現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語第5冊(精讀5)lesson 4課件

Lesson4ProfessionsforWomen

ContentsWarmup&Preview1Background2TextAnalysis3Extension4Contents

Warmup:sexismagainstwomenBackground:VirginiaWoolf;StreamofConsciousnessTextappreciation:theorganizationofthespeech;thecharacteristicoflanguageinthespeech;therhetoricaldevicesExtension:introductiontothemostinfluentialwomenintheworldSexismagainstWomenTheterm'sexism'ismostcommonlyappliedtosexismagainstwomen,andexpressedbyeithermenorwomeniscalledmalechauvinism.Historically,inmanypatriarchalsocieties,womenhavebeenandareviewedasthe"weakersex".Women'slowerstatuscanbeseenincases.equalityunderthelaw,politicalrepresentationofwomen,accesstoeducationandemployment,languagewomenvictimsofdomesticviolence,self-ownershipofawoman'sbody,thepossibleimpactofpornographyonwomenThefeministmovementpromoteswomen'srightstoendsexismagainstwomenbyaddressingissues.[p?:’n?gr?fi:]色情描繪,Women’ssocialstatus

womendidnotreceivethevoteintheU.S.until1920andintheU.K.until1918.NewZealand1894,Australia1914,Britain1918(over30,and1928forallwomen)America(1920)Japan(1954)China(1953)Inasurvey,thepercentageofwomenaged15–49whothoughtthatahusbandisjustifiedinhittingorbeatinghiswifeundercertaincircumstances,was90%inJordan,85.6%inGuinea

[‘ɡini]

,85.4%inZambia,81.2%inLaos,and81%inEthiopia

[i:θi’?upj?]

Womeninthepasthavebeenexcludedfromhighereducation.Whenwomenwereadmittedtohighereducation,theywereencouragedtomajorinsubjectsthatwereconsideredlessintellectual;thestudyofEnglishliteratureinEnglishandU.S.collegesanduniversitieswasinfactinstitutedasafieldofstudyconsideredsuitabletowomen's"lesserintellects.“Womenhavehistoricallybeenexcludedfromparticipationinmanyprofessions.Whenwomenhavegainedentryintoapreviouslymaleprofession,theyhavefacedmanyadditionalobstaclesProfessionaldiscriminationcontinuestoday,accordingtostudiesdonebyCornellUniversityandothers.Ithasbeenhypothesizedthatgenderbiashasbeeninfluencingwhichscientificresearchgetspublished.ThishypothesiscoincideswithatestconductedattheUniversityofTorontoledbyAmberBudden.Basedontheresultsofthisstudy,almost10percentoffemaleauthorsgettheirpaperspublishedwhentheirgenderishidden.Womenalsoearn5-25%lesswageastheirmalecounterparts.Amaleandfemalecouldbedoingthesamejob,butthemalewillusuallyalwaysearnmorethanawomandoingtheexactsamejob.Manycountriesaroundtheworldmakeitmandatory(強(qiáng)制的，義務(wù)的）formalestojointhemilitary,butnotfemales.Menat18yearsofageintheUnitedStatesarerequiredtoregisterformilitaryconscriptiontobedraftedtowarormilitaryservice.

Pre-classwork

TeachingHours:8Pre-classworkforLessonfour1AreportontheprofessionalwomeninChina.(allthegroups)2.BackgroundinformationofVirginiaWoolf(works,contribution,influence,writingstyle)3.Modernism(time.Characteristics,representatives,influence)4.Thecharacteristicsofthelanguageinthisessay.(usingspecificexamplestoexplain)5.Findouttherhetoricaldevicesinthisessayandexplainhowtheyfunctionintheessay.HerWritingStyle

experimentationandinnovationinnovelwritingthepsychologicalrealmofhercharactersandthemoment-by-momentexperienceoflivingthetechniquesofinteriormonologueandstreamofconsciousnesspoeticandsymbolicquality,subtlestyleandrichhistoricalandliteraryreference

