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翻譯技巧講解與練習(xí)一、英漢詞匯翻譯技巧1、增詞法省略增補(bǔ)例:Allothersoundsareessentiallymixturesoffrequencies,andcangenerallybedescribedasnotesifharmoniousornoiseiftheyareanunpleasantmixtureofrandomfrequencies.所有其他的聲音基本上是各種頻率的混合物,如果聲音悅耳,則通??煞Q為律音;如果聲音是一種使人不悅的一些隨機(jī)頻率的混合物,則通常稱之為噪音。關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)增補(bǔ)例:Howevercarefullyboilercasingsandsteam-pipesaresealed,someheatescapesandislost.無(wú)論鍋爐殼和蒸氣管封閉地如何嚴(yán)密,然而還是會(huì)有一部分熱損耗。復(fù)數(shù)增補(bǔ)例:However,inspiteofallthissimilaritybetweenavoltmeterandanammetertherearealsoimportantdifferences.可是盡管伏特表與安培表之間有這些類似之處,他們之間還是存在了很多重要的差別。名詞增補(bǔ)例:Sinceconductionisbybothholesandelectrons,thejunctiontransistorisbipolar.電子傳導(dǎo)是靠空穴和電子兩者進(jìn)行的,因?yàn)榻Y(jié)型晶體管是雙極式的。概括詞增補(bǔ)與被動(dòng)增補(bǔ)例:Theresistanceofthepipetotheflowofwaterthroughitdependsuponthelengthofthepipe,thediameterofthepipe,andthenatureoftheinsidewalls(roughorsmooth).水管對(duì)于通過(guò)的水流的阻力取決于下列三個(gè)因素:管長(zhǎng)、管道直徑、管道內(nèi)壁的性狀(粗糙或平滑)。語(yǔ)氣詞增補(bǔ)例:Thechemicalpurityofthespongeironhadapositiveeffect,especiallyfortheproductionofspheroidalgraphitecastironandhigh-gradehotmetalforsteelmaking.海綿鐵的化學(xué)純度具有積極影響,特別對(duì)于球磨鑄鐵和優(yōu)質(zhì)煉鋼生鐵的生產(chǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)更是如此。2、省略法冠詞省略例:Thecuttingtoolthatremovesmetalfromthework-piecemustnotonlybeconsiderablyharderthanthemetalbeingcutbutalsobeabletoretainthishardnessduringtheheatproducedbythecuttingaction.切削金屬工件的刀具不僅應(yīng)當(dāng)具有比工件本身更高的硬度,而且能夠在因切削而產(chǎn)生的高溫中繼續(xù)保持其硬度。代詞省略例:Therearethreethingswehavetoknowabouteveryforceinordertounderstandtheeffectsthatitproduces;theseareitssize,directionanditspointsofapplication.為了了解力所產(chǎn)生的作用,對(duì)于每個(gè)力必須知道三個(gè)要素,即力的大小、方向和著力點(diǎn)。連詞省略例:Thethirdlawofmotiontellsusthatthetwoforceswhichconstitutesuchapairareequalinmagnitudeandoppositedirection.運(yùn)動(dòng)第三定律告訴我們,像這樣成對(duì)的兩個(gè)力大小相等方向相反。介詞省略例:Intheabsenceofforce,abodywilleitherremainatrest,orcontinuetomovewithconstantspeedinastraightline.倘無(wú)外力作用,物體則保持其靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),或做勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。動(dòng)詞省略例1:Inmostcasesthesoilnearthesurfaceismerelydampandisnotcompletelysaturatedwithwater.在大多數(shù)情況下,地表附近的土壤僅僅有些潮濕,但含水量并未完全飽和。該句的系動(dòng)詞被省略不譯。3、具體與抽象譯法具體譯法例:Themajorprobleminfabricationisthecontrolofcontaminationandforeignmaterials.制造中的一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題是如何控制沾染和雜質(zhì)。例:Thehardertherock,somuchthemoredifficultistheworkofdrilling,thoughfewtypesofrockaresufficientlyhardtobeallowedtoremainafterblastingwithoutaliningofmasonryorconcrete.巖石越硬,開鑿工作就越困難,盡管如此,也很少有什么巖石堅(jiān)硬到爆破后不用垢工或混凝土進(jìn)行襯砌就可以直接形成隧道壁。抽象譯法例8.Thelow-powerdiode-transistorlogicmonolithicintegratedcircuitsprovidesthecombinedadvantagesoflow-powerconsumptionandexcellentnoisemarginsinlowandmedium-speedgeneralpurposelogicapplications.