AP-心理學-講義-Personality課件

AP心理學講義PersonalityAP心理學講義Personality1PersonalityPersonality:Thepsychologicalqualitiesthatbringaconsistencytoanindividual’sthoughtsandbehaviorsindifferentsituationsandatdifferenttimes.Personalityisacontinuouslychangingprocess,shapedbyourindividualneedsandcognitionsandbyexternalpressuresfromthesocialenvironment.Itisthethreadthatconsistentlyrunsthroughourlives.PersonalityPersonality:Theps2TwoMainTheoriesPsychodynamicTheory:Freud’stheorythatcallsattentiontomotivation,especiallyunconsciousmotives,andtheinfluenceofourpastexperiences.HumanisticTheory:Atheorythatemphasizesthepresent,subjectivereality-whatwebelieveisimportantnow,whatwethinkofourselvesinrelationtoothersisimportantnow.TwoMainTheoriesPsychodynamic3ClinicalPerspectiveTheclinicalperspectiveutilizesacombinationofthepsychodynamicandhumanistictheories.Thisismostoftenusedbypsychologistswhoareworkingwithpeoplewhoareseekingcounseling.ClinicalPerspectiveTheclinic4SocialCognitiveTheorySocial-cognitivetheoryderivesfromexperimentsinpsychologyratherthanclinicalwork.Thistheoryisbasedontheideathatpersonalityisaresultoflearning,perceptionandsocialinteraction.Despitewhatitseems,social-cognitivetheoryandclinicalperspectivecomplimenteachotherandsharesomecommonideas.SocialCognitiveTheorySocial-5PsychodynamicTheoriesAlthoughthereareavarietyofpsychodynamictheories,theyoriginatewithFreud’spsychoanalytictheory.Inthistheory,Freudsaidtheunconscious,thehiddenpartsofthemind,wasasourceofpowerfulimpulses,instincts,motives,andconflictsthatenergizepersonality.PsychodynamicTheoriesAlthough6PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisfocusesonhowthemind’senergyisexchanged,transformedandexpressed.The“mentalstream”ofthesexdrivewascalledtheEros,heGreekgodforpassionatelove.Theenergybehindthisdrivewascalledlibido,Latinforlust.The“mentalstream”fordestructionwasThanatos.Freudcalleditthe“deathinstinct”thatdrivesaggressiveanddestructiveactshumanscommitagainsteachother.PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisf7PersonalityStructureFreudsawhumanpersonalityasanicebergwiththreeparts:theEgo,SuperegoandId.Inthismodel,thesuperegoandtheidwereantagonistparts,regulatedbytheego.IdSuperegoEgoConsciousmindUnconsciousmindPersonalityStructureFreudsaw8TheIdInFreud’smodel,theidistheprimitive,unconsciousreservoirthathousesthebasicmotives,drivesandinstinctivedesiresthatdetermineourpersonalities.AlwaysactsonimpulseandseeksimmediatepleasureTheonlypartofthepersonalitypresentatbirthTheIdInFreud’smodel,theid9TheSuperegoThesuperegoisthe“police”ofpersonalityandisresponsibleformoralsandvalueslearnedfromsociety.ThesuperegodevelopsasthethechildformsaninternalsetofrulesbasedonexternalexperiencesTheinnervoiceofshouldsandshouldnotsOftenconflictswiththeidbecausetheidwantswhatfeelsgoodandthesuperegowantswhatisrightandmorealTheSuperegoThesuperegoisth10TheEgoRegulatingtheconflictbetweentheidandthesuperegoisthejoboftheego-theconscious,rationalpartofthemind.Theegomustfigureoutawaytosatisfyone’sdesires,whilenotviolatingone’smoralcode.Whenthisbalancebecomesupset,conflictedthoughtsandbehaviorsthatsignifyamentaldisordermaybetheresultTheEgoRegulatingtheconflict11PsychosexualStagesFreudbelievedthatourearlyexperiencesstayedwithusandaffectedusthroughoutourdevelopment,especiallywithregardstosex.Shouldsomethinghappenintheearlyyears,peoplewillhaveproblemstoovercomelaterinlifespecificallydealingwithsexuality:Oedipuscomplex:boyinlovewiththeirmotherIdentification:boyslovetheirmom/identifywiththeirdadPenisenvy:girlsdesiretohaveapenis-attractedtomalesFixation:occurswhendevelopmentisstoppedataparticularstagePsychosexualStagesFreudbelie12Freud’sPsychosexualStagesFreud’sPsychosexualStagesStageFocusOralPleasurecentersonthemouth--(0-18months)sucking,biting,chewingAnalPleasurefocusesonbowelandbladder(18-36months)elimination;copingwithdemandsfor