Quizforlinguistics-習題集匯總整編含規(guī)范標準答案

Quizforlinguistics:Chapter1:LinguisticsandLanguage語言和語言學1.WhichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfunctionofIanguage?InterpersonalfunctionPerformativefunctionInformativefunctionRecreationalfunction2.studiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thesoundsofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnected2.speech,etc..PhonologyPhoneticsMorphologyPragmaticsPhonologyPhoneticsMorphologyPragmatics3.functionreferstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonal3.relations.a.Performativeb.Interpersonalc.Phaticd.a.Performativeb.Interpersonalc.Phaticd.4.Metalingual4.meansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.a.Creativityb.Dualityc.Arbitrarinessd.a.Creativityb.Dualityc.Arbitrarinessd.Displacement5.ByitmeansthatIanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresent5.Byornotpresent, realorimagined mattersinthepast,present, orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.a.arbitrarinessb.dualityc.creativityd.displacement6.distinguishesthelinguisticcompetenee ofthespeakerandtheactual6.distinguishesthelinguisticcompetenee ofthespeakerandtheactualproductionofspeeches.a.Chomskyb.Saussurec.Gilmand.Browna.Chomskyb.Saussurec.Gilmand.Brown7.a.Competeneeb.Performaneec.Eloqueneed.Action7.a.Competeneeb.Performaneec.Eloqueneed.ActionreferstotheactualuseofIanguageinconcretesituations.8.isthestudyofthecharacteristicsofIanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctionsandthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakersasthesethreeconstantlyinteractandchangewithinaspeechcommunity.8.b.SociolinguisticsPsycholinguisticsb.Sociolinguisticsc.Anthropologicallinguisticsd.Computationallinguisticsc.Anthropologicallinguisticsd.Computationallinguistics9.a.Pragmaticsb.Semanticsc.Syntaxd.Phonetics10.isabranchoflinguisticsconcernedinprinciplewiththephysical9.a.Pragmaticsb.Semanticsc.Syntaxd.Phonetics10.isabranchoflinguisticsconcernedinprinciplewiththephysicalstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.representationofIanguageorlinguisticprocessesinthebrain.AnthropologicallinguisticsPsychologicallinguisticsAnthropologicallinguisticsPsychologicallinguisticsComputationallinguisticsd.NeurolinguisticsComputationallinguisticsd.Neurolinguistics11.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaning incommunicationis大綱樣題）a.morphologyb.generallinguisticsc.phonology11.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaning incommunicationis大綱樣題）a.morphologyb.generallinguisticsc.phonologyd.semantics12.Syntaxisthestudyof.(2005年真題12.Syntaxisthestudyof.(2005年真題）languagefunctionsentencestructurestextualorganizationd.languagefunctionsentencestructurestextualorganizationd.wordformation13.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanIanguage?(2005年真題）ductivityc.culturaltransmissiond.finiteness14.ThedistinctionbetweenparoleandIanguewasmadeby.(2006年真題）a.Hallidayb.Chomskyc.Bductivityc.culturaltransmissiond.finiteness14.ThedistinctionbetweenparoleandIanguewasmadeby.(2006年真題）a.Hallidayb.Chomskyc.Bloomfieldd.Saussure15.referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofword15.formation.(2007年真題)a.Phonologyb.Morphologyc.Semanticsd.a.Phonologyb.Morphologyc.Semanticsd.Sociolinguistics年真16.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanIanguage?(2008年真a.Arbitrarinessb.Displacementc.Dualityd.a.Arbitrarinessb.Displacementc.Dualityd.Diachronicity17.ThestudyofthementalprocessesofIanguagecomprehensionandproductionis（2009年真題）a.corpuslinguisticsb.sociolinguisticsc.theoreticallinguisticsd.a.corpuslinguisticsb.sociolinguisticsc.theoreticallinguisticsd.pysholinguistics18.Language isatoolof communication.Thesymbol“HighwayClosed”onahighwayserves.（2010年真題18.Language isatoolof communication.Thesymbol“HighwayClosed”onahighwayserves.（2010年真題）anexpressivefunction.aninformativefunction.aperformativefunction.apersuasivefunction.19.isdefinedasthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenIanguageandmind.19.