筆譯課總匯 超全!課件

翻譯理論與實踐KevinShenIntroductionArrangements:TranslationTheoriesTranslationTechniquesTranslationPractice(InClass:CATTI&NAETI)Homework:translating1passagein2weeksIntroductionTheprospectoftranslationindustryHistoryTheoriginoftranslation:InEurope:theliberatedGreekslaveLiviusAndronicusrenderedOdysseyintoLatinverseinabout240B.C.InChinatherecordoftranslationdatesbacktoZhouDynasty(1066B.C.--256B.C.)東方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰譯.---------《禮記王制》KeyWordsinTranslationsourcelanguagetargetlanguageequivalentDefinitionTheDefinitionofTranslationTranslationisthecommunicationofthemeaningofasource-languagetextbymeansofanequivalenttarget-languagetext.——TheOxfordCompaniontotheEnglishLanguageTranslatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-language,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.——EugeneA.NidaTranslationmaybedefinedasfollow:thereplacementoftexuralmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttexuralmaterialinanotherlanguage.——CatfordTranslationisthetransfermationofatextoriginallyinonelanguageintoanotherequivalenttextinadifferentlanguageretaining,asfaraspossible,thecontentofthemessageandtheformalfeaturesandfunctionalrolesoftheoriginaltext.——RogerBellCriterialFaithfulnessExpressivenessElegance功能目的論與應(yīng)用翻譯功能目的論SkoposTheory/ScoposTheorySanara'snaturallyderivedformulationbringouttheshineandsmoothnessinyourhair,leavingitmanageableandhealthy.Youwon'tactuallyseehowkindSanaraistotheenvironment,soitdoesntpollutewaterorsoil.Andnaturally,thepackagingisrecyclable.莎拉娜是由天然配方精制而成，能使頭發(fā)健康，光澤柔順，易于梳理。莎拉娜系列都是具有生物降解特性，包裝可回收利用，對水土、環(huán)境不會造成污染。莎拉娜，呵護您的秀發(fā)，愛護您的健康。天然配方，令秀發(fā)光澤柔順。情有獨鐘，莎拉娜。生物降解，不上水土，愛護自然，數(shù)她第一。TranslationPracticeTherearelotsofvolcanoesandanexoticanimalkingdomtoexplore,yetfewpeopleoutsidetheregionknowofthem.TheviewintothecrateroftheMasayaVolcanoinNicaraguaisabreathtakingexperience,enlivenedbytheaccompanyingstrongsmellofsulphurandtheloudscreamingofparrots.Yetthecarparkontheedgeofthecraterisnearlyempty.Thisisaboonfordaringtravelerswhocanenjoyallthebeautywithouthavingtoshareitwithhordesofothersvisitors.Translation那里有太多的火山和珍禽異獸有待探尋，可是它們卻鮮為外人所知。當(dāng)你往尼加拉瓜的瑪莎雅火山口望進去的時候，你會倒吸一口冷氣，但是當(dāng)你聞到那股濃烈的硫磺味，聽到鸚鵡尖厲的叫聲時，你又會回過神來，驚嘆它的壯美。然而火山口附近的停車場卻幾乎空無一人。這是給勇敢者的一種獎賞，他們可以盡情獨享這一切，而不必同比肩接踵的其它游客分享美景。

第二章理解原文語法結(jié)構(gòu)分析Thereactionarystrengththusdeveloped,however,carriedwithinittheseedsofitsowndisintegration.反動力量就這樣發(fā)展起來，然而在其內(nèi)部就有四分五裂的因素。？？Itis3yearssinceIsmoked.It'ssolongsinceitrainedthattheriver-bedisdry.ItisalongtimesinceIhadaholiday.Hethoughtthatdirectlyinternalconfidenceinthegovernmentdeclined,herfinancialstructurewouldbeindanger.directlytheteachercameineveryoneisquiet.二、主語和謂語GreatlorrieswithadoubledeckcargoofcarsforexportlumberpastMagdalenandtheUniversityChurch.原譯：大型卡車拖著裝載著出口木材的雙層貨架掛車駛過馬德琳和大學(xué)教堂。Underthelawofcompetition,theemployerofthousandsisforcedintotostrictesteconomics,amongwhichtheratespaidtolabourfigureprominently.原譯：在競爭法則下，上萬的雇主不得不實行一些最嚴(yán)厲的節(jié)約措施，其中主要的錢付給了工人。三、代詞的實際含義“WhenIleavethehouse,Iwatchout”,theoldladysaid,“Iwontwalkpastacarthatisdouble-parked,andIwontwalkonthesideofthestreetwhereithappened.”Partyofficialshavepromisedtoliftsomeofthemorerecentlyintroducedmeasures,seenasexcessivebythejournalists,inexchangeforapromisefromeditorialstafftoreturntoworkandproducethisweek’sissue,accordingtomessagesonaninternalchatgroupseenbytheFinancialTimes.四、修飾關(guān)系Someofourmostskilledpeopledon’tgetthesalariesofmaidsintheUS.Thechildrenlivewithinthethree-milelimitandthecouncilhassaidinthepastthatitwillnotundertaketoprovidefreetransporttotheschool.原譯：學(xué)生們都住在方圓三英里的范圍內(nèi)，理事會聲稱，要在過去他們不會負(fù)責(zé)讓學(xué)生無償乘車上學(xué)的事務(wù)。(Thereisadefinitelinkbetweensmokingandheartdiseaseandlungcancer.)Butthisdoesn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouingoodcompany.在一個好的公司？Thepricewhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetitionlikethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuriesisalsogreat.舒適和奢侈？NYCitySeekstoExpandLower-CostUnits