HermajorworksTheVoyageOut(1915)《遠(yuǎn)航）NightandDay(1919)《時(shí)時(shí)刻刻》Jacob’sRoom(1922)《雅各布的房間）Mrs.Dalloway(1925)《黛洛維夫人》TotheLighthouse(1927)《到燈塔去》Orlando:ABiography(1928)《奧蘭多》ARoomofOne’sOwn(1929)《自己的房間》

TheWaves(1931)《海浪》TheYears(1937)《歲月）ThreeGuineas《三個(gè)基尼）Between

the

Acts《幕間》鬧鬼的屋子及其他（TheHauntedHouseandOthers)（短篇小說集）

現(xiàn)代主義意識(shí)流小說1、意識(shí)流小說是20世紀(jì)初期（20年代）興起于西方，以表現(xiàn)人們的意識(shí)流動(dòng)、展示恍惚迷離的心靈世界為主的小說。認(rèn)為文學(xué)應(yīng)表現(xiàn)人物的意識(shí)流動(dòng)，尤其是表現(xiàn)潛意識(shí)的活動(dòng)，人的意識(shí)流動(dòng)遵循的是“心理時(shí)間”，而非物理時(shí)間。2、它以象征暗示、內(nèi)心獨(dú)白、自由聯(lián)想等意識(shí)流的創(chuàng)作方法為主要特征，在本世紀(jì)20—30年代英、美、法等國形成一個(gè)頗為壯觀的現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)流派。3、意識(shí)流小說家所運(yùn)用的藝術(shù)手法各有側(cè)重，但藝術(shù)特征是共同的：“作家退出小說”；情節(jié)淡化；大量的內(nèi)心獨(dú)白和自由聯(lián)想；時(shí)空交替和心理時(shí)間；象征暗示和對比聯(lián)想；語言使用上的創(chuàng)新和變異。4、代表作家是愛爾蘭的喬伊斯和英國的伍爾芙，法國的普魯斯特和美國的?？蒜c。特點(diǎn)詳細(xì)解說：1、內(nèi)心獨(dú)白：意識(shí)流小說直接展示所思所感，展示心理的原生態(tài)，不加以條理化、邏輯化，作家退出小說，主觀干預(yù)較少，注重表現(xiàn)人物的意識(shí)活動(dòng)本身。2、采用自由聯(lián)想的方式，在某對象上稍許停留，任何外在的刺激都可以打斷從前的思維過程而展開新的思緒。3、主觀性、隨意性強(qiáng)，常打破時(shí)空限制，跳躍性較大，從心理結(jié)構(gòu)組織流程，而傳統(tǒng)小說多在時(shí)空的推移中展開情節(jié)。4、內(nèi)容和題材上，傳統(tǒng)小說往往全知全能，而在意識(shí)流小說中作家地位下降，讀者的參與性加強(qiáng)，不注意刻畫典型人物，憑借人物的意識(shí)來寫人，情節(jié)淡化。代表作家及其作品：1、愛爾蘭的喬伊斯：《都柏林人》、《青年藝術(shù)家的肖像》2、英國的沃爾夫：《墻上的斑點(diǎn)》、《到燈塔去》3、法國的普魯斯特：《追憶逝水年華》4、美國的?？思{《喧嘩與騷動(dòng)》（1929），反映了南方望族康普生家的沒落。小說創(chuàng)造了復(fù)合意識(shí)流方法，使運(yùn)用意識(shí)流手法去發(fā)掘人物的內(nèi)心生活方面達(dá)到了新的高度。著重表現(xiàn)昆丁的變態(tài)心理和班吉神經(jīng)錯(cuò)亂的潛意識(shí)活動(dòng)。人物（長子昆丁、二子杰生、小兒子班吉、女兒凱蒂）TextAppreciationPartI(paras.):PartII(para):PartIII(para):PartIV(para):PartV(para):PartVI(para):345671-2thebeginningpart,introducingthetopicunderdiscussion.the1stobstacletobecomingaprofessionalwomanwriter.

atransitionallinkbetweenher1stand2ndexperiences.her2ndexperienceinherprofessionofliterature.sumsuptheauthor’stwoexperiences.