（2011年真題）a.Semanticsb.Pragmaticsc. Cognitivelinguisticsd.a.Semanticsb.Pragmaticsc. Cognitivelinguisticsd.Sociolinguistics20.Saussuredistinguishesthelinguisticcompeteneeofthespeakerasa.paroleb.languagec.systemd.langue語音學1.isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.1.AcousticphoneticsArticulatoryphoneticsAcousticphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics2.Whend.PragmaticsAuditoryphonetics2.Whend.Pragmaticsisproduced,compieteclosureofthearticulatorsisinvolvedsothattheairstreamcannotescapethroughthemouth.a.fricativeb.stopc.affricated.laterala.fricativeb.stopc.affricated.lateralIntheproductionofvowels,airisasisthecasewithconsonants.Intheproductionofvowels,airisasisthecasewithconsonants.a.notobstructedb.obstructedc.semi-obstructedd.half-obstructed4.Theideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposed bythea.notobstructedb.obstructedc.semi-obstructedd.half-obstructed4.Theideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposed bythegrammarianOttoJespersenin1886.a.Englishb.Americanc.Danishd.Frencha.Englishb.Americanc.Danishd.FrenchbyThepresentsystemoftheIPAderivesmainiyfromonedevelopedinthebytheBritishphonetician,DanielJonesandhiscolleaguesatUniversityofLondon.a.1910s1920s1930sd.1940sa.1910s1920s1930sd.1940s6.Tobespecific,dealswithhowspeechsoundsareproduced.6.Tobespecific,dealswithhowspeechsoundsareproduced.articulatoryphoneticsacousticphoneticsarticulatoryphoneticsacousticphoneticsc.auditoryphoneticsd.phonologicalphoneticsc.auditoryphoneticsAllthefollowingarethedescriptionof[P]EXCEPTa.stopb.bilabialc.alveolard.a.stopb.bilabialc.alveolard.consonantIfasinglemovementfromoneelementtoasecondelementofthetongueisinvolved,thecombinevowelsarecalleda.monophthongsb.triphthongsc.cardinalvowelsd.a.monophthongsb.triphthongsc.cardinalvowelsd.diphthongsThemostfamouscardinalvowelsystemputforwardbyDanielJonesdefinesprimarycardinalvowels.a.7b.8c.9d.10a.7b.8c.9d.10ThefollowingsbelongtoaffricatesEXCEPTa.[ts]b.[l]c.[D]d.[tr]a.[ts]b.[l]c.[D]d.[tr]Accordingtothepartofthetonguewhichisraised,thevowelscanbedividedintothefollowingthreekinds,EXCEPTfora.frontb.middlec.centrald.back12.AvowelisdifferentfromaconsonantinEnglishbecauseof.(2011年真題a.frontb.middlec.centrald.back12.AvowelisdifferentfromaconsonantinEnglishbecauseof.(2011年真題）abseneeofobstructionpreseneeofobstructionabseneeofobstructionpreseneeofobstructionmannerofarticulationplaceofarticulationmannerofarticulationplaceofarticulation13.Iftheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionwhenasoundispronounced,itisa(n)a.voicedconsonantb.voicelessconsonantc.voweld.explosivea.voicedconsonantb.voicelessconsonantc.voweld.explosive14.Theinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionisa.I.P.Ab.I.A.P.Sc.I.S.Sd.S.Sa.I.P.Ab.I.A.P.Sc.I.S.Sd.S.S丄P音位學音位學1.referstotwowordsinaIanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyone1.distinctivesound(onephoneme)andwhichalsodifferinmeaning.a.Ahonemeb.Aminimalpairc.Allophoned.Freea.Ahonemeb.Aminimalpairc.Allophoned.Freevariation2.PhonologyisthestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremadethesoundsystemofIanguageshowspeechsoundsaremadethesoundsystemofIanguagesc.speechsoundsaretransmittedhow speech soundsarec.speechsoundsaretransmittedreceived3.ThefollowingaretheprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesEXCEPTa.syllableb.stressc.toned.phonemea.syllableb.stressc.toned.phonemeWhichaspectdoesNOTbelongtothephonologicalprocess?AsetofsoundstoundergotheprocessAsetofsoundsproducedbytheprocessThelengthofthesoundsintheprocessAsetofsituationsinwhichtheprocessapplies5.referstothesoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordorone5.referstothesoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofwordfromanotherinagivenIanguage.a.Phoneb.Allophonec.Phonemed.Morphemea.Phoneb.Allophonec.Phonemed.MorphemeTheopensyllablereferstothesyllablethathasnoa.codab.onsetc.nucleusd.rhymea.codab.onsetc.nucleusd.rhymeThemeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinwhatweb.ChinesecalltoneIanguages.WhichofthefollowingistoneIanguage?b.ChineseEnglishbothEnglishandChineseNeitherEnglishnorChinesebothEnglishandChineseNeitherEnglishnorChineseIftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaa.minimalpaird.minimalsetcomplementarydistributiona.minimalpaird.minimalsetphonemiccontrastWhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureinEnglishphonology?a.aspirationb.plosivenessc.bilabialityd.voicelessness