這種低功率二極管-晶體管邏輯單片集成電路,在低、中速通用邏輯電路應(yīng)用中,兼有兩大優(yōu)點(diǎn):一是功耗低;二是噪聲容限好。4、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞例:Thesedepressingpumpsensurecontamination-freetransferofabrasiveandaggressivefluidssuchasacids,dyesandalcoholamongothers.在輸送酸、燃料、醇以及其他摩擦力大、腐蝕性強(qiáng)的流體時(shí),這類壓縮泵能夠保證無(wú)污染輸送。轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞例:Suchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.這些材料的特點(diǎn)是:絕緣性好,耐磨性強(qiáng)。例:Inagivenperiodoftimethenewmachineproducedtwiceasmuchastheoldone.在給定時(shí)間內(nèi)心機(jī)器的產(chǎn)量是舊機(jī)器的兩倍。轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞例:Thiscommunicationsystemischieflycharacterizedbyitssimplicityofoperationandtheeasewithwhichitcanbemaintained.這種通訊系統(tǒng)的主要特點(diǎn)是操作簡(jiǎn)單,維修容易。例:Themagmawithintheearthmaybeheavilychargedwithgasesandsteam.地球內(nèi)的巖漿可能含有大量的氣體和蒸汽。轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞例:Below4°C,waterisincontinuousexpansioninsteadofcontinuouscontraction.水溫在4度以下不是不斷地收縮而是不斷地膨脹。例:Mosthardeningstepsemploysomeformofshaftfurnace.淬火操作大多使用某種形式的豎爐。5、重復(fù)法(repetition)例:Thedeviceisalsowidelyappliedinautomationforswitchingengines,forcountingpartsonaconveyerbelt,forvarioussystemsofemergencysignals,forthereproductionofsoundincinematograph,forreadingthesoundtrackandsoon.該項(xiàng)裝置也廣泛用于自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)引擎,傳動(dòng)帶上的自動(dòng)計(jì)數(shù),各種不同的緊急信號(hào)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng),電影音響自動(dòng)復(fù)制以及錄音帶的自動(dòng)辨讀等等。二、英漢句子翻譯方法1、語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換仍翻譯為被動(dòng)句。例:Therestofthevolumeofthetransceiverisoccupiedbythecase,antenna,speaker,microphone,battery,switches,andsoforth.無(wú)線電收發(fā)機(jī)的其余空間被機(jī)殼、天線、喇叭、送話器、電源盒開關(guān)等所占用。保留原文中的主語(yǔ)例:Inotherwords,eachpartofamachineormechanismismadetoacertainsizeandshapesoitwillfitintoanyothermachineormechanismofthesametype.換句話說(shuō),機(jī)器和機(jī)構(gòu)的每一個(gè)零部件都應(yīng)該加工成一定的尺寸和形狀,以便能夠與同一類型的其它機(jī)器或機(jī)構(gòu)相配合。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中含有施事著或行事,可把它提出做主語(yǔ)。例:Anewkindofsubstancehasbeenfoundbythescientificworkers.科學(xué)工作者已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新物質(zhì)。(by短語(yǔ)譯成主語(yǔ))判斷句例:Theelectrochemicalprocessisbasedonfthesameprinciplesusedinelectroplatingexceptthattheworkpeiceistheanodeandthetoolisthecathode.電化學(xué)加工法是根據(jù)電鍍法使用的相同原理,只有一點(diǎn)不同,即工件是陽(yáng)極,刀具是陰極。無(wú)主句例:Inthepasthundredyears,manydifferentsyntheticshavebeendeveloped,inmanycasesthesyntheticproductbeingtheresultoftheimitationofsomenaturalmaterial.在過(guò)去的百年中,已經(jīng)開發(fā)了許多不同的合成材料,在許多情況下,合成材料產(chǎn)品是模仿某些天然材料的結(jié)果。增加泛稱詞做主語(yǔ)如“有人”、“大家”、“人們”、“我們”等。例:Theoriginoftheseparticlesisbelievedtobealmostexclusivelythejetdropsformedduringtheburstingofbubblesattheoceansurface.

