高級英語寫作2課件

高級英語寫作

AdvancedEnglishWritingLecture2高級英語寫作

AdvancedEnglishWritin1PartoneDictionDictionisthechoiceanduseofwords.Learningdictioncanhelpusewordsinappropriate,exact,idiomaticandintereringway.PartoneDictionDictionisthe2I.LevelsofWordsThreetypes:formal,common,colloquialFormalwords:learnedwords,orliterary/bigwords;Informalwriting,suchasscholarlyortheoreticalworks,politicalandlegaldocuments,andformallecturesandaddresses;OfGreekorLatinorigin;Threeormoresyllables.Commonwords:peopleuseeveryday;inallkindsofwriting.Colloquialwords:usedininformalorfamiliarconversation.(guy--man,guts--courage,hassle--bother)I.LevelsofWordsThreetypes:3

Thereisnothingnewintherecognition,withinagivenlanguage,ofadistinctionbetweencommonusuageandusesofthelanguageformorerestrictedpurposesandoftenenough,perhapscharacteristically,moreelevatedpurposes.ThemonolithicnatureofEnglishisnotquestionedwhenliteraryessayistslikeEmersoncontrastpoetryandcommonspeech.ThelatterisrecognizedinAmericantobethepropersubjectfortheinvestigationoflinguistswho,however,nowshowsomeincipientinclinationtoinvestigatepoetry,too,andothernoncasual

utterancesinagivenlanguage.--C.F.VoegelinThereisnothingnewinth4

WhenIwasakid,andreadingeverysciencefictionbookinthelocallibrary,Iusedtowonderexactlyhowthefuturewouldhappen.BythatIdon'tmeanwhatthefuturewouldbelike--sciencefictionbooksseemedtoagree,forexample,thatinthefuturetherewouldbenomoney--alltransactionswouldbemadeviaidentitycardsandcentralizedcomputers.Butthatseemeddubioustome:how,Iwondered,areyougoingtogeteverybodytogiveupmoneyinthefirstplace?---MichaelRogersWhenIwasakid,andread5

Youhaveyourtension.Sometimesyoucomeclosetohavinganaccident,thatupsetsyou.Youjustescapemaybebyahairorso.Sometimesmaybeyougetadisgruntledpassengeronthere,andstartsabigargument.Traffic.Youhavesomeonewhocutsyouofforstopsinfrontofthebus.There'salotoftensionbehindthat.Yougottowatchallthetime.You're

watchin'thedrivers,you'rewatchin'othercars.Mostofthetimeyouhavetodrivefortheotherdrivers,toavoidhittingthem.Soyoutakethetensionhomewithyou.---StudusTerkelYouhaveyourtension.Som6

Slangwordsarehighlyinformal,vividandinteresting,butmaysoundoffensiveorfunnyifusedinappropriatly.i.e.:Onhearingthathisfatherhadkickedthebucket,wewrotehimalettertoexpressoursympathies.Thebigbanquetheldinhonourofthedistinguishedguestswasreallyneat.Slangwordsarehighlyinform7II.TheMeaningofWordsTwoaspects:denotativeandconnotativeAword'sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggestedbyit.country,nation,state,landII.TheMeaningofWordsTwoas8SamedenotationbutdifferentconnotationsCountryreferstoanareaoflandanditspopulationandgovernment.Nationemphasizesthepeopleofacountry;Statereferstothegovernmentorpolititcalorganizationofacountry.Landislessprecisebutmoreliteraryandemotivethancountry.Samedenotationbutdifferent9Examples:anislandcountry;neighbouringcountriesapeace-lovingnation;theawakeningnationsofAfricastateorgans;state-ownedenterprisesChinaismynativelandExamples:anislandcountry;ne10PartTwo:ElementaryRulesofUsage4.Placeacommabeforeaconjunctionintroducinganindependentclause.Theearlyrecordsofthecityhavedisappeared,andthestoryofitsfirstyearscannolongerbereconstructed.Thesituationisperilous,butthereisstillonechanceofescape.PartTwo:ElementaryRulesof11Two-partsentencesofwhichthesecondmemberisintroducedbyas(inthesenseof"because"),for,or,nor,orwhile(inthesenseof"andatthesametime")likewiserequireacommabeforetheconjunction.Two-partsentencesofwhichth12Ifadependentclause,oranintroductoryphraserequiringtobesetoffbyacomma,precedesthesecondindependentclause,nocommaisneededaftertheconjunction.Thesituationisperilous,butifwearepreparedtoactpromptly,thereisstillonechanceofescape.Ifadependentclause,orani13Whenthesubjectisthesameforbothclausesandisexpressedonlyonce,acommaisusefuliftheconnectiveisbut.Whentheconnectiveisand,thecommashouldbeomittediftherelationbetweenthetwostatementsiscloseorimmediate.Ihaveheardthearguments,butamstillunconvinced.Hehashadseveralyears'experienceandisthoroughlycompetent.Whenthesubjectisthesamef145.Donotjoinindependentclauses