controlPhallicPleasurezoneisthegenitals;copingwith(3-6years)incestuoussexualfeelingsLatencyDormantsexualfeelings(6topuberty)GenitalMaturationofsexualinterests(pubertyon)Freud’sPsychosexualStagesFre13EgoDefenseEgodefenseisthelargelyunconsciousmentalstrategytoreduceanxietyorconflict.Repression:theegodefensethatexcludesunacceptableorinappropriatethoughtsandfeelingsfromourawareness.Acompletelistofegodefensesisonpage416,beabletoidentifywhattheseare.EgoDefenseEgodefenseisthe14AssessingtheUnconsciousProjectiveTestapersonalitytest,suchastheRorschachorTAT,thatprovidesambiguousstimulidesignedtotriggerprojectionofone’sinnerdynamicsThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)aprojectivetestinwhichpeopleexpresstheirinnerfeelingsandintereststhroughthestoriestheymakeupaboutambiguousscenesAssessingtheUnconsciousProje15AssessingtheUnconscious--TATAssessingtheUnconscious--TAT16AssessingtheUnconsciousRorschachInkblotTestthemostwidelyusedprojectivetestasetof10inkblotsdesignedbyHermannRorschachseekstoidentifypeople’sinnerfeelingsbyanalyzingtheirinterpretationsoftheblotsAssessingtheUnconsciousRorsc17AssessingtheUnconscious--RorschachAssessingtheUnconscious--Ror18CriticismofFreudWhileFreudisstillwildlypopularinmediaandculture,ithaslostmostofitsupportinthepsychologyfield.ManyFreudianconcepts(libido,repression)arevagueThefocusisonretrospectiveexplanationOnlylooksback,doesn’tgivecredittothepresentorfutureNothoughtgiventowomenTheunconsciousmindisnotassmart/purposefulasFreudwouldlikeustobelieveCriticismofFreudWhileFreud19Neo-FreudiansFreudwasacontroversialfigure,andmanyofhiscolloguesbrokeawayfromhisview,butstillmaintainedapsychodynamicaspecttotheirtheoriesAlfredAdlerimportanceofchildhoodsocialtensionKarenHorneysoughttobalanceFreud’smasculinebiasesCarlJungemphasizedthecollectiveunconsciousconceptofashared,inheritedreservoirofmemorytracesfromourspecies’history.Neo-FreudiansFreudwasacontr20HumanisticTheoriesHumanistictheoriesareoptimisticaboutthecoreofhumannature.Personalityisdrivenbyneedstoadaptandlearn,ratherthanunconsciousconflictsordefensemechanismsandanxietyMentaldisordersoccurwhenapersonisinanunhealthysituationthatcauseslowself-esteemandunmetneeds,notfromunhealthyindividuals.HumanisticTheoriesHumanistic21AbrahamMaslowThemostfamoushumanisticperspectivecamefromAbrahamMaslowwhocreatedahierarchyofneeds(chapter8).Hesaidweneededsomethingthatdescribedgoodmentalhealthasmorethanjusttheabsenceofillness.Maslowsawagroupofpeopleinpursuitof“higherideals”andwantedawaytoexplaintheirbehavior.Self-actualizingpersonalities-healthyindividualswhohavemettheirbasicneedsandarefreetobecreativeandfulfilltheirpotentialities.AbrahamMaslowThemostfamous22CarlRogersAnotherfamoushumanistswasCarlRogerswhotookadifferentapproach.Heidentifiedhealthypersonalitiesasthefullyfunctioningperson.Anindividualwhohasaself-conceptthatispositiveandcongruentwithreality.CarlRogersAnotherfamoushuma23CriticismofHumanisticTheoriesPeoplecriticizehumanisticconceptsasbeingfuzzy-whatisselfactualization?Foralongtime,self-esteemwasthoughttocausepeopletoactthewaytheydo.Morerecently,psychologistshavearguedthatself-esteemisn’tthecauseofbehavior,butratheraby-productofbehavior.CriticismofHumanisticTheori24Social-cognitiveTheoriesWherearetheclinicalviewslackscientificbacking,thesocial-cognitivetheoriesaresolidlyfoundedinscientifictradition,withemphasisputonresearch.Themostwellknownofthesetheoriesisobservationallearning,supportedbyAlbertBandura.Bandurasaidwearenotonlydrivenbyinnerforcesandtheenvironment,butalsoexpectationsabouthowthoseactionswillaffectotherpeople,theenvironmentandourselves.Social-cognitiveTheoriesWhere25ObservationalLearningInobservationallearning,welearnnewresponsesbywatchingeachothers’behavior.Personality,thus,islearnedbehaviorpatternsThesecognitiveprocessinvolveanongoingrelationshipbetweentheindividualandtheenvironmentcalledreciprocaldeterminismObservationalLearningInobser26Social-CognitivePerspectiveLocusofControloursenseofcontrollingourenvironmentsratherthanfeelinghelplessExternalLocusofControltheperceptionthatchanceoroutsideforcesbeyondone’spersonalcontroldetermineone’sfateSocial-CognitivePerspectiveLo27Social-CognitivePerspectiveInternalLocusofControl

