企業(yè)組織形式課件

Chapter3ORGANIZINGANDFINANCINGANEWVENTURE

ENTREPRENEURIALFINANCE

1Chapter3ORGANIZINGANDFINANCChapter3:LearningObjectivesDescribetheproprietorship,partnership,&corporateformsofbusinessIdentifyalimitedliabilitycompany(LLC)Describethebenefits,risks,&basictaxaspectsofvariousorganizationalformsDiscusstheuseofpatents&tradesecretstoprotectintellectualproperty2Chapter3:LearningObjectivesChapter3:LearningObjectives(continued)Discusstheuseoftrademarks©rightstoprotectintellectualpropertyDescribehowconfidentialdisclosureagreements&employmentcontractsareusedtoprotectintellectualpropertyrightsExplainhowfinancingisobtainedviafinancialbootstrapping&throughbusinessangels3Chapter3:LearningObjectivesFormsofBusinessOrganization

企業(yè)組織形式Proprietorships（獨(dú)資企業(yè)）Partnerships（合資企業(yè)）GeneralLimitedCorporations（股份公司）CcorporationsS(orSubchapterS)corporationsLimitedLiabilityCompanies(LLCs)（有限責(zé)任公司）4FormsofBusinessOrganizationProprietorships獨(dú)資企業(yè)Proprietorship:獨(dú)資企業(yè)定義 businessventureownedbyanindividualwhoispersonallyliablefortheventure’sliabilitiesUnlimitedliability: personalobligationtopayaventure’sliabilitiesnotcoveredbytheventure’sassets5Proprietorships獨(dú)資企業(yè)ProprietorPartnerships合伙（資）企業(yè)Partnership:合伙（資）企業(yè)定義 businessventureownedbytwoormoreindividualswhoarejointlyandpersonallyliablefortheventure’sliabilitiesJointLiability: legalactiontreatsallpartnersequallyasagroup6Partnerships合伙（資）企業(yè)PartnershiPartnerships(continued)

合伙（資）企業(yè)JointandSeveralLiability: allowssubsetsofpartnerstobetheobjectoflegalactionrelatedtothepartnershipLimitedPartnership: limitslimitedpartnerliabilitiesinapartnershiptotheamountoftheirequitycapitalcontributiontothepartnership7Partnerships(continued)

合伙（資）Corporations股份制公司Corporation:股份制公司定義 alegalentitythatseparatespersonalassetsoftheowners(shareholders)fromthefirm’sassetsLimitedLiability: creditorscanseizethecorporation’sassetsbuthavenorecourseagainsttheshareholders’personalassetsCorporateCharter:股份制公司章程 legaldocumentthatestablishesthecorporationSCorporation:小股份制公司 provideslimitedliabilityforshareholderspluscorporateincomeistaxedlikepersonalincometotheshareholders8Corporations股份制公司Corporation:股LimitedLiabilityCompanies(LLCs)有限責(zé)任制公司LimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC):有限責(zé)任制公司定義 abusinessorganizationownedby“members”(shareholders)withlimitedliabilityMajorIncentiveforOrganizingasanLLCearningscanbetaxedatthepersonalincometaxratesofthemembers9LimitedLiabilityCompanies(LBasesforComparingVariousBusinessOrganizationalForms

各類企業(yè)組織形式比較基數(shù)NumberofOwners&EaseofStartup（企業(yè)所有者數(shù)量及是否容易組建）InvestorLiability（投資者的償債責(zé)任）EquityCapitalSources（股權(quán)資本來源）FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership（企業(yè)的生命周期與所有權(quán)的流動(dòng)性）Taxation（企業(yè)所得稅）10BasesforComparingVariousBuNumberofOwners&EaseofStartup企業(yè)所有者數(shù)量及是否容易組建Proprietorshipone;lowtime&legalcostsPartnership(general)twoormore;moderatetime&legalcostsLimitedPartnershiponeormoregeneral&oneormorelimitedpartners;moderatetime&legalcosts11NumberofOwners&EaseofStaNumberofOwners&EaseofStartup(continued)

企業(yè)所有者數(shù)量及是否容易組建Corporation(C)oneormore,withnolimit;hightime&legalcostsS(SubchapterS)Corporationlessthan75owners;hightime&legalcosts

LimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)oneormore,withnolimit;hightime&legalcosts12NumberofOwners&EaseofStaInvestorLiability投資者的償債責(zé)任ProprietorshipunlimitedPartnership(general)unlimited(joint&severalliability)LimitedPartnershiplimitedpartners’liabilitylimitedtotheirinvestments13InvestorLiability投資者的償債責(zé)任PropInvestorLiability(continued)

投資者的償債責(zé)任Corporation(C)limitedtoshareholders’investmentsS(SubchapterS)Corporationlimitedtoshareholders’investmentsLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)limitedtoowners’investments14InvestorLiability(continued)EquityCapitalSources

股權(quán)資本來源ProprietorshipownerPartnership(general)partners,families,&friendsLimitedPartnershipgeneralandlimitedpartners15EquityCapitalSources

股權(quán)資本來源PEquityCapitalSources(continued)股權(quán)資本來源Corporation(C)ventureinvestors&commonshareholdersS(SubchapterS)Corporationventureinvestors&SubchapterSinvestorsLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)ventureinvestors&equityofferingstoowners16EquityCapitalSources(continFirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership

企業(yè)的生命周期與所有權(quán)的流動(dòng)性Partnershiplifedeterminedbyowner;oftendifficulttotransferownershipPartnership(general)lifedeterminedbypartners;oftendifficulttotransferownershipLimitedPartnershiplifedeterminedbygeneralpartner;oftendifficulttotransferownership17FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnerFirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership(continued)Corporation(C)unlimitedlife;usuallyeasytotransferownershipS(SubchapterS)Corporationunlimitedlife;oftendifficulttotransferownershipLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)lifesetbyowners;oftendifficulttotransferownership18FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnerTaxation公司所得稅ProprietorshippersonaltaxratePartnership(general)personaltaxratesLimitedPartnershippersonaltaxrates19Taxation公司所得稅Proprietorship19Taxation(continued)公司所得稅Corporation(C)corporatetaxation;dividendssubjecttopersonaltaxratesS(SubchapterS)Corporationincomeflowstoshareholders;taxedatpersonaltaxratesLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)incomeflowstoowners;taxedatpersonaltaxrates20Taxation(continued)公司所得稅CorpoWhatisIntellectualProperty?

什么是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)？IntellectualProperty:知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)定義

aventure’sintangibleassetsandhumancapitalandincludesinventionsandinnovationsthatcanbeprotectedfrombeingfreelyusedorcopiedbyothers21WhatisIntellectualProperty?ProtectingValuable

IntangibleAssets

無形資產(chǎn)的保護(hù)措施ThereareFourFormsofProtection:Patents專利TradeSecrets商業(yè)秘密Trademarks商標(biāo)Copyrights版權(quán)22ProtectingValuable

IntangiblIntellectualPropertyProtectionMethods:BasicDefinitionsPatents:(專利）

intellectualpropertyrightsgrantedforinventionsthatareuseful,novel,andnon-obviousTradeSecrets:（商業(yè)秘密） intellectualpropertyrightsintheformofinventionsandinformationnotgenerallyknowntoothersthatconveyeconomicadvantagestotheholders23IntellectualPropertyProtectiIntellectualPropertyProtectionMethods:BasicDefinitions(cont’d)Trademarks:（商標(biāo)）

intellectualpropertyrightsthatallowfirmstodifferentiatetheirproducts&servicesthroughtheuseofuniquemarksCopyrights:（版權(quán)） intellectualpropertyrightstowritingsinwrittenandelectronicallystoredforms24IntellectualPropertyProtectiPatentBasics專利基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)Intellectualpropertyrightsgrantedforinventionsthatare“useful,”“novel,”and“non-obvious.”“創(chuàng)新的”、“非顯而易見”。PatentsaregrantedbytheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficePatentlawisverycomplex(youneedtohireapatentapplicationsspecialistlawyer)25PatentBasics專利基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)IntellectuaFourKindsofPatents:四種類型的專利1.