a.aspirationb.plosivenessc.bilabialityd.voicelessness形態(tài)學1.isaunitthatcannotbedividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.a.Phonemeb.Morphemec.Lexemed.Phone2.Thewordssuchasdog,nationandclosearea.affixesb.freemorphemesc.boundmorppounds3.Thewordssuchas"smog”and”bruncharecalleda.abbreviationb.acronymc.back-formationd.blending4.Forexample,thewordbeadoriginallymeans“prayer”,butlateritrefersto“theprayerbead”形態(tài)學1.isaunitthatcannotbedividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.a.Phonemeb.Morphemec.Lexemed.Phone2.Thewordssuchasdog,nationandclosearea.affixesb.freemorphemesc.boundmorppounds3.Thewordssuchas"smog”and”bruncharecalleda.abbreviationb.acronymc.back-formationd.blending4.Forexample,thewordbeadoriginallymeans“prayer”,butlateritrefersto“theprayerbead”,andfinally “small,ball-shapedpieceofglass,metalorwood.Itiscalleda.meaningshiftb.broadeningc.narrowingd.borrowing“Kodak”isa/ana.acronymb.blendingc.coinaged.clipping6.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbsaregrammaticalwordslexicalwords

bothgrammaticalwordsandlexicalwordsneithergrammaticalwordsnorlexicalwords7.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,andarticlesareopen-classwordsclosed-classwordsbothopen-classwordsandclosedwords8.Intermsofneitheropen-classnorclosed-classwords8.Intermsof,wordscanbedividedintoclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords.a.meaningb.variabilityc.qualityd.membership9.referstoanymorphemes orcombination ofmorphemes towhichaninflectional affixcanbeadded.Itcanbeequivalenttoaroot,orarootandaa.meaningb.variabilityc.qualityd.membership9.referstoanymorphemes orcombination ofmorphemes towhichaninflectional affixcanbeadded.Itcanbeequivalenttoaroot,orarootandaderivationalaffix.a.affixb.rootc.stemd.suffixa.affixb.rootc.stemd.suffixInthefollowingwordsfoot/feet,goose/geese,theaffixesbelongtoa.suffixb.infixc.prefixd.roota.suffixb.infixc.prefixd.rootWhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?（大綱樣題）WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?（大綱樣題）a.Landladyb.Greenhousec.Upliftd.a.Landladyb.Greenhousec.Upliftd.UnacceptableThewordholidayoriginallymeant“holydayThewordholidayoriginallymeant“holyday”;butnowthewordsignifies"any（大綱樣題）dayonwhichwedon'thavetowork”.Thisisanexampleof（大綱樣題）a.meaningshiftwideningofmeaninga.meaningshiftd.lossofmeaningnarrowingofmeaningd.lossofmeaning13.Theword“13.Theword“motel”comesfrom“motor+hotel”.Thisisanexampleofinmorphology.（2010年全真）a.backformationb.conversionc.blendinginmorphology.（2010年全真）a.backformationb.conversionc.blendingd.acronym14.referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofword14.formation.（2007 年全真）a.Phonologyb.Morphologyc.Semanticsd.a.Phonologyb.Morphologyc.Semanticsd.Sociolinguistics句法學句法學1.referstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedto1.formsentencesinaIanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentence.a.Morphologyb.Syntaxc.Phoneticsd.Semanticsa.Morphologyb.Syntaxc.Phoneticsd.Semantics2.WhichoneofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoEnglishcases?a.Nominativeb.Accusativec.Genitived.Dative3.Whenawordofacertain classdetermines theformofothersintermsofa.Nominativeb.Accusativec.Genitived.Dative3.Whenawordofacertain classdetermines