conclusionofherspeech

PartI(paras1-2)Whatisthetopicunderdiscussion?Theauthorintroducesherexperienceasafemalewritertoillustratetheobstaclesfacingallwomenwhiletheypursueprofessions.Why?Intheprofessionofliterature,theroadwascutmanyyearsagobymanyfamouswomenwritersaswellasmanymoreunknownandforgottenwomenwriterswhohavebeenbeforeher,whohavemadethepathsmooth,regulatinghersteps.Thefamilypeacewasnotbrokenbythescratchingofapen.Therewasnoneedforawritertospendmuchofthefamilymoneyinordertowrite.維多利亞社會(huì)已經(jīng)形成的家長制度是基于對女性的一種假定——女性是低等的因而必須依賴于男性。而這種假定同樣也作用于去定義男性作為女性的對立面——男性是強(qiáng)壯、理性、有侵略性和優(yōu)秀的。在這樣的系統(tǒng)中，男性優(yōu)越性是建立在女性低劣性的基礎(chǔ)上，因此，婦女運(yùn)動(dòng)對于男性地位的威脅十分明顯。男性不僅害怕失去他們的優(yōu)越地位，也擔(dān)心這種社會(huì)變革將導(dǎo)致婦女的優(yōu)越性。達(dá)洛維夫人是一戰(zhàn)后英國社會(huì)對女性定義的典型代表：“居家天使”。她接受社會(huì)強(qiáng)加的束縛，甚至熱切地扮演著自己的角色：政客的太太。KeySentencesNodemandwasmadeuponthefamilypurse.Thefigureofspeech—metonymy（轉(zhuǎn)喻）Money,financialconditionsThiskindofspeechiscalledmetonymy,inwhichthenameofonethingisusedinplaceofthatofanotherassociatedwithorsuggestedbyit.KeySentences2. Pianosandmodels,Paris,ViennaandBerlin,mastersandmistresses,arenotneededbyawriter.Teachersortutors;professionalpractitioners(習(xí)藝者ofmusicorpainting;greatartistsIfyouwanttobeamusicianorapainter,youmustownapianoorhiremodels,andyouhavetovisitorevenliveinculturalcenterslikeParis,ViennaandBerlin.Andalsoyouhavetobetaughtbymastersandmistresses.However,ifyouwanttobeawriter,youdon’tneedallthis.KeySentences3.Thecheapnessofwritingpaperis,ofcourse,thereasonwhywomenhavesucceededaswritersbeforetheyhavesucceededintheotherprofessions.Tone

SarcastictoneTheimpliedmeaningisthatinthepatriarchalsocietywomenhavebeenforcedintoalowerfinancialstatusthanmen.Para2MainIdeaHowshebecameabookreviewerwhenshewasagirl.MoreExamplesofSynecdocheWeneed50handsforthework.Itwasafleetof20sails.Haveyougotanycoppers?Heisafootsoldier.Wallshaveears.DuringmystayinRwanda,whenIcameacrossthehungrymouths,bigorsmall,Ifeltsympatheticandhelplessaswell.PeopleShipsPenniesandcoinsInfantry

