閱讀學(xué)習(xí)建模

閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)

學(xué)習(xí)建模北京海淀區(qū)教師進(jìn)修學(xué)校何國貴在閱讀中培養(yǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的能力有效學(xué)習(xí)者要發(fā)現(xiàn)什么？1。主題信息2。主體框架3。主要干句4。核心詞語5。作者態(tài)度6。內(nèi)容細(xì)節(jié)7。邏輯關(guān)系8。推理現(xiàn)象。。。強(qiáng)調(diào)：培養(yǎng)自主“說文解詞”能力！閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)（1）：主題信息Mainidea（2008廣東卷閱讀A)

(Afterdiscussionorbrainstorming)Withtoday’sparent-childrelationshiphaschanged,thegenerationgapisgettingnarrow.Butthenewequalityrelationshipbetweenparentsandchildrencanalsoresultsinlessrespectforparents.

隨著今日的代溝在逐漸縮小，家長和孩子之間的新的平等關(guān)系也會導(dǎo)致對父母不夠尊重。發(fā)現(xiàn)主干句：(Students’task)Parentsandkidstodaydressalike,listentothesamemusic,andarefriends.Earliergenerationsofparentsandchildrenoftenappearedtomoveinseparateorbits.Today,thegenerationgapisgettingnarrowinmanyfamilies.Inthemiddleofthatchange,thereisalotofconfusionamongparents.Familyexpertswarnthatthenewequalitycanalsoresultinlessrespectforparents.提煉話題：

Thechangesintoday’sparent-childrelationship_________________________________發(fā)現(xiàn)作者態(tài)度:

…Greatculturalchangesledtomoreopencommunicationandmoredemocraticprocessthatencourageseveryonetohaveasay.

那場文化的大變革帶來更加開放的交流和更加民主的進(jìn)程，這促進(jìn)了大家的發(fā)言權(quán)。

(FindtheminParagraph8andParagraph9.)

“It’snotsomethingeasieraccomplishedbyparentsthesedays,becauselifeismoredifficulttounderstandordealwith,butsharinginterestsdoesmakeitmorefuntobeaparentnow.”

今天的父母把事情做好不是一件容易的事，因?yàn)槎蒙畈⑻幚砗蒙罡鼮椴灰?，但興趣共享確實(shí)使今天的父母更開心。

結(jié)論：

Theauthormeansthattoday’sparentsfollowthetrendofthechange.

作者認(rèn)為今天的家長跟隨變化的潮流。________________________________________________回答問題會變得容易43.Thechangeintoday’sparent-childrelationshipis_________.moreconfusionamongparentsnewequalitybetweenparentsandchildrenlessrespectforparentsfromchildrenmorestrictnessandauthorityonthepartofparentsA.在家長中更多的困惑(指現(xiàn)象)B.家長與孩子間的新的平等關(guān)系（結(jié)論概括）C.孩子對父母不夠尊重（分析結(jié)果）D.家長方面更加嚴(yán)格更具權(quán)威（more不是事實(shí)）_______________________________記憶模板

Earliergenerationsofparentsandchildrenoftenappearedtomoveinseparateorbits.Butthegenerationgapisgettingnarrowinmanyfamiliestoday.Parentsandkidsaresharinginterestsincommontoday,andtheyarefriends.However,inthemiddleofthatchange,thereisalotofconfusionamongparents.Recentlyfamilyexpertswarnthatthenewequalitycanalsoresultinlessrespectforparents.writingskill:imitationandreorganization閱讀中提取詞匯—

有效使用工具書閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)（2）詞匯解讀

Throughoutthispainfulexperience,thekindnessofstrangershasdonemuchtobringbackmyfaithinhumanity.It’salmostworthlosingyourworldpossessionstoberemindedthatpeoplearereallynicewhengivenhalfachance.