TheCityCouncilyesterdayapprovedthefirstmajoroverhaulofthemostpopulartaxbreakforapartmentbuildingdevelopers,adoptingaplanintendedtoinducethemtobuildtensofthousandsofapartmentsforpeopleotherthanthewealthy.Thechanges,whichMayorMichaelR.Bloombergsupportedandwhichwouldgointoeffect4in2008,significantlyincreasetheareasofthecityinwhichdeveloperswhowantthetaxbreakmustmakeoneoutofeveryfiveapartmentstheybuildaffordabletolower-incomepeople.Theboundariesofthoseareaswouldbereconsideredeverytwoyearsinlightoftrendsinthehousingmarket.Inaddition,andforthefirsttimeinthe35-yearhistoryoftheprogram,thoselower-pricedapartmentswouldhavetobeincludedineachbuildingandcouldnotbebuiltelsewhereinthecity.Therewouldbeacaponthesizeofthetaxbreakgivenformarket-rateapartments,tolimitthedegreetowhichtheprogrammightbesaidtosubsidizegentrification.選擇詞義Baldheadovertheblind.Cuteoldcodger.(Ulysses)遮棚上露出個禿頭，那是個精明而有怪癖的老頭子。（譯林版《尤利西斯》）禿子比瞎子強。精明的老家伙。（人民文學(xué)版《尤利西斯》）Themastertoldmetolightafireinthemany-week-desertedparlour,andtosetaneasy-chairinthesunshinebythewindow;andthenhebroughtherdown,andshesatalongwhileenjoyingthegenialheat,and,asweexpected,revivedbytheobjectsroundher,which,thoughfamiliar,werefreefromthedrearyassociations,investingherhatedsick-chamber.Byevening,sheseemedgreatlyexhausted;yetnoargumentscouldpersuadehertoreturntothatapartment,andIhadtoarrangetheparloursofaforherbed,tillanotherroomcouldbeprepared.(Wutheringheights)花城版《呼嘯山莊》病房譯林版《呼嘯山莊》病床選擇詞義詞意基本對等，直譯為主1.Lastterm,ImetmyWaterlooinmyEnglishexam.上學(xué)期，我的英語考試成績一塌糊涂。上學(xué)期，我在英語考試中遭遇了滑鐵盧。2.Fearfulthathisplansmightyetfail,hedeterminedtoaddmorefueltothefireofDan’sundoing.Addmorefueltothefire,pouroilontheflame3.Theywerearmed

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teeth,readyforanyemergency.2.詞義不對等。意譯或者直譯加解釋Theforceofhabitinmillionsandtensofmillionsisamostformidableforce.幾百萬人和千百萬的習(xí)慣勢力是最可怕的勢力。千百萬人的。。。。ThemissileswerealreadyinCuba,andallwewouldbedoingwithablockadewouldbe“closingthedoorafterthehorsehadleftthebarn.”亡羊補牢？等馬離開了谷倉再關(guān)上門？于事無補。Inordertogetgreatamountofwaterpower,weneedlargepressureandcurrent.要得到巨大的水力，我們需要大的壓力和電流。TheEU’scommonagriculturalpolicyisadinosaurwhichisadding13.5poundsaweektothefoodbilloftheaverageBritishfamily.歐盟的共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策是只恐龍，一詞多義的情況下如何選擇詞義1.根據(jù)詞語的語法作用選擇詞義Essentialimportshadstretchedthenationalcredittothebreakingpoint.必需品進口？必要的進口已使國家的信貸達(dá)到了極限。Chinesebrandsunderthewingsofforeigncompaniesusuallyhavetheadvantageofplumpermarketingbudgetsandbetteraccesstomanagementexpertise.2.結(jié)合上下文、背景、語境選擇詞義Whenyouthinkoftheinnumerablebirdsthatoneseesflyingabout,nottomentiontheequallynumeroussmallanimalslikefieldmiceandvoleswhichyoudonotsee,itisveryrarelythatonecomesacrossadeadbody,except,ofcourse,ontheroads.Turnofftheswitchwhenanythinggoeswrongwiththemachine.Heusuallywalkswhenhemightride.Whyusemetalwhenyoucanuseplastic?Istayedtheretillnoon,whenIwenthome.（Somegirlsstartedtodancewitheachotherimmediately;othersjuststoodaround,talkingandlooking.）Theyoungmanlookedatthegroupofgirls,andattemptedtochoosesomeone.Butbecausetheywereallsonewtohim,hedidn’tknowwheretostart.Sohetookthenearest.那年輕人打量著這群姑娘，打算邀請一位。但是，這些姑娘他一個也不認(rèn)識，不知道邀請哪位，所以他邀請了離他最近的一位。Thedelegateofacertaincountrychallengedtheotherdevelopedcountriestomatchhiscountry’scontribution.某國代表向其他發(fā)達(dá)國家挑戰(zhàn)，作出了數(shù)額相當(dāng)?shù)木杩睢Ｅ时?，叫板Twomenstoodatthedoorofthehotelswherewelived,challengingeveryChinesewhoentered.I