我們認(rèn)為海洋表面氣泡破裂時(shí)形成的水滴差不多是這些粒子的唯一來(lái)源。2、肯定和否定的轉(zhuǎn)換英語(yǔ)原文中的肯定句譯成否定形式。例:Computersmayeventuallybeabletolearnbyusingsuchsensesassmell,touchandtaste.Butwillcomputersbecomesmarterthanpeople?Thatisanybody’sguess.計(jì)算機(jī)也許最終能通過(guò)嗅、觸、味等感覺來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。但計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)變得比人更聰明嗎?這可誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)。英語(yǔ)原文中的否定譯成肯定形式例:Thereisnomaterialbutwilldeformmoreorlessundertheactionofforce.在壓力的作用下,任何材料或多或少都會(huì)變形。英語(yǔ)中常有一些暗含否定含義的習(xí)慣用法,如fail,absent,otherthan,rufuse,neglect,翻譯時(shí)經(jīng)常譯為否定句。例:Theotherevidentstresses,liketheindisputablepropertybubble,aremanageableandfarshortofwhatbroughtdowntheAmericaneconomy.其他明顯壓力,像房產(chǎn)泡沫,還處于可控范圍,遠(yuǎn)不足以搞垮經(jīng)濟(jì)。英語(yǔ)中的重否定的句式可靈活處理。既可以譯為肯定,也可保留雙重否定的形式。例:Onebodyneverexertsaforceuponanothewithoutthesecondreactingagainstthefirst.一個(gè)物體對(duì)另一個(gè)物體施加作用力必然會(huì)受到這另一物體的反作用力。3、合譯和分譯單詞的分譯例:AmericanprisonersarepermittedtoreceiveRedCrossfoodparcelsandwritecensoredletters.準(zhǔn)許美國(guó)的囚犯接受紅十字會(huì)食物包裹,也準(zhǔn)許他們寫信,但信件要經(jīng)過(guò)審查。短語(yǔ)分譯例:Seismicmeasurementsoftraveltimeandamplitudedefinethesubsurfacegeometryandgiveestimatesfotheacousticimpedancesrelatedtprpclve;pcotoesamddemsotoes.如果我們測(cè)得地震波的走時(shí)和振幅,我們就能夠確定地下的幾何形狀并估算與巖石速率和密度有關(guān)的聲阻抗。從句分譯Maglevisasysteminwhichthevechilerunslevitatedfromtheguidway(correspongdingtotherailtracksofconventionalrailways)byusingelectromagneticforcesbetweensuperconductingmagnetsonboardthevehicleandcoilsontheground懸浮列車是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。在該系統(tǒng)中,車輛利用車載超導(dǎo)磁鐵和地面線圈之間產(chǎn)生的電磁吸力或斥力從導(dǎo)軌上浮升起來(lái)。合譯法Dengerfeverisamosquito-borneinfection.Thediseaseischaracterizedbyhighfever,headache,boneorjointandmusclepains,andrash.登革熱是蚊蟲傳播的疾病,特點(diǎn)是高熱、頭痛、骨頭或關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、肌肉痛以及皮疹。4、各類從句的翻譯方法主語(yǔ)從句例:Whatmosthydraulicmachinesdoistousealiquidtotransmitaforcefromoneplacetoanother.大多數(shù)液壓機(jī)機(jī)械做的工作是利用液體把力從一個(gè)地方傳到另一個(gè)地方。例:Itisnosecretthatduringthefinancialcrisiscompaniesdidnotwriteoffasmuchgoodwillastheyprobablyshouldhave.那在金融危機(jī)期間,企業(yè)核銷的商譽(yù)很可能低于它們應(yīng)該核銷的金額。這一點(diǎn)并不是什么秘密賓語(yǔ)從句例:Pastfinancialcrisesshowthatthisdownwardspiralcanbearrestedonlybyboldpoliciestoregainmarketconfidence.