經(jīng)過這段痛苦的經(jīng)歷，不相識的人們的善舉找回了我的人性信念。他們清楚地知道你幾乎喪失所有財(cái)產(chǎn)，一有機(jī)會就幫你的人們真是太善良了。

________________________________例1（2007山東卷-A）Question:Theauthorlearnedfromhisexperiencethat________.A.worldlypossessionscanbegivenupwhennecessaryB.generosityshouldbeencouragedinsomecasesC.peoplebenefitfromtheirsadstoriesD.humanbeingsarekindafterall可判斷出作者的感悟就是人畢竟是善良的。

________________________[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]tobereminded:tomakesuretoremember

givenhalfachance：ifhewereevenasmallopportunity[記憶模板]1.Travelersareremindedthatdangerobjectsarenotallowedtoenterthehall.

旅客須知危險(xiǎn)物品不可進(jìn)大廳。2.Hecoulddoreallywell,givenhalfachance.

只要有機(jī)會他就能做的很好。例22008全國卷I-A(第2段)…HeseemedunhappywithmeunlessIgotstraightA’sandunhappywithmyboyfriendsiftheirfatherswerenotas“successful”ashewas.WheneverIwentoutwithhimonweekends,Iusedtostruggletothinkupthingstosay,feelingonguard.57.Whentheauthorwentoutwithherfatheronweekends,shewouldfeel______.A.nervousB.sorryC.tiredD.safe

__________________onguard:提心吊膽thinkup:想出；想到例3（2008廣東卷A)

詞語近義對應(yīng)Musicwasnottheonlygulf.Fromclothingandhairstylestoactivitiesandexpectations,earliergenerationsofparentsandchildrenoftenappearedtomoveinseparateorbits.41.Theunderlinedword“gulf”mostprobablymeans______.A.interestB.distanceC.differenceD.separation音樂不是唯一的不同。從衣著發(fā)型到日常活動以及對生活的期盼，過去幾代人父母與孩子之間往往表現(xiàn)出各自的不同。______________[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]Gulf

(n.)aportionofanoceanorseapartlyenclosedbyland海灣；anywidegapordifferencebetweentwoormorethings,asbetweenindividualswithrespecttosocialstatus,opinions,etc.巨大差異、分歧Separate(adj.)different,respective不同的，各自的[找到提示]

moveinseparateorbits在各自不同的軌道上運(yùn)行（指在活動中期盼中有各自不同的看法）[注意]separation(n.):anactorinstanceofseparatingorthestateofbeingseparated分離、分開例4（2007四川卷）詞語提示

Hefeltthatifhehadnotaskedhimtolookathishomework,hisfatherwouldhavelived.Jimhadbeentroubledbytheidea.Theoperationwasthetrial(判決)hehadexpectedforfortyyears.SmollerbelievedthatJimwilledhimselfnottolivetotheageof48.Q:FromSmoller’swords,wecaninferthat______.A.

Jim’sfathercaredlittleabouthisstudyB.

SmolleragreedthatJimdidkillhisfatherC.

JimthoughthewouldbepunishedsomedayD.

SmollerbelievedJimwouldn’tlivetotheageof48為Jim是想讓讓自己別活到48歲。_____________[參考譯文]他想如果不讓父親看作業(yè)，父親也許不會死。這個想法困擾著他。他期待手術(shù)能讓他活40年。Smoller認(rèn)為Jim是想讓自己別活到48歲(以懲罰自己)。[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]

willsbtodosth:totrytomakesomethinghappenbythinkingaboutitveryhard

盡力；希望；決心要[記憶模板](1)Shewaswillingherselfnottocry.

她盡量不讓自己哭出聲來。(2)JimwilledhimselfnottolookatLucy,butoutofthecornerofhiseyes.

Jim盡量不去看Lucy，但仍忍不住用眼角掃了她一眼。(3)Thepeoplehadlongsincewilledtheendofgettingstuckinatrafficjam.

人們早就希望結(jié)束被交通擁擠所困的現(xiàn)象。例5（2005北京卷）詞語釋義

Cougar(美洲獅)arenotasbigasmostpeoplethinkandadeterminedmanstandsachance,evenwithjusthisfists.[參考譯文]美洲獅不像大多數(shù)人想的那么大，一個意志堅(jiān)定的人有可能用拳頭就對付得了。[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]standachance/hope(ofdoingsth.):

tobelikelytobeabletodosomethingortosucceed有可能與希望做成功[記憶模板](1)You’ll

standabetterchanceofgettingajobwithadegree.你很有希望得到一份有身份有地位的工作。(2)Maybetheirrelationshiphadneverreallystood

achance.或許他們真的沒希望再有緣分了。閱讀中提取

語法結(jié)構(gòu)建模例1--過去分詞作后置定語

Countingthenumberofmilestraveledbyaproductisastrangewayoftryingtotellthetruesituationoftheenvironmentaldamagedonebyanindustry.[參考譯文]