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thecourtjurisdiction他們來法院不是應(yīng)訴,而是抗辯。exercisesImprovingyourstudyhabitswillimproveyourgrades.Thosefindingsagreewithpreviousstudiesthathavesuggested;butnotyetconfirmed,thatahigh-fatdietmaycontributetotheillness.MacroeconomicPoliciescan

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aseverebiasagainstagriculture.

OneofthecompaniesthatdevelopedtheMini-Testconcept,RBL,hasplentyofexamplesofproductswhichachievesidenticalorveryclosemarketsharesaftertheywereproducedtothosepredictedforthembytheMini-Test.改進你的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣能夠提高你的學(xué)習(xí)成績。這些研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)與之前的研究得出的觀點一致，即高脂肪飲食會引起疾病，但這一點尚未得到確認(rèn)。宏觀經(jīng)濟政策能夠引起嚴(yán)重輕視農(nóng)業(yè)的傾向。開展微型測試的公司之一，RBL，有許多產(chǎn)品樣板，這些樣板出廠后達(dá)到的市場占有量同微型測試預(yù)測的產(chǎn)品占有量相近。主要翻譯方法之增譯與省譯英漢翻譯中的增詞法和減詞法1.語法增減詞：英語漢語有冠詞沒有冠詞多用代詞用，但不如英語頻繁介詞豐富介詞少，用動詞代替或者省略多用關(guān)聯(lián)詞少用關(guān)聯(lián)詞動詞詞形可變動詞詞形不變沒有語氣助詞用助詞表示各種語氣EN-CH:省略原文中的冠詞、某些代詞、介詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞，增加語氣助詞。CH-EN：省略語氣助詞，適當(dāng)增加一些冠詞、代詞、介詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞。TranslationTechniques1.Sincetheindustrialrevolutionbegan,thephysicalsciencehasingeneralbeenintheforefrontofthescientificmovement.自從工業(yè)革命開始以來，物理學(xué)總的來說一直處于科學(xué)運動的前列。2.Thenthewholecourseofmylifemighthavebeendifferent.如果真是那樣的話，我的生命路程也許會是另一番景象。3.我喜愛湖。湖是大地的眼睛，湖是一種流動的深情，湖是生活中沒有被剝奪的奇妙。Ilovelakes.Fortheyaretheeyesofthemotherearth;theyaretheflowingdeeplove;andtheyarethewonderssurvivedinourlife.4.在美國做生意，尤其是一開始，中方不可避免地會有些損失。InevitablyChinawillsuffersomelossesandreversalswhendoingbusinessintheU.S.,especiallyintheinitialstage.5.該地區(qū)已經(jīng)沒有什么城鄉(xiāng)差別了。ThereislittledifferencebetweentownandcountryinthisregionTranslationTechniques2.根據(jù)語義增減詞Mygrandparentsbelievedyouwereeitherhonestoryouweren’t.我的祖父母認(rèn)為，你要么誠實，要么不誠實，沒有中間道路可選（不可能介于兩者之間）。ThiswasthegreatestRussianoffensiveofthewar.Stalinwasthrowingin180divisions,asurprisinglylargepartofthemarmored,inPolandandEastPrussiaalone.Therewasnostoppingthem.這是大戰(zhàn)以來俄國發(fā)動的最大攻勢。僅在波蘭和東普魯士兩地，斯大林就投入了一百八十個師的兵力，其中裝甲部隊所占比例大得驚人。他們銳不可擋，勢如破竹。我們認(rèn)為如此嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象將不再發(fā)生我們必須克服悲觀情緒Pessimism外交活動Diplomacy瘋狂行為Madness落后面貌backwardness英語中大量使用抽象詞，概括力強、而漢語則比較具體，因此需要將抽象詞具體化。Consumersmaybespendingmoreontaxestopayforgovernmentactionaginstdisease,ignorance,crimeandprejudice.消費者們可能會付更多的稅，以資助政府采取措施防治疾病、鏟除愚昧、制止犯罪和消除偏見。Afterfillingourstomachs,ourclothes,ourgarages,ourteeth,andourminds,wenowmayseektoensurethehealth,safety,andleisuretoenjoymorefullythegoodthingsonthefirstfourlevels.填抱肚子、購足衣物、買了汽車、補好牙齒、充實精神生活以后，我們現(xiàn)在可能又尋求身體健康、人身安全、清閑自在，以便充分地享受前四個檔次所提供的好的物質(zhì)生活。TranslationTechniques廣大人民群眾ThebroadmassesofthepeopleThemasses/thepeople加強國防建設(shè)是關(guān)鍵。Itisessentialtostrengthenthebuildingofnationaldefense.Itisessentialtostrengthenthenationaldefense.全體人民對那些嚴(yán)重的官僚主義和腐敗現(xiàn)象強烈不滿。Thepeopleasawholearestronglydissatisfiedwiththephenomenaofseriousbureaucratismandcorruption中英動靜之別及詞類轉(zhuǎn)化WhataretheprospectsfortheChineseeconomy?Few,ifany,economicquestionscanbemoreimportant.Ihavejustattendedthisyear’sChinaDevelopmentForuminBeijing,whichbringswesternbusinessleadersandscholarstogetherwithseniorChinesepolicymakersandacademics,withthisquestionverymuchinmymind.中國經(jīng)濟前景如何？當(dāng)前沒有幾個經(jīng)濟問題（如果有的話）能比這個問題更重要。我剛在北京參加今年的中國發(fā)展高層論壇，該論壇匯聚了中國高層政策制定者、學(xué)術(shù)界人士和西方商界領(lǐng)袖，這一問題始終在我腦海中縈繞。中英動靜之別及詞類轉(zhuǎn)化自動化要求不斷詳細(xì)了解極其系統(tǒng)的操作。。。英語和漢語的思維差異1英語偏愛靜態(tài)詞，主要表現(xiàn)：大量抽象名詞作主語，大量地使用從句和介詞短語；漢語則喜歡大量用動詞抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞：Hisimitationofthatsingerisperfect.他對那位歌唱家模仿地惟妙惟肖。Theapplicationofelectoniccomputersmakesforatremendousriseinlaborproductivity.使用電子計算機可以大大提高勞動生產(chǎn)率。