theperceptionthatonecontrolsone’sownfateLearnedHelplessness

thehopelessnessandpassiveresignationananimalorhumanlearnswhenunabletoavoidrepeatedaversiveeventsSocial-CognitivePerspectiveIn28Social-CognitivePerspectiveLearnedHelplessnessUncontrollablebadeventsPerceivedlackofcontrolGeneralizedhelplessbehaviorSocial-CognitivePerspectiveLe29PersonalityandTemperamentTemperamentistheinheritedpersonalitydispositionsthatareapparentinearlychildhoodandthatestablish“tempo”and“mood”intheindividual’sbehaviors.BiologicaldispositionsaffectourbasicpersonalitiesPersonalityandTemperamentTem30TraitsandPersonalityTraitsarestablepersonalitycharacteristicsthatarepresumedtoexistwithintheindividualandtoguidehisorherthoughtsandactionsundervariousconditionsTheFive-FactorTheory:Aperspectivesuggestingthatpersonalityiscomposedoffivefundamentalpersonalitydimensions:opennesstoexperience,consciousness,extraversion,agreeablenessandneuroticism(explanationon433).TraitsandPersonalityTraitsa31Five-FactorTheoryThe“BigFive”PersonalityFactorsTraitDimensionDescriptionEmotionalStability Calmversusanxious Secureversusinsecure Self-satisfiedversusself-pityingExtraversion Sociableversusretiring

Fun-lovingversussober

AffectionateversusreservedOpenness Imaginativeversuspractical Preferenceforvarietyversuspreferenceforroutine IndependentversusconformingExtraversion Soft-heartedversusruthless Trustingversussuspicious HelpfulversusuncooperativeConscientiousness Organizedversusdisorganized Carefulversuscareless DisciplinedversusimpulsiveFive-FactorTheoryThe“BigFiv32ContemporaryResearch–

TheTraitPerspectiveTraitacharacteristicpatternofbehavioradispositiontofeelandact,asassessedbyself-reportinventoriesandpeerreportsPersonalityInventoryaquestionnaire(oftenwithtrue-falseoragree-disagreeitems)onwhichpeoplerespondtoitemsdesignedtogaugeawiderangeoffeelingsandbehaviorsusedtoassessselectedpersonalitytraitsContemporaryResearch–