withacomma.Iftwoormoreclausesgrammaticallycompleteandnotjoinedbyaconjunctionaretoformasinglecompoundsentence,thepropermarkofpunctuationisasemicolon.MaryShelley'sworksareentertaining;theyarefullofengagingideas.Itisnearlyhalfpastfive;wecannotreachtownbeforedark.5.Donotjoinindependentcla15Itis,ofcourse,equallycorrecttowriteeachoftheseastwosentences,replacingthesemicolonswithperiods.MaryShelley'sworksareentertaining.Theyarefullofengagingideas.Itisnearlyhalfpastfive.Wecannotreachtownbeforedark.Itis,ofcourse,equallycorr16Ifaconjunctionisinserted,thepropermarkisacomma.(Rule4.)MaryShelley'sworksareentertaining,fortheyarefullofengagingideas.Itisnearlyhalfpastfive,andwecannotreachtownbeforedark.Ifaconjunctionisinserted,17Acomparisonofthethreeformsgivenabovewillshowclearlytheadvantageofthefirst.Itis,atleastintheexamplesgiven,betterthanthesecondformbecauseitsuggeststhecloserelationshipbetweenthetwostatementsinawaythattheseconddoesnotattempt,andbetterthanthethirdbecauseitisbrieferandthereforemoreforcible.Indeed,thissimplemethodofindicatingrelationshipbetweenstatementsisoneofthemostusefuldevicesofcomposition.Therelationship,asabove,iscommonlyoneofcauseandconsequence.Acomparisonofthethreeform18Notethatifthesecondclauseisprecededbyanadverb,suchasaccordingly,besides,then,therefore,orthus,andnotbyaconjunction,thesemicolonisstillrequired.Ihadneverbeenintheplacebefore;besides,itwasdarkasatomb.Notethatifthesecondclause196.Donotbreaksentencesintwo.Inotherwords,donotuseperiodsforcommas.ImetthemonaCunardlinermanyyearsago.CominghomefromLiverpooltoNewYork.(×)Shewasaninterestingtalker.Awomanwhohadtraveledallovertheworldandlivedinhalfadozencountries.(×)Inboththeseexamples,thefirstperiodshouldbereplacedbyacommaandthefollowingwordbegunwithasmallletter.6.Donotbreaksentencesint20ImetthemonaCunardlinermanyyearsago,cominghomefromLiverpooltoNewYork.Shewasaninterestingtalker,awomanwhohadtraveledallovertheworldandlivedinhalfadozencountries.ImetthemonaCunardlinerm21Itispermissibletomakeanemphaticwordorexpressionservethepurposeofasentenceandtopunctuateitaccordingly:Againandagainhecalledout.Noreply.Itispermissibletomakeane227.Useacolonafteranindependentclausetointroducealistofparticulars,anappositive,anamplification,oranillustrativequotation.7.Useacolonafteranindepe23Acolontellsthereaderthatwhatfollowsiscloselyrelatedtotheprecedingclause.Thecolonhasmoreeffectthanthecomma,lesspowertoseparatethanthesemicolon,andmoreformality(拘謹(jǐn))thanthedash（破折號）.Itusuallyfollowsanindependentclauseandshouldnotseparateaverbfromitscomplementoraprepositionfromitsobject.Acolontellsthereaderthat24Yourdedicatedwhittlerrequires:aknife,apieceofwood,andabackporch.