Automationinvolvesadetailedandcontinuousknowledgeoffunctioningofthemachinesystemm,sothatthebestcorrectiveactionscanbeappliedimmediatelywhentheybecomenecessary.Thesightofthosefieldsofstubbleandturnips,nowhisown,gavehimmanysecretjoys.看著四周的田野里，有的種著蘿卜，有的留著麥稈，如今都成了自己的財產(chǎn)，他心里暗暗得意。介詞和從句Thegirlsatupforherfatherallthenight.那個女孩坐了一整夜，等著她爸爸歸來。Withthesewordstheoldmanstoodupandwentaway.說完這些話，那老人起身就走了。Whohasnotadmiredtheartificesanddelicateapproacheswithwhichwomen"prepared"theirfriendsforbadnews?女人們向朋友講壞消息時，為了減輕對方的痛苦，總是慣用花招，措辭得當(dāng)，誰不佩服？er或者or結(jié)尾，表示職務(wù)或者身份的名詞有時可以翻譯成動詞。Tomisnotasmoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.湯姆不吸煙，可他的父親吸起煙來一支接一支。Hewasagreatloverofliteraturewhenhewasachild.他從小酷愛文學(xué)。Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.我們班有些同學(xué)唱歌唱得很好。漢譯英知識是人類創(chuàng)造的。Humanbeingsarethecreatorsofknowlege.禁止違反游戲規(guī)則。Anyviolationofthegamerulesareprohibited.OECD推出“知識經(jīng)濟”的新概念，充分認(rèn)識到知識、信息和科技在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中起到的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用。Theconceptof"KnowledgeBasedEconomy"resultsfromtherecognitionbyOECDoftheleadingroleofknowledge,information,andtechnologeineconomicgrowth.其他的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換Sotakesomeofthatextratimeyoumighthavespentinahealthcluborgymandgiveitovertothearts.因此，不妨從花在健身俱樂部或者體育館的時間中擠出一些來從事文藝活動。Wewerewronglyinformed.我們得到的是錯誤消息。Themeetingisagreatsuccess.這次會議非常成功。Theyshowedtheirdeterminationtoopposethesanction.他們堅決反對這項制裁。Thedevelopedworldwillremainthebreedinggroundofthewealthyindividualsofthefuture,accordingtoresearchpublishedtoday.Unveilingapredictiononthegrowthinthenumberofwealthyindividualsoverthenextdecade,BarclaysWealthandtheEconomistIntelligenceUnitsaidthesignificanceoftheemergingmarketsinBrazil,Russia,IndiaandChina–theso-calledBriceconomiesasasourceoftherichhadbeen“overplayed”.Thereportpredictedthatasthenumberofwealthypeoplegrewacrosstheglobe,thevastmajorityofhighnetworthindividuals,definedasthosewithinvestmentsandsavingsofover$1m,wouldcontinuetocomefromdevelopedmarkets.AllG7nationswillseethenumberofhighnetworthindividualsdoubleoverthenextdecade,accordingtothereport.IntheUK,JapanandGermanythesenumberswillmorethantriple,whileCanadawillenjoyanalmostsix-foldincrease.TheUKandGermanywillcompetetobecomethefirstEuropeanG7countrytoplayhostto1mmillionairehouseholdsoverthenextdecade.Accordingtothereport,Germanywillwintherace,achievingthelandmarkin2016,whiletheUKwillfollowin2017.漢英的分與合一、分譯一般情況：保留句子的結(jié)構(gòu)個別情況：結(jié)構(gòu)進行調(diào)整原因：漢語一般用含有動詞的句子表達(dá)完整的意思英語除了有謂語動詞的句子外，非謂語動詞、非謂語動詞短語、一些由動詞派生出來的名詞等均可以表達(dá)一個完整的意思方法：將原文中某個與主句關(guān)系不十分緊密的詞或者結(jié)構(gòu)，諸如名詞、副詞、形容詞、介詞短語、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)、定語從句等提出來先譯或者后譯，譯成一個分句或者獨立句子。把某些名詞、形容詞、副詞譯成句子1.Amovieofmyleavingthatfoxholewouldlikeashellleavingarifle.我離開那個單人掩體速度之快，要是拍成電影，會像出膛的子彈一樣。2.Asaplacetolive,itleftmuchtobedesired.Asasecrettrainingbaseforarevolutionarynewplane,itwasanexcellentsite,itsremotenesseffectivelymaskingitsactivity.作為居住的地方，那兒還有很多不足之處，作為改裝新型飛機的秘密訓(xùn)練基地，那兒是非常理想的地方。它地處邊陲，人們不易了解那里的情況3.ChairmanMaomighthavespokenwithunderstandingprideofhispolicyof"self-reliance".毛主席在談到他的“自力更生”政策時也許感到自豪，這是可以理解的。4.Hehadlongbeenheldincodialcontemptbyhispeers;nowthatcontemptwasnolongercordial.長期以來，他的同僚們雖然看不起他，卻還是對他很熱情，可現(xiàn)在，只剩下看不起，熱情沒有了。5.EveryBritishmotoristwilltellyouthatradarisusedmostunfairlybythepolicetocatchdriverswhoareaccidentallygoingalittlefasterthanthespeedlimit.每一個駕駛汽車的英國人都會告訴你，經(jīng)常常用雷達(dá)來抓偶然稍微超速的司機。這種做法是極不公平的。6.HearrivedinWashingtonataripemomentinternationally.他當(dāng)時到達(dá)華盛頓，就國際形勢而言，正是時候。Howdoyoudeterminetheamountoflifeinsuranceyouwouldneedtomaintainyourfamily'scurrentlifestyleifthebread-winnerdied?那么，要在家庭主力去世后，還要維持現(xiàn)有生活方式，這一筆所需要的人壽保險該怎么確定？