaladventures.TheCalloftheWild-ATypical116CharactersBuck:
partSt.Bernard,partScotchshepherd,aheroinhisownsearchforfreedom.Histransitionandtransformationfrom
domesticatedtosavageisthepremiseofthenovel.Heisborntobealeader.Buck'sgreatintelligenceanddeterminationtosucceedmarkhimassuperiortomostofthehumansinthestory.CharactersBuck:partSt.Berna117JohnThornton:
ThemanwhorescuesBuckfromHal'scruelty.Heisbyfarthemostadmirablehumancharacterinthestory,kindbutfullofthe
uncompromisingstrength
thatisnecessarytosurvive.Johnistheidealmasterbecausehisnatureissodog-like.WecanseehimasBuckinhumanform.ForhispartBucklovesJohn,andiswillingtodoabsolutelyanythingforhim.
JohnThornton:Themanwhores118Themes
TheIndispensableStruggleforMasteryThePowerofAncestralMemoryandPrimitiveInstincts(atavism)TheLawsofCivilizationandofWildernessThemes
TheIndispensableStrug119MartinEdenMartinEden120MartinEden—AnAutobiographicalNovel
HissailorandworkerdaysHisself-educationHisLoveHiseventualsuccessasanauthorHissuicide(美國文學(xué)部分課件)American-Naturalism121TheodoreDreiserTheodoreDreiser122TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)Anoutstandingrepresentativeofnaturalism,whosenovelsdepictreal-lifesubjectsinaharshlight.Hisprincipalconcernwaswiththeconflictbetweenhumanneedsandthedemandsofsocietyformaterialsuccess.TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)An123PrimaryWorksSisterCarrie,1900;JennieGerhardt,1911;TheFinancier,1912;
TheTitan,1914;TheGenius.1915;AnAmericanTragedy,1925;PrimaryWorks124
SisterCarrie
SisterCarrie
125CharactersCarrieMeeberCharlieDrouetGeorgeHurstwoodCharactersCarrieMeeber126Caroline(Carrie)MeeberCaroline(Carrie)Meeber127
Caroline(Carrie)Meeber,theprotagonistofthenovel,travelstoChicagotostaywithhersisterandherbrother-in-law.ThecosmopolitanconsumerworldofChicagoenthrallsher,andsheconstantlywantstobuythings.Herfirstjo
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