以往的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們,只有實(shí)施大刀闊斧的政策,重拾市場(chǎng)信心才能走出這種螺旋式下降的怪圈,扭轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)局。表語(yǔ)從句例:Anothertheoryappliedtohydraulicmachinesisthatthepressureputonaconfinedliquidistransmittedequallythroughouttheliquid.適用于液壓機(jī)的另一個(gè)原理是,施加在受限制液體上壓力以同樣的大小傳遍液體各處。同位語(yǔ)從句例:Thefactthatsuchaheadwouldhavetoanswertothetaxpayersoftheworldonlyatadistancecouldbeverydamaging.此類總裁不用直接面對(duì)全球納稅人的事實(shí),可能具有非常大的破壞性。例:Aboveistheevidencethatinprevioustimeswhenfreshmeatwasinshortsupply,pigeonswerekeptbymanyhouseholdsasasourceofmeat.以上證據(jù)表明,遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期當(dāng)新鮮的肉類短缺時(shí),很多家庭養(yǎng)殖鴿例:Arecentsurveyhighlightedthefactthatwomentendtofaremuchbetterthanmenafterdivorce.

近日的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查突顯了一個(gè)事實(shí),即離婚后女人通常比男人好過(guò)得多例:Eventhemostpreciselyconductedexperimentsoffernohopethattheresultcanbeobtainedwithoutanyerror.即使是最精確的實(shí)驗(yàn),也沒有希望獲得無(wú)任何誤差的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。定語(yǔ)從句例:Theproblemistobalancetheneedsoftheenvironmentagainstthoseoftheeconomyorconsumerstryingtocopewiththehighcostoflivingwithoutdestroyingtheearthonwhichwealldepend.問(wèn)題在于把保護(hù)環(huán)境的需要同經(jīng)濟(jì)需要和試圖既能應(yīng)付昂貴的生活費(fèi)用而又不致破壞人們所賴以為生的地球的消費(fèi)者的需要平衡起來(lái)。例:Tunnelsarealsousedtosupplywatertopowerstations,andmaybecombinedwiththesteelpenstockswhichareoftentheonlyvisibleevidencefohydro-electricpowerchemes.隧道也用來(lái)給發(fā)電站供水,而且可以和鋼門結(jié)合在一起,這些鋼門常常是唯一看得見的水力發(fā)電廠的證據(jù)。例:Recentscientificinnovationspointtoafuturewheretinyamountsofelectricitywillrunsuperfastcomoputers.最近的科學(xué)創(chuàng)新表明,在未來(lái),極少量的電能就足以運(yùn)行超高速計(jì)算機(jī)。例:Physicistsdetectedparticlestravellingfasterthanlight,which,ifthereadingwasaccurate,meanstimetravelispossible.

物理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)粒子運(yùn)行速度超過(guò)光速,如果測(cè)量度數(shù)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,那就意味著時(shí)間旅行是可能的。狀語(yǔ)從句例:ButhesaidtheCommissionhadtoactwheneurozonegovernmentsfailedtoliveuptotheircommitments.

但他表示,當(dāng)歐元區(qū)各國(guó)政府未能信守承諾時(shí),歐盟委員會(huì)不得不采取行動(dòng)。

例:Theearthturnsrounditsaxisasittravelsaboutthesun.地球一面繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行,一面繞地軸自轉(zhuǎn)。例:Malinvestmenthadnotbeenrestructured,andlosseshadnotdisappeared,becausegovernmentinterventioninhibitedtheirliquidation.