修改"Andweshouldmoderatethesaturatedfat,cholesterol,sugar,saltandalcoholinourdiets,"addedClinton,whohasawell-documentedappetitefornot-very-healthyfood.克林頓接著說：“我們的食品中應(yīng)該有適當(dāng)?shù)娘柡椭?、膽固醇、糖、鹽和酒精?！笨肆诸D的胃口證明，他攝取的飲食并不十分有益于健康。TheNewBreedconstituteamajorityoftheAmericanpeople(approximately52percent).Notsurprisingly,theyounger,bettereducatedandmoreaffluentpartsofthepopulationaredisproportionatelyrepresentedintheNewBreed.新型美國人占美國人口的多數(shù)（約為52%），他們代表著人口中較年輕、受教育較多、較富裕的那部分人。這不足為奇，但卻是不成比列的。（二）、將某些短語譯成句子。1.InAugust,1946,onmyfifthtripthroughChina,boundformyMoscowhomebutnotinhaste,sincemyhusbandhaddiedinthewar,IcametoYenan.一九四六年八月，我在回莫斯科家的途中，第五次路過中國；由于我丈夫已在戰(zhàn)爭中犧牲了，所以我不急于回去，于是就來到了延安。2.Thetragicsinkingofthisgreatlinerwillalwaysberememberedforsheentsownonherfirstvoyagewithlossoflife.人們永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記這艘大型客輪沉沒時的悲慘情景，因為她是第一次出航就沉沒的，而且有很多人喪生。3.Thisisacomplexoperationrequiringconsiderabledivisionoflabour.這是一項復(fù)雜的活動，它需要進行周密的勞動分工。4.Hehadgreatphysicalstrengthandhadthereputationofneverorderingamantodoanythinghewouldnotdohimself.他身體強壯，自己不愿做的事從不命令手下人去做，以此享有盛譽。5.Scientistsestimatesthefulleconomic,or"lifecycle"costforatonofsaltat$500,or20timesthe$25purchaseprice.Thatbeginstomaketheswitchtocalciummagnesiumacetate,perhapsthemostpromisingalternative,lookpractical.科學(xué)家們估計，每噸鹽帶來的全部經(jīng)濟開支，即“全程”開支，可達(dá)500美元，這是20倍于25美元的購買價。這樣便開始使改用鈣鎂醋酸鹽顯得實用起來，也許鈣鎂醋酸鹽是最有開發(fā)前途的替代品。Inthiswayanearlier,andperhapsevengreater,cropmightbeobtained.用這種方法，一個較熟的，也許更多的莊稼可以獲得。改：用這種方法，莊家可以早一點收獲，其收成或許會更好些。Inthepoorestnationsoftheworld,morethanhalfofthepopulationlivesonfarms.Thiscomparessharplywithlessthan10percentinwesternEuropeandlessthan4percentintheUnitedStates.在世界上最貧窮的國家，過半人口以農(nóng)業(yè)為生，這與西歐的10%及美國的4%的農(nóng)業(yè)人口比例形成鮮明的對比。改：在世界上最貧窮的國家，農(nóng)業(yè)人口過半，這也西歐和美國形成了鮮明的對比。西歐農(nóng)業(yè)人口為10%，美國農(nóng)業(yè)人口4%Heneedsit（conceit）toencouragehimintryingmomentswhenhe'sbotheredbythedoubtsanduncertaintiesthatarepartofthepracitceofmedicine.當(dāng)他受到行醫(yī)中必定會遇到的重重疑慮的煎熬時，他需要自負(fù)來支撐自己度過這些難受的時間。改：有疑慮和拿不準(zhǔn)是行醫(yī)中不可避免的。當(dāng)醫(yī)生遇到這種棘手的情況時，他需要用自負(fù)來鼓勵自己果斷地作出決定。Someparentssimplycannotstandlettingtheirbabycryuntilheorshelearnstofallsleepontheirown,orwhenthebabyawakensinthemiddleofthenight.有些家長根本無法忍受嬰兒自己學(xué)會入睡之前的啼哭，或是半夜里嬰兒醒時的啼哭。改：嬰兒在學(xué)會自己入睡前常常在睡前啼哭，嬰兒也常常半夜醒來時啼哭。對此，一些家長簡直忍受不了。（三）、把某些定語從句譯成分句或者獨立句子。1.Apartfromhavingtokeeptoagreatmanyrulesandcustoms,manyofwhichseemedtomestupid,wewereneverallowedtobealone.我們除了要遵守大量的規(guī)定和習(xí)慣以外，還不許單獨一個人待著。而對我來說，其中許多規(guī)定和習(xí)慣都似乎是愚蠢可笑的。2.BrightsunshinefoldedthestreetwhereagroupofboysinSundayclotheswereplayingball.大街上陽光燦爛。一群穿著假日服裝的孩子正在街上玩皮球。3.ThiswastheperiodwhenEinsteinbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofRelativity.在這期間，愛因斯坦開始進行一項研究。經(jīng)過這項研究，他創(chuàng)立了著名的相對論。4.Nowtheintegratedcircuithasreducedbymanytimesthesizeofthecomputerofwhichitformsapart,thuscreatinganewgenerationofportableminicompters.現(xiàn)在的集成電路城了計算機的組成部分。這使計算機的體積大大縮小，從而產(chǎn)生了新一代的袖珍式微型計算機。Severalcannalswerebuilttofacilitateworldcommerce,themostimportantbeingtheSuez,whichshortenedtheroutebetweenWesternEuropeandIndiaby4,000miles,andthePanama,whichreducedthedistancebetweenNewYorkandSanFranciscobyalmost8,000miles.譯文1.幾條運河的開鑿便利了世界貿(mào)易，其中最重要的是將西歐到印度的航程縮短了4000英里的蘇伊士運河，和將紐約到舊金山距離減少了近8000英里的巴拿馬運河。譯文2.前者，后者Withtheadvancementoftechnology,smallcomputershavecomeontothemarketwhicharecapableofdoingtheworkwhichusedtobedonebymuchlargerandexpensivecomputers,sonowmostsmallcompaniescanusethem.譯文：隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，能完成工作的小計算機已經(jīng)投放市場，而這些工作過去時由大的多貴得多的計算機來完成的。因此，現(xiàn)在很小的公司也能使用計算機。Hemaintainedthatitwouldbeamistaketoholdupprogressinthebilateraltalkoveramatterwhichinvolvesothers.譯文：他認(rèn)為，為了討論其他國家問題而舉行的這次雙邊會談不能取得進展，實在是錯誤的。二、合譯法（一）、詞與詞的合譯英語喜歡并用同義詞來加強含義或語氣1.Heisamanofcultureandlearning.他是一個有學(xué)問的人。