(×)Understandingisthatpenetratingqualityofknowledgethatgrowsfrom:theory,practice,conviction,assertion,error,andhumiliation.(×)Yourdedicatedwhittlerrequir25Yourdedicatedwhittlerrequiresthreeprops:aknife,apieceofwood,andabackporch.(√)Understandingisthatpenetratingqualityofknowledgethatgrowsfromtheory,practice,conviction,assertion,error,andhumiliation.(√)Yourdedicatedwhittlerrequir26Jointwoindependentclauseswithacolonifthesecondinterpretsoramplifiesthefirst.Butevenso,therewasadirectnessanddispatch（新聞報(bào)道）aboutanimalburial:therewasnostopoverintheundertaker'sfoulparlor,nowreathorspray.Jointwoindependentclausesw27Acolonmayintroduceaquotationthatsupportsorcontributestotheprecedingclause.Thesqualor（污穢）ofthestreetsremindedherofalinefromOscarWilde:"Weareallinthegutter（排水溝，貧民窟）,butsomeofusarelookingatthestars."Acolonmayintroduceaquotat28PartThree:NoticeWritingNoticesaremostlywrittentomakekanownsth.abouttohappenor,sometimes,sth.thathashappened.Itmaybeanannouncementofameeting,aparty,afilmorvideoshow,acontest,amatch,etc.PartThree:NoticeWritingNoti29Including1.Date--dayoftheweek--time2.Place3.ActivityForlecturesortalks,thenoticesshouldalsoinclude:4.Backgroundinformationaboutthespeakers,andfortours:5.OtherdetailsIncluding1.Date--dayofthew30ClassMeetingWednesdaySept.127p.m.Rm8301ClassMeeting31Movie----HamletintheAuditoriumSat.Oct.124:00--6:00p.m.AdmissionFreeMovie----Hamlet32BasketballMatchonPlayingCourt#1EnglishDept.vsJapaneseDept.Mon.June65:00PMBasketballMatch33Women'sLibMovementonU.S.CampusSpeaker:Prof.BettySmiowellProfessorofSociology,SmithCollegeAuthorofTheOtherHalfoftheSkyDate:Friday,8MayTime:10a.m.Place:Rm.101AllWelcome!Women'sLibMovementonU.S.C34FOUNDAbrownleatherwallet,inthedininghallonthemorningofSept.1st.OwnerpleaseclaimattheLostandFoundOffice,Rm.310onthe3rdflooroftheOfficeBuilding.LostandFoundOfficeFOUND35SUNFLOWERTOURGROUPScheduleforTuesday,August108:00a.m.MeetinhotellobbytoboardbudfortheSummerPalaceLunchattheSummerPalaceQuickstopattheFriendshipStoreforlast-minutepurchases4:30p.m.ReturntohotelLiuXin,TourGuideMonday,August9SUNFLOWERTOURGROUP36高級英語寫作