由于政府的干涉抑制他們的清算,不正當(dāng)?shù)耐顿Y已經(jīng)沒有重組,損失沒有消失。例:BecauseChinesecouldnotinvestoffshore,muchofthatsavingwentintostatebanksatlowinterestrates.中國(guó)人不能進(jìn)行海外投資,大多數(shù)的儲(chǔ)蓄以低利率流進(jìn)了國(guó)內(nèi)的銀行。例:Steptwowouldbetoproduceabudgetfortoppay,sothatifoneexecutivemeritedexceptionalrewards,otherswouldhavetotakeless.第二步措施應(yīng)該是制定高管薪酬預(yù)算,從而在一名高管應(yīng)得到超額獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)時(shí),其他高管將不得不少拿報(bào)酬。例:It'simportantforyoutoreadthe"fineprint"inanyinsurancepolicysothatyouknowwhatkindofcoverageyouarebuying.閱讀保險(xiǎn)單上的“細(xì)則”對(duì)你是十分重要的,這樣就能知道你要買的保險(xiǎn)包括哪些項(xiàng)目。例:Inorderthatwemaydiscussthepossibilityofmarketingyournewproduct,pleaseprovideuswithsampleswithinaweek.我們有可能會(huì)討論銷售你們的新產(chǎn)品,請(qǐng)?jiān)谝粋€(gè)星期內(nèi)為我們提供樣品。例:Althoughthe“officials”foundnoneoftheoptionsappealing,theyultimatelychoserecapitalisationwhilekeepingthedooropentoasale.

盡管“官員們”發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有一種方法是最好的,他們最終選擇了資產(chǎn)重組的同時(shí)進(jìn)行大拋售。例:EvenwherethereisaGivewaysignitisoftenbettertostopbeforeyouturn.即使路上設(shè)有讓字的標(biāo)志,在轉(zhuǎn)彎前,最好仍先停車。例:Wherethereisnodebateonamotionnotintendedtohavelegislativeeffectatameeting,nomorethan10oralquestionsshallbeasked.

會(huì)議上若不會(huì)就不擬具立法效力的議案進(jìn)行辯論,可提出的口頭質(zhì)詢不得多于10項(xiàng)。長(zhǎng)句的翻譯方法例:Wheregorgesexist,andwheretherockiscapableofsustainingheavyloading,concretehasbeenusedintheformofarches,likethoseusedinbridges,whicharecurvedhorizontallyandinsomecasesverticallyaswell.在有峽谷而且演示能偶承受重載的地方,大壩用混凝土建成拱形,像大橋中采用的拱形一樣,水平彎曲,在有些情形中也垂直彎曲。例:Itiscommonexperiencethatacertainamountofregularexerciseimprovesthehealthandcontributestoafeelingofwell-beingwhetherornotexerciseaddstothelengthoflife.不管運(yùn)動(dòng)是否能益壽延年,一定量有規(guī)律的運(yùn)動(dòng)可以增進(jìn)健康并使人精神愉快,這一點(diǎn)卻是人們共同的體驗(yàn)。例:Article1oftheGATTisthecelebratedmostfavorednation(MFN)clauseunderwhicheachmembernationmustgivetreatmenttoothermembernation’simportsandexportsthatisatleastasfavorableasthatappliedtothemostfavorednation.關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定的第一條是著名的最惠國(guó)條款。按照該條款,每一個(gè)成員國(guó)給予其他成員國(guó)的進(jìn)出口貨物的待遇起碼應(yīng)和給予最惠國(guó)的待遇同樣優(yōu)惠。例:Thisisnoclasswar,butawarinwhichthewholeBritishEmpireandCommonwealthofNationsisengaged,withoutdistinctionofrace,creedorparty.這不是一場(chǎng)階級(jí)之間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),而是一場(chǎng)不分種族、不分信仰、不分黨派,整個(gè)大英帝國(guó)及英聯(lián)邦全體成員國(guó)無(wú)不參加的。