2.Hisfatherisamanwhoforgivesandforgets.他父親是一位寬宏大量的人。3.You'llsupplyfinancialpower,andwe'llsupplymanpower.Isn'tthatfairandsquare?（二）、句子合譯1.Shewaited,butinvain.她白等了。2.Parentslovetheirchildrenandtheloveisperfect.父母對子女的愛是無微不至的。3.AboriginestodayliveindifferentcircumstancethroughoutAustralia,rangingfromsomewholivemuchastheirancestorsdidinthmoreremoteordistantareas,tothosewhohavemergedwiththelifeoflargecitiesandtowns.土著人現(xiàn)在住在澳大利亞不同的環(huán)境中。一些人像他們祖先一樣生活在偏僻郊遠(yuǎn)的地方，一些人已經(jīng)融入了大城鎮(zhèn)的生活。語序調(diào)整1.時空順序英語由小到大、由遠(yuǎn)及近的順序漢語大致相反若時間、地點、方式狀語同時存在英語：方式-地點-時間-動詞漢語：時間-地點-方式-動詞例1：Weatetoourheart’scontentatherhomelastSunday.我們上星期天在她家飽餐一頓。例2：Theydiscussedtheplananimatedlyintheclassroomyesterdayafternoon.他們昨天下午在教室里熱烈討論這一計劃。在敘述動作、事件時，漢語一般是按照自然時間順序?qū)⒍叹渑帕谐砷L句的，英語則比較靈活。例3：Atotherhouses1