theformofothersintermsofcategory,ernmentc.transformationd.negation4.referstotheextenttowhichthesentenceelementcontributestothedevelopmentofthecommunication.a.C-commandb.Immediateconstituentanalysisc.Deepstructured.Communicativedynamism5.isageneraltermforverbalcategorythatdistinguishthestatusofevents.etc.inrelationtospecificperiodoftimes,asopposedtotheirsimplelocationinthepresent,past,ernmentc.transformationd.negation4.referstotheextenttowhichthesentenceelementcontributestothedevelopmentofthecommunication.a.C-commandb.Immediateconstituentanalysisc.Deepstructured.Communicativedynamism5.isageneraltermforverbalcategorythatdistinguishthestatusofevents.etc.inrelationtospecificperiodoftimes,asopposedtotheirsimplelocationinthepresent,past,orfuture.a.tenseb.timec.moodd.aspectTherelation between elements thatformpartofthesameform,sequenee,construction,etc.,e.g.betweens,p,andrinaformsuchasspring,orbetweenasubjectandaverbinconstructionssuchasBillhuntsiscalledsyntagmaticrelationparadigmaticrelation

syntagmaticrelationparadigmaticrelationb.positionalrelationrelationofsubsitutablityInEnglish,themeandrhemeareexpressedbya.subjectandobjectsubjectandpredicatepredicateandobjectobjectandpredicateClassicalCreekandArabichaveathirdnumber:,somethingliketheEnglish“both”a.singleb.pluralc.dualb.positionalrelationrelationofsubsitutablityInEnglish,themeandrhemeareexpressedbya.subjectandobjectsubjectandpredicatepredicateandobjectobjectandpredicateClassicalCreekandArabichaveathirdnumber:,somethingliketheEnglish“both”a.singleb.pluralc.duald.trialAnothermethodtoanalyzeasentencefromthefunctionalperspectiveiswhichisproposedbyJ.Firbas.a.C-commandc.deepstructureimmediateconstituentanalysisa.C-commandc.deepstructurecommunicativedynamismThoseconstructionswherethereisonlyonehead,withtheheaddominantandtheotherconstituentsbeingmodifiers,areendocentricconstructionsexocentricconstructionsc.deepstructured.surfacestructure11.Whattypeofsentenceis“Marklikesfiction,butTimisinterestedinpoetry.（2008年真題）a.asimplesentenceb.acoordinatesentencec.acomplexsentenced.noneoftheabove12.Thedistinctive featuresofaspeechvarietymaybeallthefollowing EXCEPT.（2007年真題）a.lexicalb.syntacticc.phonologicald.differentIanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled .(2009 differentIanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled .(2009 年真題）psycholinguistic.（2005年全真.（2005年全真）a.languagefunctions.b.sentencestructures.d.wordformation.d.wordformation.textualorganization.語義學1.Morespecifically.1.Morespecifically.isthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.a.pragmaticsb.semanticsc.syntaxd.phonology2.InthesemantictrianglebyOgdenandRichards,theSYMBOLorFORMreferstoa.thelinguisticelements(words,phrases)b.theobjectintheworldofexperieneec.conceptd.idea3.Tplementaryantonymy4.Theword“table”a.pragmaticsb.semanticsc.syntaxd.phonology2.InthesemantictrianglebyOgdenandRichards,theSYMBOLorFORMreferstoa.thelinguisticelements(words,phrases)b.theobjectintheworldofexperieneec.conceptd.idea3.Tplementaryantonymy4.Theword“table”hasatleastthesixmeaningssuchas“apieceoffurniture ”“allthepeopleseatedatatable”,etc.Itcanbecalledpolysemyantonymyhomonymyhyponymypolysemyantonymyhomonymyhyponymy5.Therelationbetween“dog”5.Therelationbetween“dog”and“animal”isthatofa.synonymyb.antonymyhomonymyhyponymya.synonymyb.antonymyhomonymyhyponymy6.AspecialIanguage varietythatmixesIanguages andisusedbyspeakersofa.dialectb.idiolectc.pidgind.registera.dialectb.idiolectc.pidgind.register7.Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalled.（2008called.（2008年真題）a.hyponymyb.synonymypolysemyhomonymya.hyponymyb.synonymypolysemyhomonymy8.Thewordtailoncereferredtothe“tailofahorse”8.Thewordtailoncereferredtothe“tailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal”.Thisisanexampleof.（2007年真題）a.wideningofmeaningb.narrowingofmeaninga.wideningofmeaningb.narrowingofmeaningc.meaningshiftlossofmeaning9.Theword“c.meaningshiftlossofmeaning9.Theword“kid,child,offspring”areexamplesof.