[‘inf?ntri]步兵ListenerpeoplePartII(para3)Thefirstobstacle[’?bst?kl]tobecomingaprofessionalwomanwriter.MainIdeaQuestionsWhatistheobstacle?Whatareitscharacteristics?Howdiditstoptheauthorfromherworking?Howdidtheauthordealwithit?TheAngelintheHouseApoemwrittenbyCoventryPatmore(1823-1896)ForPatmore,hiswifeEmilyrepresentedallthatwasperfectaboutaVictorianwifeandheadofthehome.AstereotypedVictorianwomanCharacteristicsoftheangelbedevotedandsubmissivetoherhusband.passivepowerless,meek,charming,graceful,sympathetic,self-sacrificing,pious,andaboveall—pure.Examples?Chickenleg;SitinadraughtTheangel’sinterferenceBesympatheticBetenderFlatterDeceiveUsealltheartsandwilesofoursexNeverletanybodyguessthatyouhaveaamindofyourown.BepureThetraditionalVictorianValuesUnderstandthemindofmenandnottodisagreewiththemNotbetooharshinhercriticismPraisethebookinaninsincerewaytopleasethereadersNotwritewhatshereallythoughtTricksofthefemalesex,suchascharmSuchtopicsashumanrelations,morality,sex,can’tbedealtwithfreelyandopenlybywomen.KeySentences5.Shewasintenselysympathetic.Shewasimmenselycharming.Shewasutterlyunselfish.firmlyandseriouslylimitless,vastandhugeTotallyandunconditionallyAllofthethreeadverbsareforemphasis.KeySentences6.InthosedaysthelastdaysofQueenVictoriaeveryhousehaditsangel.1Everyhousehadawomanlikethat,whowassympathetic,charming,unselfishandpure.2Thebeliefthateverywomanshouldbesympathetic,charming,unselfish,andpurewasprevalentinEnglishsociety.KeySentences

7.Shewouldhavepluckedtheheartoutofmywriting.Thoseconventionalattitudeswouldhavetakenawaythemostimportantpartofherwriting,thatis,theessenceofherwriting.Besympathetic,charming,unselfish,andpureKeySentences8.Thus,wheneverIfelttheshadowofherwingortheradianceofherhalouponmypage,Itookuptheinkpotandflungitather.Acircleoflight,radiancesurroundingtheheadofanangelThrowsthwithalotofforceThus,whenever,IfelttheinfluenceoftheVictorianattitudesonmywriting,Ifoughtbackwithallmypower.Thefeaturesofphantom?NotarealpersonNophysicalformMentalimageImaginarynatureItisfardifficulttodealwithaphantomthanareality.Whenyouthinkyouhavedoneawaywiththem,youwillfindthembackagain.Sothestruggletakesalongtime.Theauthor’sreactionAsevereandfiercestruggleagainsttheangel.Shedidherbesttokillher.Butshediedhard.Shewasalwayscreepingback.Itisfarhardertokillaphantomthanareality.PartIII(para4)Function

Atransitionallinkbetweentheauthor’sfirstandsecondexperiences.Howisthetransitionachieved?PartIV(para5)MainIdeaQuestionsHer2ndexperienceinherprofessionofliterature.Whatisanoveliststateofmind?Howtobeasunconsciousaspossible?Whatistheauthor’sexperience?Whatisthe2ndobstacle?Anovelist’sstateofmindBeasunconsciousaspossibleAtermofpsychoanalysis,referringtothesumofallthoughts,memories,impulses,desires,feelings,etc.ofwhichtheindividualisnotconsciousbutwhichinfluencetheemotionsandbehavior.ForWoolf,thedescriptionoftheimmediateflowofhercharacters’thoughtsandtheirfeelingsofthemomentwasmoreimportantthantherealisticdepictionoftheirphysicalbehavior.Sheconceivesoftheimaginationasshyandhiddensothatthewritercanonlydrawthedeepestinspirationbysuspendingeverydayrationalconsciousnessinordertoliberateanimaginativeexpressionoftheirdeepestcreativity.IhopeI’mnotgivingawayprofessionalsecretsifIsaythat…beasunconsciousaspossible.1.Translatethesentence2.Howtounderstand“unconscious”如果我說小說家的主要愿望是盡量處于無意識(shí)狀態(tài)，我希望我沒有泄露行業(yè)秘密。-unconsciousmeansnotawareofone’sexistence,notconsciousofone’sself.“Sb’sunconscious”isatermofpsychoanalysis,referringtothesumofallthoughts,memories,impulses,desires,feelings,etc,ofwhichtheindividualisnotconsciousbutwhichinfluencetheemotionsandbehaviors.

twolevelsoftheinterpretationof“unconscious”