thedoorswereslammedinmyface2，cuttingshort3

mypolitelyandhumblycouchedrequestforsomethingtoeat4.我到了另外一些人家門口1，謙恭有禮地討要點兒東西吃4，話還沒說完3，他們就當(dāng)著我的面“砰”一聲把大門關(guān)上了2。2.邏輯順序并列成分英語：輕重、前后、因果或者部分-整體漢語：較大、較極端，給人印象深刻的放在前面elementaryandhighschools中小學(xué)privateandpublic公私衣食住行Food，clothing，shelterandtransportation悲喜交集Havemixedfeelingsofjoyandsorrow新仇舊恨Oldscoresandnewhatred經(jīng)風(fēng)雨，見世面facetheworldandbravethestorm句子中：英語：先主后從，先表態(tài)后敘事，先果后因漢語：自然邏輯發(fā)展順序例4：Tohimthereissomethingdivineinthesympatheticindulgenceshesubstitutesfortheangrydisgustwithwhichoneofhisowncountrywomenresenthissupposedcondition.要是一個英國女人看到他真像他自己所假定的那么爛醉，她就會對他又惱怒，又厭惡，而娜拉對他卻是又同情又寬容，他在這中間看出了一點神圣的品質(zhì)。例6：Howcanhegetgoodgradeswhenhewon‘tstudy？他不用功的話怎么拿高分呢？例7：Ican'ttellyouwhenyouwon'tlisten.既然你不想聽，我就不告訴你了。例8：Shepersistedinherworkwhenshemighttakeagoodrest.她本可以好好休息一下，但還是堅持工作。3.結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整英語中的同位語、倒裝句、狀語、定語、插入語、主語等，翻譯時要根據(jù)漢語語序進行調(diào)整。例9：Formerlyaworkerhimself，hewasnowanengineer.他過去是工人，現(xiàn)在當(dāng)了工程師了。（同位語換序）例10：How

beautifulthehills

lookwiththecloudsbehindthem！襯著后面的云彩，這些山看起來多美?。。ǖ寡b句換序）例11：Eventhewildanimalsofhishomeland，itseemedtoKunta，hadmoredignitythanthesecreatures.昆塔覺得，就連他家鄉(xiāng)的野獸也比這群人自重。（插入語換序）ItsoundslikeMissionImpossible：SellcoffeetoChina’steadrinkers．Starbuckssolutionistoselecthigh－proonthebusieststreets，wherestoresaresuretoseducethesee－and－be－seenset．AsStarbuckslaunchesanaggressiveexpansioninChina，acoffeefrontiersteepedinnearly5,000yearsoftea．Thegoal：tobuildhiphang－outsthattapintoanewtasteforChina’semergingmiddleclass．StarbucksChinadoesn’tplananyadvertising，promotions，orothermarketingstrategies，asidefromsponsoringanonlinecoffeeclubandtheoccasionaloffice－towercoffeetasting．Instead，thecompanyiscountingonselectingsuchhigh－visibility，high－trafficcafelocationsthattheymarketthemselves．Itsmainadvertisingmediumisthestoreitself．英語長句的譯法