例:Computerlanguagesmayrangefromdetailedlowlevelclosetothatimmediatelyunderstoodbytheparticularcomputer,tothesophisticatedhighlevelwhichcanberenderedautomaticallyacceptabletoawiderangeofcomputer.計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言有低級(jí)、高級(jí)之分。前者比較繁瑣,很接近特定計(jì)算機(jī)能直接理解的語(yǔ)言;后者比較復(fù)雜,使用范圍廣,能自動(dòng)為多種計(jì)算機(jī)所接受。三、科技語(yǔ)體翻譯科技文體是科技研究人員研究成果的直接記錄,或闡述理論,或描述實(shí)驗(yàn)。文章內(nèi)容比較專業(yè),語(yǔ)言正規(guī),嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。其語(yǔ)言主要呈現(xiàn)出一種顯性的(explicit)結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,即語(yǔ)義成分之間的關(guān)系條理清晰、層次分明、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯連貫、表達(dá)清晰;科技文體還具有非主體性(impersonality)特征,語(yǔ)義上突出“客觀性”,排除人的感情、好惡和個(gè)人見解等對(duì)事物認(rèn)識(shí)的影響,表現(xiàn)為施動(dòng)者常以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)或非人稱形式等語(yǔ)法手段表示;此外,科技文章有時(shí)使用視覺表現(xiàn)手段(visualpresentation)在翻譯科技文章時(shí),一定要注意三點(diǎn):一是譯文的概念要準(zhǔn)確,不能使用似是而非、模棱兩可的詞語(yǔ)。二是譯文要簡(jiǎn)潔明了,不要拖泥帶水,畫蛇添足。三要注意文章的邏輯關(guān)系,不能隨意顛倒,因果互換。下面將從科技語(yǔ)體詞匯、句法及語(yǔ)篇等三個(gè)方面來(lái)分析翻譯特點(diǎn)。1、科技語(yǔ)體詞匯特點(diǎn)名詞化現(xiàn)象例:Thefilamentisheatedbytheapplicationofavoltage.燈絲因加上電壓而加熱。例:Theaccuracyoftheresultsisdoubtful.此結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性值得懷疑。派生詞派生詞的使用是英語(yǔ)科技文體所獨(dú)有的特征。派生詞是加前、后綴構(gòu)成的不同詞出現(xiàn)頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于其他方法構(gòu)成的詞。例如,由前綴“anti-“(反抗)構(gòu)成的科技詞有:“anti-aircraft,antibiotics,anticatalyst”;由后綴構(gòu)成的詞也很多,以“-logy”結(jié)尾的詞表示某種學(xué)科,如“biology,ecology,psychology”等語(yǔ)義確切、語(yǔ)體正式的詞下面是一組對(duì)照,橫線右側(cè)的例子更適合于專業(yè)論文或書面文體。Touseup—toexhaustTowearaway—toerodeTopushinto—toinsertTospeedup—toaccelerateTobreathin—toinhale合成詞科技文章中,作者要解釋不同的科學(xué)現(xiàn)象和不同物質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。合成詞表義直接,清楚,在科技文章中出現(xiàn)頻率較高。合成詞包括復(fù)合名詞、復(fù)合形容詞和復(fù)合動(dòng)詞。如“horsepower,blueprint,waterproof,dust-free”等。2、科技語(yǔ)體句法特點(diǎn)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的廣泛使用例:Afurtheradvantageisthatascalebuild-upispreventedandcorrosionminimized,sothatthehighefficiencyofthesealedsystemismaintainedandtheservicelifeincreased.一個(gè)更大的好處是防止水垢的生成和減少生銹腐蝕,這樣就保持封閉式系統(tǒng)的高效運(yùn)行和延長(zhǎng)其使用壽命。動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式的使用例:Inaddition,itispossibletorecoverheatfromasealedsystem,allowingsavingsinboilerfeedwateranddomestichotwatersupplies.此外,還有可能從封閉式系統(tǒng)中回收熱能,從而節(jié)約鍋爐給水和家用熱水的供應(yīng)。例:Aboutadayafterasectorboundary,thetotalspinofallthestormsintheNorthhemispheredeclinesbyabout10percent,makingthestormslesssevere,andthenreturnstonormal.