2levelsofinterpretation:(1)shecouldbethinkinginFreudianterms,thatis,expressingadesiretohavethesubjectsofherunconsciousness,whichmayreflectancientangersandanxieties,ruseupintoherauthorialperspective.(2)shemaybereactingagainstthenotionexpressedbyHenryJamesin“theartoffiction”,whichexplicitlyexpressedhissensethatanauthorshouldaboveallattempttobefullyconscious.ThewayofbeingunconsciousSeethesamefacesReadthesamebooksDothesamethingsdayafterday,monthaftermonthAstateofperpetuallethargyTheutmostquietandregularityTheimagination/unconsciousnesswillnotbedistractedawayfromthecreativetask.Theauthor’sexperienceAfishermanlyingsunkindreamsonthevergeofadeeplakeHerimagination,liketheline,rushedaway,seekingthepools,thedepths,thedarkplaces.Butitcameacrossasmash,anexplosion,foamandconfusion.Thedeeplakeisherinnerworldthatlieshiddeninthedeepestpartofherunconsciousexistence.Asmash,anexplosion,foamconfusion

Sthaboutbody,aboutthepassionswhichitwasunfittingforherasawomantosay.Whatistheauthor’sexperiencewithoutfigures?Sherealizedthatmendidn’tapproveofawomantellingthetruthaboutthebodyandherpassions.Thisrealizationinterruptedherimaginationandrousedherfromthestateofunconsciousness.The2ndobstacletowomenwriters

Thesex-consciousnessisagreathindrancetowomen’swriting.FreudianTerms:Freudpostulated(假定）theexistenceofthreeinternalforcesthatgovernaperson’spsychiclife:1.Theid（本我）:theinstinctualforceoflife—unconscious,uncontrolled,andisolated2.Theego（自我）:theexternalforcethathascontactwiththerealworld.3.Thesuper-ego（超我）:thegoverningforce,ormoralconscience,thatseekstocontrolanddirecttheegointosociallyacceptablepatternsofbehavior.KeySentences8.IboughtaPersiancatwiththeproceeds.Moneyorprofitderivedfromasale,businessventureKeySentences9.Bethatasitmay,Iwantyoutoimaginemewritinganovelinastateoftrance.Astateinwhichyoubehaveasyouwereasleepbutarestillabletohearandunderstandwhatissaidtoyou,similartotheunconsciousstate.KeySentences10.Forthoughmensensiblyallowthemselvesgreatfreedomintheserespects,Idoubtthattheyrealizeorcancontroltheextremeseveritywithwhichtheycondemnsuchfreedominwomen.D.H.Lawrence’snovelLadyChatterley’sLoverItwasasensiblethingformentogivethemselvesgreatfreedomtotalkaboutthebodyandtheirpassions.Butifwomenwanttohavethesamefreedom,mencondemnsuchfreedominwomen.AndIdonotbelievethattheyrealizehowseverelytheycondemnsuchfreedominwomen,nordoIbelievethattheycancontroltheirextremelysevercondemnationofsuchfreedominwomen.PartV(para6)MainIdeaItsumsuptheauthor’stwoexperiences,pointingoutthatthesecondobstacleismoredifficulttoovercomethanthefirst.Womenhavemanyprejudicestoovercomeintheprofessionofliteratureandespeciallyinnewprofessionsthatwomenareentering.Whyisthe2ndobstaclemoredifficulttosolve?The1sthastodowiththeconsciouswayofthinking,one’seducation,socialattitudesandtraditionalvalues,etc.The2ndexperiencehastodowithone’sunconsciousness,thedepthsoftheunconsciousbeing.Thusitismoredifficulttodefine,toexamineandcertainlyhardertodealwith.KeySentencesIndeeditwillbealongtimestill,Ithink,beforeawomancansitdowntowriteabookwithoutfindingaphantomtobeslain,arocktobedashedagainst.Slay--killItwilltakealongtimeforwomentoridthemselvesoffalsevaluesandattitudesandtoovercometheobstacletotellingthetruthabouttheirbodyandpassions.PartVI(para7)MainIdeaWoolfconcludesherspeechbyraisingsomeimportantquestionsconcerningthenewroleofwomenandthenewrelationshipbetweenmenandwomen.The3rdfigureofspeechAroomofone’sownWithwhomtoshareit?Uponwhatterms?Howtofurnishit?Howtodecorateit?freedomKeySentences11.Evenwhenthepathisnominallyopenwhenthereisnothingtopreventawomanfrombeingadoctor,alawyer,acivilservanttherearemanyphantomsandobstacles,asIbelieveloominginherway.Appear,takeshapeEvenwhenthepathisopentowomeninnameonly,whenoutwardlythereisnothingtopreventawomanfrombeingadoctor,alawyer,acivilservant,inwardlytherearestillfalseideasandobstaclesimpedingawoman’sprogress.KeySentences12.Youhavewonroomsofyourowninthehousehithertoexclusivelyownedbymen.Untilthistime;tonowThroughfightingagainsttheAngelintheHouse,throughgreatlaborandeffort,somewomenhavegainedapositionorcertainfreedominasocietywhichhasbeenuptonowdominatedbymen.Keysentence13.Haveyougoingtofurnishit,howareyougoingtodecorateit…uponwhatterms?Conditionsofacontract,agreement;mutualrelationshipbetweenoramongpeople;footingPriceIboughtthiscaronreasonableterms.Weareongoodtermswithallourneighbors.IfIagreetodothis,itwillbeonmyterms.Underthetermsofagreement,Hongkong