AdvancedEnglishWritingLecture2高級英語寫作

AdvancedEnglishWritin37PartoneDictionDictionisthechoiceanduseofwords.Learningdictioncanhelpusewordsinappropriate,exact,idiomaticandintereringway.PartoneDictionDictionisthe38I.LevelsofWordsThreetypes:formal,common,colloquialFormalwords:learnedwords,orliterary/bigwords;Informalwriting,suchasscholarlyortheoreticalworks,politicalandlegaldocuments,andformallecturesandaddresses;OfGreekorLatinorigin;Threeormoresyllables.Commonwords:peopleuseeveryday;inallkindsofwriting.Colloquialwords:usedininformalorfamiliarconversation.(guy--man,guts--courage,hassle--bother)I.LevelsofWordsThreetypes:39

Thereisnothingnewintherecognition,withinagivenlanguage,ofadistinctionbetweencommonusuageandusesofthelanguageformorerestrictedpurposesandoftenenough,perhapscharacteristically,moreelevatedpurposes.ThemonolithicnatureofEnglishisnotquestionedwhenliteraryessayistslikeEmersoncontrastpoetryandcommonspeech.ThelatterisrecognizedinAmericantobethepropersubjectfortheinvestigationoflinguistswho,however,nowshowsomeincipientinclinationtoinvestigatepoetry,too,andothernoncasual

utterancesinagivenlanguage.--C.F.VoegelinThereisnothingnewinth40

WhenIwasakid,andreadingeverysciencefictionbookinthelocallibrary,Iusedtowonderexactlyhowthefuturewouldhappen.BythatIdon'tmeanwhatthefuturewouldbelike--sciencefictionbooksseemedtoagree,forexample,thatinthefuturetherewouldbenomoney--alltransactionswouldbemadeviaidentitycardsandcentralizedcomputers.Butthatseemeddubioustome:how,Iwondered,areyougoingtogeteverybodytogiveupmoneyinthefirstplace?---MichaelRogersWhenIwasakid,andread41

Youhaveyourtension.Sometimesyoucomeclosetohavinganaccident,thatupsetsyou.Youjustescapemaybebyahairorso.Sometimesmaybeyougetadisgruntledpassengeronthere,andstartsabigargument.Traffic.Youhavesomeonewhocutsyouofforstopsinfrontofthebus.There'salotoftensionbehindthat.Yougottowatchallthetime.You're

watchin'thedrivers,you'rewatchin'othercars.Mostofthetimeyouhavetodrivefortheotherdrivers,toavoidhittingthem.Soyoutakethetensionhomewithyou.---StudusTerkelYouhaveyourtension.Som42

Slangwordsarehighlyinformal,vividandinteresting,butmaysoundoffensiveorfunnyifusedinappropriatly.i.e.:Onhearingthathisfatherhadkickedthebucket,wewrotehimalettertoexpressoursympathies.Thebigbanquetheldinhonourofthedistinguishedguestswasreallyneat.Slangwordsarehighlyinform43II.TheMeaningofWordsTwoaspects:denotativeandconnotativeAword'sdenotationiswhatitliterallymeans,asdefinedbythedictionary;itsconnotationisthefeelingorideasuggestedbyit.country,nation,state,landII.TheMeaningofWordsTwoas44SamedenotationbutdifferentconnotationsCountryreferstoanareaoflandanditspopulationandgovernment.Nationemphasizesthepeopleofacountry;Statereferstothegovernmentorpolititcalorganizationofacountry.Landislessprecisebutmoreliteraryandemotivethancountry.Samedenotationbutdifferent45Examples:anislandcountry;neighbouringcountriesapeace-lovingnation;theawakeningnationsofAfricastateorgans;state-ownedenterprisesChinaismynativelandExamples:anislandcountry;ne46PartTwo:ElementaryRulesofUsage4.Placeacommabeforeaconjunctionintroducinganindependentclause.Theearlyrecordsofthecityhavedisappeared,andthestoryofitsfirstyearscannolongerbereconstructed.Thesituationisperilous,butthereisstillonechanceofescape.PartTwo:ElementaryRulesof47Two-partsentencesofwhichthesecondmemberisintroducedbyas(inthesenseof"because"),for,or,nor,orwhile(inthesenseof"andatthesametime")likewiserequireacommabeforetheconjunction.Two-partsentencesofwhichth48Ifadependentclause,oranintroductoryphraserequiringtobesetoffbyacomma,precedesthesecondindependentclause,nocommaisneededaftertheconjunction.Thesituationisperilous,butifwearepreparedtoactpromptly,thereisstillonechanceofescape.Ifadependentclause,orani49Whenthesubjectisthesameforbothclausesandisexpressedonlyonce,acommaisusefuliftheconnectiveisbut.Whentheconnectiveisand,thecommashouldbeomittediftherelationbetweenthetwostatementsiscloseorimmediate.Ihaveheardthearguments,butamstillunconvinced.Hehashadseveralyears'experienceandisthoroughlycompetent.Whenthesubjectisthesamef505.Donotjoinindependentclauses