TheTr33TheTraitPerspectiveHansandSybilEysenckusetwoprimarypersonalityfactorsasaxesfordescribingpersonalityvariationUNSTABLESTABLEcholericmelancholicphlegmaticsanguineINTROVERTEDEXTRAVERTEDMoodyAnxiousRigidSoberPessimisticReservedUnsociableQuietSociableOutgoingTalkativeResponsiveEasygoingLivelyCarefreeLeadershipPassiveCarefulThoughtfulPeacefulControlledReliableEven-temperedCalmTouchyRestlessAggressiveExcitableChangeableImpulsiveOptimisticActiveTheTraitPerspectiveHansand34AP心理學講義PersonalityAP心理學講義Personality35PersonalityPersonality:Thepsychologicalqualitiesthatbringaconsistencytoanindividual’sthoughtsandbehaviorsindifferentsituationsandatdifferenttimes.Personalityisacontinuouslychangingprocess,shapedbyourindividualneedsandcognitionsandbyexternalpressuresfromthesocialenvironment.Itisthethreadthatconsistentlyrunsthroughourlives.PersonalityPersonality:Theps36TwoMainTheoriesPsychodynamicTheory:Freud’stheorythatcallsattentiontomotivation,especiallyunconsciousmotives,andtheinfluenceofourpastexperiences.HumanisticTheory:Atheorythatemphasizesthepresent,subjectivereality-whatwebelieveisimportantnow,whatwethinkofourselvesinrelationtoothersisimportantnow.TwoMainTheoriesPsychodynamic37ClinicalPerspectiveTheclinicalperspectiveutilizesacombinationofthepsychodynamicandhumanistictheories.Thisismostoftenusedbypsychologistswhoareworkingwithpeoplewhoareseekingcounseling.ClinicalPerspectiveTheclinic38SocialCognitiveTheorySocial-cognitivetheoryderivesfromexperimentsinpsychologyratherthanclinicalwork.Thistheoryisbasedontheideathatpersonalityisaresultoflearning,perceptionandsocialinteraction.Despitewhatitseems,social-cognitivetheoryandclinicalperspectivecomplimenteachotherandsharesomecommonideas.SocialCognitiveTheorySocial-39PsychodynamicTheoriesAlthoughthereareavarietyofpsychodynamictheories,theyoriginatewithFreud’spsychoanalytictheory.Inthistheory,Freudsaidtheunconscious,thehiddenpartsofthemind,wasasourceofpowerfulimpulses,instincts,motives,andconflictsthatenergizepersonality.PsychodynamicTheoriesAlthough40PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisfocusesonhowthemind’senergyisexchanged,transformedandexpressed.The“mentalstream”ofthesexdrivewascalledtheEros,heGreekgodforpassionatelove.Theenergybehindthisdrivewascalledlibido,Latinforlust.The“mentalstream”fordestructionwasThanatos.Freudcalleditthe“deathinstinct”thatdrivesaggressiveanddestructiveactshumanscommitagainsteachother.PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisf41PersonalityStructureFreudsawhumanpersonalityasanicebergwiththreeparts:theEgo,SuperegoandId.Inthismodel,thesuperegoandtheidwereantagonistparts,regulatedbytheego.IdSuperegoEgoConsciousmindUnconsciousmindPersonalityStructureFreudsaw42TheIdInFreud’smodel,theidistheprimitive,unconsciousreservoirthathousesthebasicmotives,drivesandinstinctivedesiresthatdetermineourpersonalities.AlwaysactsonimpulseandseeksimmediatepleasureTheonlypartofthepersonalitypresentatbirthTheIdInFreud’smodel,theid43TheSuperegoThesuperegoisthe“police”ofpersonalityandisresponsibleformoralsandvalueslearnedfromsociety.ThesuperegodevelopsasthethechildformsaninternalsetofrulesbasedonexternalexperiencesTheinnervoiceofshouldsandshouldnotsOftenconflictswiththeidbecausetheidwantswhatfeelsgoodandthesuperegowantswhatisrightandmorealTheSuperegoThesuperegoisth44TheEgoRegulatingtheconflictbetweentheidandthesuperegoisthejoboftheego-theconscious,rationalpartofthemind.Theegomustfigureoutawaytosatisfyone’sdesires,whilenotviolatingone’smoralcode.Whenthisbalancebecomesupset,conflictedthoughtsandbehaviorsthatsignifyamentaldisordermaybetheresultTheEgoRegulatingtheconflict45PsychosexualStagesFreudbelievedthatourearlyexperiencesstayedwithusandaffectedusthroughoutourdevelopment,especiallywithregardstosex.Shouldsomethinghappenintheearlyyears,peoplewillhaveproblemstoovercomelaterinlifespecificallydealingwithsexuality:Oedipuscomplex:boyinlovewiththeirmotherIdentification:boyslovetheirmom/identifywiththeirdadPenisenvy:girlsdesiretohaveapenis-attractedtomalesFixation:occurswhendevelopmentisstoppedataparticularstagePsychosexualStagesFreudbelie46Freud’sPsychosexualStagesFreud’sPsychosexualStagesStageFocusOralPleasurecentersonthemouth--(0-18months)sucking,biting,chewingAnalPleasurefocusesonbowelandbladder(18-36months)elimination;copingwithdemandsfor