returnedtoChinain1997.IntroductiontothemostinfluentialwomenMotherTeresa[t?'ri:s?]（1910-1997）MotherTeresaMotherTeresawasbornin1910inMacedonia(南斯拉夫）.Herfatherwasabuilder.Whenshewasyoung,MotherTeresastudiedreligionandlovedeveryone.ShebecameanuninIrelandandleftforIndiain1929.ShetaughtGeographyformanyyearsinIndia.Shespentherlifecaringforthepoor.MotherTeresa,winneroftheNobelPeacePrize,dedicatedthemajorityofherlifetohelpingthepoorestofthepoorinIndia,thusgainingherthename“SaintoftheGutters.”（貧民窟的圣人）ThedevotiontowardsthepoorwonherrespectthroughouttheworldandtheNobelPeacePrizein1979.ShefoundedanorderofnunscalledtheMissionariesofCharityinCalcutta,Indiadedicatedtoservingthepoor.Almost50yearslater,theMissionariesofCharity（仁愛傳教修女會(huì)）havegrownfrom12sistersinIndiatoover3,000in517missionsthroughout100countriesworldwide.

MotherTeresa’sFuneral

MadameCurie

MadameCuriewasoneofthegreatestscientistsintheworldShewasbornin1867ShefirstlivedinPoland,thentoFranceWhenshewasveryyoungshewasinterestedinscienceSheworkedveryhardanddiscoveredtheelementradiumShereceivedtheNobelPrizesforPhysicsandChemistryrespectivelyin1903andin1911ForthelasttenyearsofherlifeshewasalmostblindTheradiumwithwhichshehadworkedformanyyearshadcausedblindnessandillnessandfinallyadiseaseofthebloodShediedinParisattheageof66TodaysheisrememberedasagreatscientistButsheisalsorememberedforherdeterminationandcourage(June27,1880–June1,1968)wasanAmericanauthor,politicalactivistand

lecturer.ShewasthefirstdeafblindpersontoearnaBachelorofArtsdegree.ThestoryofhowKeller‘steacher,AnneSullivan,brokethroughtheisolationimposedbyanearcompletelackoflanguage,allowingthegirltoblossomasshelearnedtocommunicate,hasbecomeknownworldwidethroughthedramaticdepictionsoftheplayandfilm“TheMiracleWorker”.(奇跡創(chuàng)造者）HelenAdamsKeller

HelenKellerEXTENSION1.Nothingcanslowdownhisprogress.A.preventB.impedeC.excelD.torment2.Shemovedinasuddenturnthatmakesitseemsthatshe

isgoingtospeak.A.tomakeasiftospeakB.tofiguretoherselfC.bethatasitmay