withacomma.Iftwoormoreclausesgrammaticallycompleteandnotjoinedbyaconjunctionaretoformasinglecompoundsentence,thepropermarkofpunctuationisasemicolon.MaryShelley'sworksareentertaining;theyarefullofengagingideas.Itisnearlyhalfpastfive;wecannotreachtownbeforedark.5.Donotjoinindependentcla51Itis,ofcourse,equallycorrecttowriteeachoftheseastwosentences,replacingthesemicolonswithperiods.MaryShelley'sworksareentertaining.Theyarefullofengagingideas.Itisnearlyhalfpastfive.Wecannotreachtownbeforedark.Itis,ofcourse,equallycorr52Ifaconjunctionisinserted,thepropermarkisacomma.(Rule4.)MaryShelley'sworksareentertaining,fortheyarefullofengagingideas.Itisnearlyhalfpastfive,andwecannotreachtownbeforedark.Ifaconjunctionisinserted,53Acomparisonofthethreeformsgivenabovewillshowclearlytheadvantageofthefirst.Itis,atleastintheexamplesgiven,betterthanthesecondformbecauseitsuggeststhecloserelationshipbetweenthetwostatementsinawaythattheseconddoesnotattempt,andbetterthanthethirdbecauseitisbrieferandthereforemoreforcible.Indeed,thissimplemethodofindicatingrelationshipbetweenstatementsisoneofthemostusefuldevicesofcomposition.Therelationship,asabove,iscommonlyoneofcauseandconsequence.Acomparisonofthethreeform54Notethatifthesecondclauseisprecededbyanadverb,suchasaccordingly,besides,then,therefore,orthus,andnotbyaconjunction,thesemicolonisstillrequired.Ihadneverbeenintheplacebefore;besides,itwasdarkasatomb.Notethatifthesecondclause556.Donotbreaksentencesintwo.Inotherwords,donotuseperiodsforcommas.ImetthemonaCunardlinermanyyearsago.CominghomefromLiverpooltoNewYork.(×)Shewasaninterestingtalker.Awomanwhohadtraveledallovertheworldandlivedinhalfadozencountries.(×)Inboththeseexamples,thefirstperiodshouldbereplacedbyacommaandthefollowingwordbegunwithasmallletter.6.Donotbreaksentencesint56ImetthemonaCunardlinermanyyearsago,cominghomefromLiverpooltoNewYork.Shewasaninterestingtalker,awomanwhohadtraveledallovertheworldandlivedinhalfadozencountries.ImetthemonaCunardlinerm57Itispermissibletomakeanemphaticwordorexpressionservethepurposeofasentenceandtopunctuateitaccordingly:Againandagainhecalledout.Noreply.Itispermissibletomakeane587.Useacolonafteranindependentclausetointroducealistofparticulars,anappositive,anamplification,oranillustrativequotation.7.Useacolonafteranindepe59Acolontellsthereaderthatwhatfollowsiscloselyrelatedtotheprecedingclause.Thecolonhasmoreeffectthanthecomma,lesspowertoseparatethanthesemicolon,andmoreformality(拘謹(jǐn))thanthedash（破折號）.Itusuallyfollowsanindependentclauseandshouldnotseparateaverbfromitscomplementoraprepositionfromitsobject.Acolontellsthereaderthat60Yourdedicatedwhittlerrequires:aknife,apieceofwood,andabackporch.(×)Understandingisthatpenetratingqualityofknowledgethatgrowsfrom:theory,practice,conviction,assertion,error,andhumiliation.(×)Yourdedicatedwhittlerrequir61Yourdedicatedwhittlerrequiresthreeprops:aknife,apieceofwood,andabackporch.(√)Understandingisthatpenetratingqualityofknowledgethatgrowsfromtheory,practice,conviction,assertion,error,andhumiliation.(√)Yourdedicatedwhittlerrequir62Jointwoindependentclauseswithacolonifthesecondinterpre