UtilityPatents:實(shí)用專利 covermechanicalorgeneralinventions,chemicalinventions,&electricalinventions2. DesignPatents:外觀設(shè)計(jì)專利

coverthe“appearance”ofitems(e.g.,sportsuniforms,electronicproducts,&autos)3. PlantPatents:植物專利 protectdiscoveriesofasexualreproductionmethodsofnewplantvarieties保護(hù)無性繁殖方法發(fā)現(xiàn)的新植物品種4. BusinessMethodPatents:商業(yè)模式（方法）專利 protectspecificwaysofdoingbusinessandtheunderlyingcomputercodesandtechnology. 26FourKindsofPatents:四種類型的專利1UtilityPatents:BasicInformation

實(shí)用專利基本信息AnewideabyitselfcannotbepatentedTheideamustbepartofaninventionthathasa“physicalform”suchasaproductThephysicalformalsocanexistasasequenceofstepscontainedinaprocessorthedeliveryofaservice27UtilityPatents:BasicInformaUtilityPatents:ApplicationProcess實(shí)用專利：申請(qǐng)程序DeveloporconceiveaninventionPrepare(you,oraregisteredpatentattorneyonyourbehalf)apatentapplicationFiletheapplicationinU.S.Patent&TrademarkOfficeIfsuccessful,theutilitypatentlifewillbe20years(priortomid-1995thelifewas17years)28UtilityPatents:ApplicationPUtilityPatents:ProvisionalPatentApplication臨時(shí)專利申請(qǐng)Beginninginmid-1995,inventorswerepermittedtofileaprovisionalapplicationFilingdatescanbeestablishedmorequickly&atlowercosts,&smallentitiesarechargedlowerfilingfeesAllowstheinventortousetheterm“patentpending”ontheinventionHowever,patentrights&protectionoccuronlywhenapatentisissued29UtilityPatents:ProvisionalPProvisionalPatentApplicationRequirements&Conditions

臨時(shí)專利申請(qǐng)的要求與條件Aninventiontitle,theinventor’sname,residence,&addressforcorrespondenceClearlywrittendescriptionand“drawings”Apersonskilledintheartoftheinvention’sareashouldbeabletouseorpracticetheinventionHasalifeof12months&willbeabandonedunlessaregularpatentapplicationisfiled30ProvisionalPatentApplicationRegularPatentApplicationRequirements常規(guī)專利申請(qǐng)要求Adetailedwrittendescriptionoftheinvention&detaileddrawingsofhowtheinventionworksOneormoreclaimsjustifyingwhytheinventionshouldbepatentedInventormustindicatethe“bestuse”ormethodofpracticingorcarryingouttheinvention31RegularPatentApplicationReqWhyMightYourPatentApplicationbeRejected?Forapatentapplicationtobeaccepted,theinventionmustbe:Useful有用 theinventioncannotjust“donothing”Novel新創(chuàng) theinventionwasnotpreviouslyproduced,describedinapublication,orpatentedNon-Obvious“非顯而易見” inventionshouldbe“non-obvious”toapersonwithordinaryskillsintheartoftheinvention’sareaorsubject32WhyMightYourPatentApplicatWhyMightYourPatentApplicationbeRejected(cont’d)?Timingoffilingtheapplicationmustbefiledwithinoneyearoffirstintroductiontothepublicinthefuture,itmaybenecessarytofilepriortoanypublicdisclosureoruse33WhyMightYourPatentApplicatWhatDoesHavingaPatentdofortheInventor?ThegovernmentdoesnotenforceyourrightsTheburdenofenforcingthepatentlieswiththeinventorandenforcementcanbecostlyRecordsindicatethatoverone-halfofpatentinfringementsuitstakentocourtarenotupheldonbehalfoftheinventor34WhatDoesHavingaPatentdofTradeSecrets商業(yè)秘密Tradesecrets:intellectualpropertyrightsintheformofinventions&information(e.g.,formulas,processes,customerlists,etc.)Tradesecretsarenotgenerallyknowntoothers&conveyeconomicadvantagestotheholders35TradeSecrets商業(yè)秘密TradesecretsTradeSecrets(continued)WhyConsiderProtectionasaTradeSecretinsteadofasaPatent?tradesecretlawcansometimesprotectinventionsthatdidnotqualifyforpatentssomeinventorswanttoavoidthedetaileddisclosurerequiredbytheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficetherearenotimerestrictionsontradesecrets(incontrasttopatents)OtherMethods36TradeSecrets(continued)WhyCTradeSecrets(continued)WhatareDrawbacksofSeekingProtectionunderTradeSecretsLaw?尋求商業(yè)秘密法律保護(hù)的缺陷是什么？thereisnoformalprocedureforobtainingprotectionasatradesecretprotectionisestablishedbythesecret’scharacteristics&effortstoprotectitholdersdonothaveexclusive“rights”towhatcomprisesthesecret(someonecouldindependentlyreplicatethesecret)OtherMethods37TradeSecrets(continued)WhatTrademarks商標(biāo)WhatareTrademarks?Intellectualpropertyrightsthatallowfirmsorotherstodifferentiatetheirproducts&servicesthroughtheuseofunique“marks”Marksallowconsumerstoeasilyidentifythesource&qualityofproducts/services38Trademarks商標(biāo)WhatareTrademarkTrademarks(continued)商標(biāo)Mosttrademarkstaketheformofnames,words,orgraphicdesignsTrademarksalsocanbeontheshapeofpackages,colors,odors,&soundsTrademarksarethemostvaluableformofintellectualpropertyformanyfirmsAtrademarkshouldbesuggestiveof(butnotdescribe)aproductorproductline