controlPhallicPleasurezoneisthegenitals;copingwith(3-6years)incestuoussexualfeelingsLatencyDormantsexualfeelings(6topuberty)GenitalMaturationofsexualinterests(pubertyon)Freud’sPsychosexualStagesFre47EgoDefenseEgodefenseisthelargelyunconsciousmentalstrategytoreduceanxietyorconflict.Repression:theegodefensethatexcludesunacceptableorinappropriatethoughtsandfeelingsfromourawareness.Acompletelistofegodefensesisonpage416,beabletoidentifywhattheseare.EgoDefenseEgodefenseisthe48AssessingtheUnconsciousProjectiveTestapersonalitytest,suchastheRorschachorTAT,thatprovidesambiguousstimulidesignedtotriggerprojectionofone’sinnerdynamicsThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)aprojectivetestinwhichpeopleexpresstheirinnerfeelingsandintereststhroughthestoriestheymakeupaboutambiguousscenesAssessingtheUnconsciousProje49AssessingtheUnconscious--TATAssessingtheUnconscious--TAT50AssessingtheUnconsciousRorschachInkblotTestthemostwidelyusedprojectivetestasetof10inkblotsdesignedbyHermannRorschachseekstoidentifypeople’sinnerfeelingsbyanalyzingtheirinterpretationsoftheblotsAssessingtheUnconsciousRorsc51AssessingtheUnconscious--RorschachAssessingtheUnconscious--Ror52CriticismofFreudWhileFreudisstillwildlypopularinmediaandculture,ithaslostmostofitsupportinthepsychologyfield.ManyFreudianconcepts(libido,repression)arevagueThefocusisonretrospectiveexplanationOnlylooksback,doesn’tgivecredittothepresentorfutureNothoughtgiventowomenTheunconsciousmindisnotassmart/purposefulasFreudwouldlikeustobelieveCriticismofFreudWhileFreud53Neo-FreudiansFreudwasacontroversialfigure,andmanyofhiscolloguesbrokeawayfromhisview,butstillmaintainedapsychodynamicaspecttotheirtheoriesAlfredAdlerimportanceofchildhoodsocialtensionKarenHorneysoughttobalanceFreud’smasculinebiasesCarlJungemphasizedthecollectiveunconsciousconceptofashared,inheritedreservoirofmemorytracesfromourspecies’history.Neo-FreudiansFreudwasacontr54HumanisticTheoriesHumanistictheoriesareoptimisticaboutthecoreofhumannature.Personalityisdrivenbyneedstoadaptandlearn,ratherthanunconsciousconflictsordefensemechanismsandanxietyMentaldisordersoccurwhenapersonisinanunhealthysituationthatcauseslowself-esteemandunmetneeds,notfromunhealthyindividuals.HumanisticTheoriesHumanistic55AbrahamMaslowThemostfamoushumanisticperspectivecamefromAbrahamMaslowwhocreatedahierarchyofneeds(chapter8).Hesaidweneededsomethingthatdescribedgoodmentalhealthasmorethanjusttheabsenceofillness.Maslowsawagroupofpeopleinpursuitof“higherideals”andwantedawaytoexplaintheirbehavior.Self-actualizingpersonalities-healthyindividualswhohavemettheirbasicneedsandarefreetobecreativeandfulfilltheirpotentialities.AbrahamMaslowThemostfamous56CarlRogersAnotherfamoushumanistswasCarlRogerswhotookadifferentapproach.Heidentifiedhealthypersonalitiesasthefullyfunctioningperson.Anindividualwhohasaself-conceptthatispositiveandcongruentwithreality.CarlRogersAnotherfamoushuma57CriticismofHumanisticTheoriesPeoplecriticizehumanisticconceptsasbeingfuzzy-whatisselfactualization?Foralongtime,self-esteemwasthoughttocausepeopletoactthewaytheydo.Morerecently,psychologistshavearguedthatself-esteemisn’tthecauseofbehavior,butratheraby-productofbehavior.CriticismofHumanisticTheori58Social-cognitiveTheoriesWherearetheclinicalviewslackscientificbacking,thesocial-cognitivetheoriesaresolidlyfoundedinscientifictradition,withemphasisputonresearch.Themostwellknownofthesetheoriesisobservationallearning,supportedbyAlbertBandura.Bandurasaidwearenotonlydrivenbyinnerforcesandtheenvironment,butalsoexpectationsabouthowthoseactionswillaffectotherpeople,theenvironmentandourselves.Social-cognitiveTheoriesWhere59ObservationalLearningInobservationallearning,welearnnewresponsesbywatchingeachothers’behavior.Personality,thus,islearnedbehaviorpatternsThesecognitiveprocessinvolveanongoingrelationshipbetweentheindividualandtheenvironmentcalledreciprocaldeterminismObservationalLearningInobser60Social-CognitivePerspectiveLocusofControloursenseofcontrollingourenvironmentsratherthanfeelinghelplessExternalLocusofControltheperceptionthatchanceoroutsideforcesbeyondone’spersonalcontroldetermineone’sfateSocial-CognitivePerspectiveLo61Social-CognitivePerspectiveInternalLocusofControl

theperceptionthatonecontrolsone’sownfateLearnedHelplessness

thehopelessnessandpassiveresignationananimalorhumanlearnswhenunabletoavoidrepeatedaversiveeventsSocial-CognitivePerspectiveIn62Social-CognitivePerspectiveLearnedHelplessnessUncontrollablebadeventsPerceivedlackofcontrolGenerali