在地球通過(guò)一個(gè)區(qū)界大約一天以后,北半球的所有旋風(fēng)的總旋轉(zhuǎn)速度下降了約10%;同時(shí),旋風(fēng)強(qiáng)度減弱,隨后又恢復(fù)正常。例:Sealedindustrialcoolingsystemsoriginallydevelopedtoofferefficientandcostsavingcoolingalternativestoindustry,givingconsiderableoperationalandfinancialadvantagestotheuser.最初開發(fā)封閉式工業(yè)冷卻系統(tǒng)是給工業(yè)提供一種高效的和節(jié)約費(fèi)用的冷卻辦法,其好處是操作方便,節(jié)省費(fèi)用。例:Thedevelopmentofindustrialtechnologylargelystrengthenshumanphysicalcapabilities,enablingpeopletoharnessmoreenergy,processandshapematerialsmoreeasily. 工業(yè)科技的發(fā)展極大地增強(qiáng)了人類的體能,它令人們能夠利用更多的能量和工序,更加容易地將材料塑型。例5:Bredintheareasaroundtheequator,thisprotozoanprovesveryinactiveoutofthetropicalzone.這種在赤道周圍繁殖的原生物,在熱帶地區(qū)以外的地方是不活躍的。復(fù)雜句翻譯例:Thesesealedcoolingsys,itisclaimed,canactuallyprovidepaybackwithinamaterofmonthsbecauseofthewaterandeffluentcostsavingsandtheremovaloftheneedforachemicaltreatmentplantandtheresultantchemicalcosts.據(jù)說(shuō),使用這些封閉式冷卻系統(tǒng)實(shí)際上在幾個(gè)月時(shí)間之內(nèi)就能收回投資,因?yàn)橛盟芭潘M(fèi)用節(jié)省了,而且可以省去一個(gè)化學(xué)處理車間以及必要的化學(xué)處理的費(fèi)用。例:Chemicaltreatmentdoeshelptoreducesuchrisksbutforvariousreasons,chemicalshavenotyetprovidedtotalprotectionfrom,forexample,LegionnariesDiseasewhichcanbepropagatedviatheevaporationtakingplaceincoolingtowers.水經(jīng)過(guò)化學(xué)處理確實(shí)有助于減少這種危害,但由于各種各樣的原因,化學(xué)物質(zhì)還不能完全防止諸如呼吸道方面的疾病,這種疾病通過(guò)冷卻塔產(chǎn)生的蒸汽散發(fā)出去。3、科技語(yǔ)體的篇章特點(diǎn)無(wú)人稱例:TheTwocoolingdrumsareelevatedabovethespentcatalysthoppers.Aftercoolingcatalystto52℃,allthedieselcoolingoilremaininginthedrumisdrainedbacktothedieseloilsurgedrumthroughthescreencone,providedatthebottomofthevessels.Coolingdrumscanbeputundernitrogenpressureuptoabout350kPa(G),toassistthedrainingofallfreeoilfromthewashedspentcatalyst.Separatecoolingdrumsalsoallowampletimeforcompletedrainingoffreeoilfromthecatalyst.Thespentcatalystshouldbefreeofoil,beforedisposal.兩個(gè)冷卻罐的安裝位置都比廢催化劑料斗高。經(jīng)過(guò)冷卻催化劑的溫度降到52℃,所有罐底留存的冷卻柴油經(jīng)過(guò)錐形過(guò)濾器過(guò)濾后排放到位于容器底部的柴油緩沖罐。可以用氮?dú)鈱?duì)冷卻罐加壓至350千帕(表壓)來(lái)排凈附著在沖洗過(guò)的廢催化劑上的游離油。兩個(gè)反應(yīng)器各配有一個(gè)冷卻罐,分別用于冷卻一級(jí)和二級(jí)反應(yīng)器中的催化劑。兩個(gè)分開設(shè)置的冷卻罐保證有充分設(shè)置的冷卻罐保證有充分的時(shí)間來(lái)完全排凈催化劑上附著的游離油。廢催化劑在重新處理之前應(yīng)該是無(wú)油。陳述客觀、準(zhǔn)確例:LiquidfromHotLowPressureSeparator,V-107,constitutesmostofthefractionatorfeedandthisstreamissenttotheatmosphericfractionatorthroughafeedheater.Afilteringsystemisprovidedtoremoveanyentrainedcatalystfinesfromthehotliquidpriortoatmosphericfractionation.來(lái)自熱低壓分離器V-107的液體是構(gòu)成分餾塔進(jìn)料的主要成分,這股物流經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)料加熱爐加熱后送入常壓分餾塔。