39Trademarks(continued)商標(biāo)MosttTrademarks(continued)商標(biāo)HowdoYouObtainorDiscloseaTrademark(or?)?noformalgovernmentprocedureexistsforestablishingatrademarkownershipisestablishedbybeingfirsttousethemarkonproductsatrademarkcanbelostifthemarkbecomesagenerictermorlabel(e.g.,“aspirin”or“cellophane”)40Trademarks(continued)商標(biāo)HowdoTrademarks(continued)商標(biāo)HowdoYouRegisteraTrademark?atrademarkcanberegisteredinindividualstatesorwiththeU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficeafederalregistrationshouldbeusedifaproductissoldinmorethanonestateproductswithfederallyregisteredtrademarksshowthetrademarkaccompaniedby?41Trademarks(continued)商標(biāo)HowdoCopyrights版權(quán)Intellectualpropertyrightsto“writings”inwrittenandelectronically-storedformsProtectsthe“formofexpressionofanidea”andnotjustwordsthemselvesTraditionalwaytoestablishacopyrightisto“publish”yourbookorotherworkaccompaniedbyacopyrightnoticeusingtheword“Copyright”orthesymbol?42Copyrights版權(quán)IntellectualpropeSeed&StartupFinancing

孵化（種子）期及啟動(dòng)期經(jīng)費(fèi)的籌措FinancialBootstrappingminimizingneedforfinancialcapital&findinguniquewaysoffinancinganewventureBusinessAngelFunding天使資金wealthyindividualswhoinvestmoneyinfledglingventuresinexchangefortheexcitementoflaunchingabusiness&ashareinanyfinancialrewards43Seed&StartupFinancing

孵化（種子OtherMethodsforProtectingIntellectualPropertyRightsConfidentialDisclosureAgreements:documentsusedtoprotectanideaorotherformsofintellectualpropertywhendisclosuremustbemadetoanotherindividualororganizationEmploymentContracts:agreementsbetweenanemployerandemployeewherebytheemployeremploystheemployeeinexchangefortheemployeeagreeingtokeepconfidentialinformationsecretandtoassignideasandinventionstotheemployer44OtherMethodsforProtectingIChapter3ORGANIZINGANDFINANCINGANEWVENTURE

ENTREPRENEURIALFINANCE

45Chapter3ORGANIZINGANDFINANCChapter3:LearningObjectivesDescribetheproprietorship,partnership,&corporateformsofbusinessIdentifyalimitedliabilitycompany(LLC)Describethebenefits,risks,&basictaxaspectsofvariousorganizationalformsDiscusstheuseofpatents&tradesecretstoprotectintellectualproperty46Chapter3:LearningObjectivesChapter3:LearningObjectives(continued)Discusstheuseoftrademarks©rightstoprotectintellectualpropertyDescribehowconfidentialdisclosureagreements&employmentcontractsareusedtoprotectintellectualpropertyrightsExplainhowfinancingisobtainedviafinancialbootstrapping&throughbusinessangels47Chapter3:LearningObjectivesFormsofBusinessOrganization