（2006年真題）dialectalsynonymsb.stylisticsynonymsdialectalsynonymsb.stylisticsynonymsc.emotivesynonymscollocationalsynonyms10.Thenoun“c.emotivesynonymscollocationalsynonyms10.Thenoun“tear”andtheverb“tear”pietehomonymsd.allophones語用學1.Pragmaticsisgenerallythestudyofnatural Ianguage understanding, andspecificallythestudyofhowinfluencestheinterpretationofmeanings.specificallythestudyofhowa.wordb.contextc.sentenced.Ianguageform2.SpeechActTheoryisthefirstmajortheoryinthestudyofIanguageinuse,whichoriginatedwiththeOxfordphilosophera.HerbertPaulGriceb.DanSperberc.DeirdreWilsond.JohnLangshawAustin3.A(n)isusingasentencetoperformafunction.a.LocutionaryActb.IllocutionaryActc.PerlocutionaryActd.In-locutionaryAct4.Thesecond majortheoryinpragmaticsisthetheoryofconversationalimplicature,proposedbyOxfordphilosophera.J.Austinb.Hallidayc.HerbertPaulGriced.a.wordb.contextc.sentenced.Ianguageform2.SpeechActTheoryisthefirstmajortheoryinthestudyofIanguageinuse,whichoriginatedwiththeOxfordphilosophera.HerbertPaulGriceb.DanSperberc.DeirdreWilsond.JohnLangshawAustin3.A(n)isusingasentencetoperformafunction.a.LocutionaryActb.IllocutionaryActc.PerlocutionaryActd.In-locutionaryAct4.Thesecond majortheoryinpragmaticsisthetheoryofconversationalimplicature,proposedbyOxfordphilosophera.J.Austinb.Hallidayc.HerbertPaulGriced.SaussureThefollowingmaximsaretheCooperativePrinciplesExcepta.quantitymaximb.qualitymaximc.distaneemaximd.a.quantitymaximb.qualitymaximc.distaneemaximd.relationmaximWhichofthefollowingisNOTthecharacteristicofImplicature?a.calculabilityb.cancellabilityc.non-detachabilityd.a.calculabilityb.cancellabilityc.non-detachabilityd.ChangeabilityDanSperberandDeirdre Wilson arguethatallGriceanmaximsshouldbereducedtoasingleprincipleofa.relevaneeb.coordinationagreementd.reciprocity8.ThenotionofisessentialtothepragmaticstudyofIanguage?municationb.contextc.speechacttheoryd.wordsChangeabilityDanSperberandDeirdre Wilson arguethatallGriceanmaximsshouldbereducedtoasingleprincipleofa.relevaneeb.coordinationagreementd.reciprocity8.ThenotionofisessentialtothepragmaticstudyofIanguage?municationb.contextc.speechacttheoryd.words9.Whenaspeakerexpresseshisintentionofspeaking,suchasaskingsomeonetoopenthewindow,heisperforming.(2009年真題openthewindow,heisperforming.(2009年真題）anillocutionaryactaperlocutionaryactanillocutionaryactaperlocutionaryactd.noneoftheabovec.alocutionaryact10.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionofd.noneoftheabove（2006年真題）a.referenceb.meaningc.antonymyd.context11.Thespeechacttheorywasfirstputforwardby.(2005年真題）a.JohnSearleb.JohnAustinc.NoamChomskyd.a.referenceb.meaningc.antonymyd.context11.Thespeechacttheorywasfirstputforwardby.(2005年真題）a.JohnSearleb.JohnAustinc.NoamChomskyd.M.A.KHalliday12.Theforceofa/anactisidenticalwiththespeakersintention.a.illocutionaryb.locutionaryc.perlocutionaryd.12.Theforceofa/anactisidenticalwiththespeakersintention.a.illocutionaryb.locutionaryc.perlocutionaryd.Prelocutionary其他Thedefinition “theactofusing,orpromoting theuseofseveralIanguages,referstoeitherbyanindividual speakerorbyacommunityofspeakers”refersto（2011年全真）a.pidginb.creolec.multilingualismd.a.pidginb.creolec.multilingualismd.bilingualism2.referstothelearninganddevelopmentofaIanguage.(2010年全真2.referstothelearninganddevelopmentofaIanguage.(2010年全真）a.LanguageacquisitionLanguagecomprehensiona.LanguageacquisitionLanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionLanguageinstructionLanguageproductionLanguageinstructionAspecialIanguage varietythatmixesIanguagesandisusedbyspeakersofdifferentIanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled.(2009年全真）a.dialect.b.idiolect.c.pidgin.Ianguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled.(2009年全真）a.dialect.b.idiolect.c.pidgin.d.register.ThedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvarietymaybeallthefollowingEXCEPT（2007年全真）a.lexicalb.syntacticc.phonologicald.5.Withthepsycholinguistic5.Withthe,LatinwordswereaddedintothevocabularyoftheIanguagespokeninBritain.invasionoftheRomansChristianizationofBritaind.NormanConquestd.NormanConquestScandinavianinvasion現(xiàn)代語言學理論和流派1.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownforitscontributiontothedistinctionbetweenphoneticsanda.soundb.phonemec.phonologyd.phonea.soundb.phonemec.phonologyd.phoneThefounderoftheLondonSchoolistheBritishlinguista.J.R.Firthb.Hallidayc.Bloomfieldd.Sapira.J.R.Firthb.Hallidayc.Bloomfieldd.SapirFirthinsis