新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)慣用語(yǔ)整理Lesson15

新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)慣用語(yǔ)整理Lesson15【課文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Whyissecrecyparticularlyimportantinthechemicalindustries?Twofactorsweighheavilyagainsttheeffectivenessofscientificresearchinindustry.Oneisthegeneralatmosphereofsecrecyinwhichitiscarriedout,theotherthelackoffreedomoftheindividualresearchworker.Insofarasanyinquiryisasecretone,itnaturallylimitsallthoseengagedincarryingitoutfromeffectivecontactwiththeirfellowscientistseitherinothercountriesorinuniversities,oreven,oftenenough,inotherdepartmentsofthesamefirm.Thedegreeofsecrecynaturallyvariesconsiderably.Someofthebiggerfirmsareengagedinresearcheswhichareofsuchgeneralandfundamentalnaturethatitisapositiveadvantagetothemnottokeepthemsecret.Yetagreatmanyprocessesdependingonsuchresearcharesoughtforwithcompletesecrecyuntilthestageatwhichpatentscanbetakenout.Evenmoreprocessesareneverpatentedatallbutkeptassecretprocesses.Thisappliesparticularlytochemicalindustries,wherechancediscoveriesplayamuchlargerpartthantheydoinphysicalandmechanicalindustries.Sometimesthesecrecygoestosuchanextentthatthewholenatureoftheresearchcannotbementioned.Manyfirms,forinstance,havegreatdifficultyinobtainingtechnicalorscientificbooksfromlibrariesbecausetheyareunwillingtohavetheirnamesenteredashavingtakenoutsuchandsuchabook,forfeartheagentsofotherfirmsshouldbeabletotracethekindofresearchtheyarelikelytobeundertaking.J.D.BERNALTheSocialFunctionofScience【Newwordsandexpressions 生詞和短語(yǔ)】secrecyn.秘密effectivenessn.成效，效力inquiryn.調(diào)查研究positiveadj.確實(shí)的processn.過(guò)程patentn.專利;v.得到專利權(quán)agentn.情報(bào)人員【課文注釋】weighagainst，不利于 。例句：Hiscriminalrecordweighedheavilyagainsthim.他的前科關(guān)系重大，對(duì)他很不利。weighagainst也有權(quán)衡、斟酌的意思。Ifyouweighagainststh,youconsidercarefullytherelativevalueorimportanceofsth.例句：Heneedsnolongerweighreasonsforandagainsthisemigration.他不必再去考慮要不要離開(kāi)故鄉(xiāng)的問(wèn)題了使某人weighsbdown:makesbfeelanxiousordepressed使某人感到憂慮或沮喪。例句:Theresponsibilitiesofthejobareweighingherdown.她工作責(zé)任很重，把她壓得無(wú)精打采。thelackof...缺乏 Ifthereisalackofsomething,thereisnotenoughofitoritdoesnotexistatall.例句:Despitehislackofexperience,hegotthejob.即使他缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他還是得到了那份工作。lack也能夠單獨(dú)作動(dòng)詞使用。例句:Theylackedthemoneytosendhimtouniversity.他們沒(méi)錢送他上大學(xué)。lack作名詞，表示對(duì)某物的缺乏。例句:Theprojecthadtobeabandonedforlackoffunds.工程因資金匱乏只得放棄。3.insofaras...，就 來(lái)說(shuō)。4.engagein，從事，參與。①Ifyouengageinanactivity,youdoitorareactivelyinvolvedwithit.例句:Ihavenotimetoengageingossip.我無(wú)暇閑聊。②engagetosb，與某人訂婚。例句：She'sengagedtoPeter.她與彼得訂了婚。5.oreven,oftenenough，這里是個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，把oftenenough拿掉句子仍然成立，僅僅意思稍有變化。whichareofsuchgeneralandfundamentalnature ，其中tobeof有“具有”的意思。例句：Myadvicemaybeofuseforyou.我的意見(jiàn)也許對(duì)你有用。aresoughtforwithcompletesecrecy ，極端秘密地探索。suchandsuchabook。某一本書。forfear(ofdoingsth/that...) ，唯恐，以免。例句：Thenursewalkedontiptoeforfearofwakingthepatient.護(hù)士踮著腳走惟恐會(huì)吵醒病人。例句：Hetoldustokeepquietforfearthatwemightdisturbothers.他讓我們保持安靜，以免打擾別人?！緟⒖甲g文】有兩個(gè)因素嚴(yán)重地妨礙工業(yè)中科學(xué)研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存有的保密氣氛;二是研究人員缺乏個(gè)人自由。任何一項(xiàng)研究都涉及到保密，那些從事科研的人員自然受到了限制。他們不能和其他國(guó)家、其他大學(xué)、甚至往往不能與本公司的其他部門的同行們實(shí)行有效的接觸。保密水準(zhǔn)自然差別很大。某些大公司實(shí)行的研究屬于一般和基礎(chǔ)的研究，所以不保密對(duì)他們才有利。不過(guò)，依賴這種研究的很多工藝程序是在完全保密的情況下實(shí)行的，直到能夠取得專利權(quán)的階段為止。更多的工藝