企業(yè)組織形式Proprietorships（獨(dú)資企業(yè)）Partnerships（合資企業(yè)）GeneralLimitedCorporations（股份公司）CcorporationsS(orSubchapterS)corporationsLimitedLiabilityCompanies(LLCs)（有限責(zé)任公司）48FormsofBusinessOrganizationProprietorships獨(dú)資企業(yè)Proprietorship:獨(dú)資企業(yè)定義 businessventureownedbyanindividualwhoispersonallyliablefortheventure’sliabilitiesUnlimitedliability: personalobligationtopayaventure’sliabilitiesnotcoveredbytheventure’sassets49Proprietorships獨(dú)資企業(yè)ProprietorPartnerships合伙（資）企業(yè)Partnership:合伙（資）企業(yè)定義 businessventureownedbytwoormoreindividualswhoarejointlyandpersonallyliablefortheventure’sliabilitiesJointLiability: legalactiontreatsallpartnersequallyasagroup50Partnerships合伙（資）企業(yè)PartnershiPartnerships(continued)

合伙（資）企業(yè)JointandSeveralLiability: allowssubsetsofpartnerstobetheobjectoflegalactionrelatedtothepartnershipLimitedPartnership: limitslimitedpartnerliabilitiesinapartnershiptotheamountoftheirequitycapitalcontributiontothepartnership51Partnerships(continued)

合伙（資）Corporations股份制公司Corporation:股份制公司定義 alegalentitythatseparatespersonalassetsoftheowners(shareholders)fromthefirm’sassetsLimitedLiability: creditorscanseizethecorporation’sassetsbuthavenorecourseagainsttheshareholders’personalassetsCorporateCharter:股份制公司章程 legaldocumentthatestablishesthecorporationSCorporation:小股份制公司 provideslimitedliabilityforshareholderspluscorporateincomeistaxedlikepersonalincometotheshareholders52Corporations股份制公司Corporation:股LimitedLiabilityCompanies(LLCs)有限責(zé)任制公司LimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC):有限責(zé)任制公司定義 abusinessorganizationownedby“members”(shareholders)withlimitedliabilityMajorIncentiveforOrganizingasanLLCearningscanbetaxedatthepersonalincometaxratesofthemembers53LimitedLiabilityCompanies(LBasesforComparingVariousBusinessOrganizationalForms

各類企業(yè)組織形式比較基數(shù)NumberofOwners&EaseofStartup（企業(yè)所有者數(shù)量及是否容易組建）InvestorLiability（投資者的償債責(zé)任）EquityCapitalSources（股權(quán)資本來源）FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership（企業(yè)的生命周期與所有權(quán)的流動(dòng)性）Taxation（企業(yè)所得稅）54BasesforComparingVariousBuNumberofOwners&EaseofStartup企業(yè)所有者數(shù)量及是否容易組建Proprietorshipone;lowtime&legalcostsPartnership(general)twoormore;moderatetime&legalcostsLimitedPartnershiponeormoregeneral&oneormorelimitedpartners;moderatetime&legalcosts55NumberofOwners&EaseofStaNumberofOwners&EaseofStartup(continued)

企業(yè)所有者數(shù)量及是否容易組建Corporation(C)oneormore,withnolimit;hightime&legalcostsS(SubchapterS)Corporationlessthan75owners;hightime&legalcosts

LimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)oneormore,withnolimit;hightime&legalcosts56NumberofOwners&EaseofStaInvestorLiability投資者的償債責(zé)任ProprietorshipunlimitedPartnership(general)unlimited(joint&severalliability)LimitedPartnershiplimitedpartners’liabilitylimitedtotheirinvestments57InvestorLiability投資者的償債責(zé)任PropInvestorLiability(continued)