在常壓分餾裝置面前設(shè)置一個(gè)分餾系統(tǒng)以除去高溫液體中夾帶的催化劑粉末。語(yǔ)言規(guī)范例:Oilsandiscomposedofsand,bitumen,mineralrichclaysandwater.Bitumen,initsrawstate,isablackoil-asthickasmolasses.Itrequiresupgradingtomakeittransportablebyconventionalrefineries.Theupgradedbitumenproductconsistsofnaphtha,lightandheavygasoilsthatarecombinedtoproducealightcrudeoilthatwecallSyncrudeBlend.Watermakesupaboutfourpercentoftheoilsandbyweight.Itsurroundseachgrainofsand,keepingitseparatefromtheoil.Withoutthiswaterenvelope,theoilandthesandcouldnotbeseparatedbythewater-basedextractionmethodswenowuse.油砂由砂子、瀝青、富含礦物質(zhì)的黏土和水組成。自然狀態(tài)下的瀝青是一種粘稠度類似糖漿的黑色油狀物。瀝青要經(jīng)過(guò)提質(zhì)加工后才能通過(guò)管道輸送并被常規(guī)的煉油廠煉制。經(jīng)過(guò)提質(zhì)加工的瀝青產(chǎn)品中含有石腦油、輕油和重質(zhì)蠟油,經(jīng)過(guò)混合可以制成一種輕質(zhì)原油,我們稱之為“混合合成原油”。水約占油砂總重量的百分之四。水包覆著砂土顆粒使沙礫和油分開。如果沒有水的包覆,油和砂子就不能通過(guò)人們現(xiàn)在使用的水基萃取法進(jìn)行分離。翻譯練習(xí):1.ItisdifficultforthelaymantoimaginetherateatwhichwaterisconsumedthroughouttheUK.2.Inthebeginning,theactualdatesofthesetwodayshadtobecalculatedforeachindividualyear,anddependedonwhatkindofcalendarwasbeingused.3.Accountshouldbetakenofthelowmeltingpointofthissubstance.4.Thesolarwindgrosslydistortstheearth’smagneticfield,draggingitouttoalongtail.5.Asignificantbonusofasealedsystem,notyetfullyappreciated,stemsfromthefactthatindustrycannowbemoremobileintermsoflocation.6.Beconsciousinyourobservationthattherearetrapsaroundwhich,giventheslightestopportunity,willtakeyouin.7.Theoristsbelievethatthewavesaregeneratednearthebottomofacoronalholeandrideoutward,exertaddedpressureonthehighspeedstream.8.Theflightmechanismusedbyinsectsissimilartothatofsailsdrivingaboat,accordingtoDrRobinWoottonofExeter9.Manufacturingprocessesmaybeclassifiedasunitproductionwithsmallquantitiesbeingmadeandproductionwithlargenumbersofidenticalpartsbeingproduced.10.Thedevelopmentofrocketshasmadepossibletheachievementofspeedsofseveralthousandmilesperhour;andwhatismoreimportantithasbroughtwithinreachoftheserocketsheightsfarbeyondthosewhichcanbereachedbyairplanes,andwherethereislittleornoairresistance,andsoitismucheasierbothtoobtainandtomaintainsuchspeed.11.Theconstructionofsuchasatelliteisnowbelievedtobequiterealizable,itsrealizationbeingsupportedwithalltheachievementofcontemporaryscience,whichhavebroughtintobeingnotonlymaterialscapableofwithstandingseverestressesinvolvedsandhightemperaturesdeveloped,butnewtechnologicalprocessesaswell.12.Fortunately,thereisawaytoclearuptheInternetcurrentbandwidthbottleneckwhilepr

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