1.切分法將英語長句按意群切分為若干小句再逐句翻譯。Willthedecisiontobombthecountry’soillifeline

persuadetheirleaderstoenditsarmedinfiltrationoftheirneighboringcountries？轟炸該國石油命脈的主張，會叫該國的領(lǐng)袖裹足，不再武裝滲透鄰近各國嗎？NowthereisinAmericaacuriouscombinationofprideinhavingrisentoapositionwhereitisnolongernecessarytodependonmanuallaborforalivingandgenuinedelightinwhatoneisabletoaccomplishwithone'sownhands.現(xiàn)在美國有一個奇怪的既對立又統(tǒng)一的現(xiàn)象：人們一方面為地位上升不再需要靠體力勞動謀生而感到自豪，另一方面又對能夠親自動手取得成功而由衷地感到高興。2.拆譯法將原文中的某一部分（如單詞、短語或從句）提取出來單獨處理，或者放在譯文句首，或者放在譯文句末。如：Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequantityofthenaturalproductcannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement,ormoreoften,becausethephysicalpropertiesofthesyntheticsubstance,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerial,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasized,sothatitwouldbethegreatestuseinthefieldinwhichitistobeapplied.人造材料統(tǒng)稱為合成材料。許多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，這或者是由于天然材料產(chǎn)量不能滿足日益增長的需要，或者是由于人們通常選擇并強調(diào)了合成材料的一些物理性質(zhì)而造成的。因此，合成材料在其計劃使用的范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮著最大的作用。Theveryimportantoilindustry，whichhasdonemuchtorejuvenatetheeconomyoftheSouthsincetheendofWorldWarII，madeconsiderableheadwayespeciallyinthefivestatesofArkansas，Louisiana，Mississippi，OklahomaandTexas.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后石油工業(yè)對振興南部經(jīng)濟起了很大的作用。這個十分重要的工業(yè)部門特別是在一下5個州中取得了很大的進展：阿肯色、路易斯安那、密西西比、俄克拉荷馬和得克薩斯。BrightsunshinefoldedthestreetwhereagroupofboysinSundayclotheswereplayingballs.大街上陽光燦爛。一群穿著假日服飾的孩子正在街上玩皮球。3.插入標(biāo)點法是指插入原文中所沒有的標(biāo)點符號，如破折號、括號、冒號等等。用這種方法來保持原文的連貫性。如：NowthereisinAmericaacuriouscombinationofprideinhavingrisentoapositionwhereitisnolongernecessarytodependonmanuallaborforalivingandgenuinedelightinwhatoneisabletoaccomplishwithone'sownhands.現(xiàn)在美國有一個奇怪的既對立又統(tǒng)一的現(xiàn)象：人們一方面為地位上升不再需要靠體力勞動謀生而感到自豪，另一方面又對能夠親自動手取得成功做事而由衷地感到高興。Theeffectsofsmokinghavewidelybeenassociatedwithanincreasedriskofdevelopinglungdiseasesincludingcancer，heartdiseaseandstroke.“Interventiontodiscouragesmokingshouldreceivehighpriority，”theresearchersconclude.吸煙的影響與患肺?。òǚ伟⑿呐K病和中風(fēng)的風(fēng)險的增加有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系。研究人員的結(jié)論是：“勸人戒煙應(yīng)是當(dāng)務(wù)之急?！?.句子重組法也叫綜合法，在準(zhǔn)確地領(lǐng)會、把握了原文的基礎(chǔ)上，打破原文的結(jié)構(gòu)，靈活自如地表達(dá)出原文的信息、含義。如：Itisacuriousfact,ofwhichIcanthinkofnosatisfactoryexplanation，thatenthusiasmforcountrylifeandloveofnaturalsceneryarestrongestandmostwidelydiffusedpreciselyinthoseEuropeancountrieswhichhavetheworstclimateandwherethesearchforthepicturesqueinvolvesthegreatestdiscomfort.歐洲有些國家，天氣壞透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如畫的地方。奇怪，他們恰好最喜歡過鄉(xiāng)村生活，也最喜歡欣賞天然風(fēng)景，而且這個情形也極普遍。這是實情，我怎么也提不出叫人滿意的解釋來。Thepoorarethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacursewhichdestroystheoldmuscle-powerjobthatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.對于以往幾代人來說，舊式的體力勞動時一種用以擺脫貧困的手段，而技術(shù)的進步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動。因此，首先體驗到技術(shù)進步之害的是窮人。Theconcertedeffortbypolicymakers.businesses,recreationmanagersandorganizationssuchastheWorldWildlifeFundandConservationInternationaltomakeecotourismamainstreampracticeispromising.Weinthewesternindustrializednationshaveanincredibleopportunityforrestorativeandregenerativechangethroughecotourism.Thereseemstobelittledoubtthattourismwillcontinuetogrow;themostimportantquestionremains.Willitbeecologicallyresponsibleandsustainable?

Theresponsibilityclearlyrestswithourselvestocareforanenvironmentalandculturaldiversitywhichhistoricallywehaveused