投資者的償債責(zé)任Corporation(C)limitedtoshareholders’investmentsS(SubchapterS)Corporationlimitedtoshareholders’investmentsLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)limitedtoowners’investments58InvestorLiability(continued)EquityCapitalSources

股權(quán)資本來源ProprietorshipownerPartnership(general)partners,families,&friendsLimitedPartnershipgeneralandlimitedpartners59EquityCapitalSources

股權(quán)資本來源PEquityCapitalSources(continued)股權(quán)資本來源Corporation(C)ventureinvestors&commonshareholdersS(SubchapterS)Corporationventureinvestors&SubchapterSinvestorsLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)ventureinvestors&equityofferingstoowners60EquityCapitalSources(continFirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership

企業(yè)的生命周期與所有權(quán)的流動(dòng)性Partnershiplifedeterminedbyowner;oftendifficulttotransferownershipPartnership(general)lifedeterminedbypartners;oftendifficulttotransferownershipLimitedPartnershiplifedeterminedbygeneralpartner;oftendifficulttotransferownership61FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnerFirmLife&LiquidityofOwnership(continued)Corporation(C)unlimitedlife;usuallyeasytotransferownershipS(SubchapterS)Corporationunlimitedlife;oftendifficulttotransferownershipLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)lifesetbyowners;oftendifficulttotransferownership62FirmLife&LiquidityofOwnerTaxation公司所得稅ProprietorshippersonaltaxratePartnership(general)personaltaxratesLimitedPartnershippersonaltaxrates63Taxation公司所得稅Proprietorship19Taxation(continued)公司所得稅Corporation(C)corporatetaxation;dividendssubjecttopersonaltaxratesS(SubchapterS)Corporationincomeflowstoshareholders;taxedatpersonaltaxratesLimitedLiabilityCompany(LLC)incomeflowstoowners;taxedatpersonaltaxrates64Taxation(continued)公司所得稅CorpoWhatisIntellectualProperty?

什么是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)？IntellectualProperty:知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)定義

aventure’sintangibleassetsandhumancapitalandincludesinventionsandinnovationsthatcanbeprotectedfrombeingfreelyusedorcopiedbyothers65WhatisIntellectualProperty?ProtectingValuable

IntangibleAssets

無形資產(chǎn)的保護(hù)措施ThereareFourFormsofProtection:Patents專利TradeSecrets商業(yè)秘密Trademarks商標(biāo)Copyrights版權(quán)66ProtectingValuable

IntangiblIntellectualPropertyProtectionMethods:BasicDefinitionsPatents:(專利）

intellectualpropertyrightsgrantedforinventionsthatareuseful,novel,andnon-obviousTradeSecrets:（商業(yè)秘密） intellectualpropertyrightsintheformofinventionsandinformationnotgenerallyknowntoothersthatconveyeconomicadvantagestotheholders67IntellectualPropertyProtectiIntellectualPropertyProtectionMethods:BasicDefinitions(cont’d)Trademarks:（商標(biāo)）

intellectualpropertyrightsthatallowfirmstodifferentiatetheirproducts&servicesthroughtheuseofuniquemarksCopyrights:（版權(quán)） intellectualpropertyrightstowritingsinwrittenandelectronicallystoredforms68IntellectualPropertyProtectiPatentBasics專利基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)Intellectualpropertyrightsgrantedforinventionsthatare“useful,”“novel,”and“non-obvious.”“創(chuàng)新的”、“非顯而易見”。PatentsaregrantedbytheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficePatentlawisverycomplex(youneedtohireapatentapplicationsspecialistlawyer)69PatentBasics專利基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)IntellectuaFourKindsofPatents:四種類型的專利1.

UtilityPatents:實(shí)用專利 covermechanicalorgeneralinventions,chemicalinventions,&electricalinventions2. DesignPatents:外觀設(shè)計(jì)專利

coverthe“appearance”ofitems(e.g.,sportsuniforms,electronicproducts,&autos)3. PlantPatents:植物專利 protectdiscoveriesofasexualreproductionmethodsofnewplantvarieties保護(hù)無性繁殖方法發(fā)現(xiàn)的新植物品種4. BusinessMethodPatents:商業(yè)模式（方法）專利 protectspecificwaysofdoingbusinessandtheunderlyingcomputercodesandtechnology. 70FourKindsofPatents:四種類型的專利1UtilityPatents:BasicInformation

實(shí)用專利基本信息AnewideabyitselfcannotbepatentedTheideamustbepartofaninventionthathasa“physicalform”suchasaproductThephysicalformalsocanexistasasequenceofstepscontainedinaprocessorthedeliveryofaservice71UtilityPatents:BasicInformaUtilityPatents:ApplicationProcess實(shí)用專利：申請(qǐng)程序DeveloporconceiveaninventionPrepare(you,oraregisteredpatentattorneyonyourbehalf)apatentapplicationFiletheapplicationinU.S.Patent&TrademarkOfficeIfsuccessful,theutilitypatentlifewillbe20years(priortomid-1995thelifewas17years)72UtilityPatents:ApplicationPUtilityPatents:ProvisionalPatentApplication臨時(shí)專利申請(qǐng)Beginninginmid-1995,inventorswerepermittedtofileaprovisionalapplicationFilingdatescanbeestablishedmorequickly&atlowercosts,&smallentitiesarechargedlowerfilingfeesAllowstheinventortousetheterm“patentpending”ontheinventionHowever,patentrights&protectionoccuronlywhenapatentisissued73UtilityPatents:ProvisionalPProvisionalPatentApplicationRequirements&Conditions

臨時(shí)專利申請(qǐng)的要求與條件Aninventiontitle,theinventor’sname,residence,&addressforcorrespondenceClearlywrittendescriptionand“drawings”Apersonskilledintheartoftheinvention’sareashouldbeabletouseorpracticetheinventionHasalifeof12months&willbeabandonedunlessaregularpatentapplicationisfiled74ProvisionalPatentApplicationRegularPatentApplicationRequirements常規(guī)專利申請(qǐng)要求Adetailedwrittendescriptionoftheinvention&detaileddrawingsofhowtheinventionworksOneormoreclaimsjustifyingwhytheinventionshouldbepatentedInventormustindicatethe“bestuse”ormethodofpracticingorcarryingouttheinvention75RegularPatentApplicationReqWhyMightYourPatentApplicationbeRejected?Forapatentapplicationtobeaccepted,theinventionmustbe:Useful有用 theinventioncannotjust“donothing”Novel新創(chuàng) theinventionwasnotpreviouslyproduced,describedinapublication,orpatentedNon-Obvious“非顯而易見” inventionshouldbe“non-obvious”toapersonwithordinaryskillsintheartoftheinvention’sareaorsubject76WhyMightYourPatentApplicatWhyMightYourPatentApplicationbeRejected(cont’d)?Timingoffilingtheapplicationmustbefiledwithinoneyearoffirstintroductiontothepublicinthefuture,itmaybenecessarytofilepriortoanypublicdisclosureoruse77WhyMightYourPatentApplicatWhatDoesHavingaPatentdofortheInventor?ThegovernmentdoesnotenforceyourrightsTheburdenofenforcingthepatentlieswiththeinventorandenforcementcanbecostlyRecordsindicatethatoverone-halfofpatentinfringementsuitstakentocourtarenotupheldonbehalfoftheinventor78WhatDoesHavingaPatentdofTradeSecrets商業(yè)秘密Tradesecrets:intellectualpropertyrightsintheformofinventions&information(e.g.,formulas,processes,customerlists,etc.)Tradesecretsarenotgenerallyknowntoothers&conveyeconomicadvantagestotheholders79TradeSecrets商業(yè)秘密TradesecretsTradeSecrets(continued)WhyConsiderProtectionasaTradeSecretinsteadofasaPatent?tradesecretlawcansometimesprotectinventionsthatdidnotqualifyforpatentssomeinventorswanttoavoidthedetaileddisclosurerequiredbytheU.S.PatentandTrademarkOfficetherearenotimerestrictionsontradesecrets(incontrasttopatents)OtherMethods80TradeSecrets(continued)WhyCTradeSecrets(continued)WhatareDrawbacksofSeekingProtectionunderTradeSecretsLaw?尋求商業(yè)秘密法律保護(hù)的缺陷是什么？thereisnoformalproced