計(jì)算產(chǎn)品運(yùn)輸距離多少英里是一個很奇妙方法，該方法試圖辨別由工業(yè)造成環(huán)境破壞的真實(shí)情況。[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]milestraveled

運(yùn)輸距離；

damagedone

造成的破壞[記憶模板](1)

Wereceivedaparcelwrappedinbrownpaper.我們收到一個用棕色紙包裝的包裹。(2)Wearecalculatingthecostofthegoodsbadlydamagedbythefire.我們在計(jì)算由于火災(zāi)造成的貨物嚴(yán)重?fù)p失的費(fèi)用。(3)…

(donebystudentsbeforeorafterclass)例2

Itshouldbenotedthatatonofbuttertransported25milesinatrucktoafarmers’marketdoesnotnecessarilyuselessfuelonitsjourneythanasimilarproducttransportedhundredsofmilesbysea.[參考譯文]

應(yīng)該注意到：用卡車走25英里運(yùn)輸一噸黃油到一農(nóng)貿(mào)市場路上所用燃料并不見得比數(shù)百英里海運(yùn)類似產(chǎn)品用的燃料少。_________________It句型[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]

itisnotedthat…(it作形式主語的用法)[記憶模板](1)Itissaidthatheisanimportantperson.聽說他是位要人。Itisbelievedthathediedinthetrafficaccident.大家相信他死于車禍。

Itcanbeprovedthatthedesignissuccessful.

可以證明這個設(shè)計(jì)是成功的?！?

Forcenturies,theonlyformofwrittencorrespondence(通信)wastheletter.Letterswere,andare,sentbysomeformofpostalservice,thehistoryofwhichgoesbackalongway.Indeed,theEgyptiansbegansendinglettersabout2000BC,asdidtheChineseathousandyearslater.[參考譯文]幾百年來，唯一的書面通信就是書信。書信在過去和現(xiàn)在是通過郵遞形式發(fā)送，歷史悠久。確實(shí)如此。大約公元2000年埃及人就開始以這種形式通信，正如中國一千年以來也是這樣通信的。(2006陜西-A)_______________________________非限定性定語從句[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]

asdidtheChineseathousandyearslater.

(asfollowedbybeordo+主語：也一樣)[記憶模板]Shespokethetruth,ascanbeproved.

她說了實(shí)話，這一點(diǎn)可以證明。(2)Thebookwasbanned,asweretwosubsequentbooks.

這本書被禁賣了，隨后出版的兩本也一樣。例4--名詞性從句

Forbirds,obviously,thecostofflyingwithheavyfatismuchsmallerthanweusedtothink.Researchersfoundthatredknotwadingbirdsdoubletheirnormalbodyweightof100gramsbeforemakingtheirtwice-a-yearnonstopflightbetweentheBritishIslesandRussianArctic.Distance:5,000kilometers.

(2006福建-B-Para.3)[參考譯文]很明顯，肥胖鳥在飛行中的成本比我們原來認(rèn)為的要小的多。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)redknotwadingbirds在進(jìn)行一年兩次飛越英吉利群島和俄羅斯北極地區(qū)之間距離遠(yuǎn)達(dá)5，000公里的航程之前，體重比正常的100克要增加一倍。[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]賓語從句：Researchersfoundthat….例5（2008全國卷I)

Biodiversity,Wilsonargues,isthekeytosettingmanyproblemstheearthfacestoday.Evenouragriculturalcropscangainadvantagesfromit.Amerehundredspecies(物種)arethebasisofourfoodsupply,ofwhichbuttwentycarrytheload.Wilsonsuggestschangingthissituationbylookingintotenthousandspeciesthatcouldbemadeuseof,whichwillbeawaytoreducetheclearingofthenaturalhomesofplantsandanimalstoenlargefarmingareas.

[參考譯文]威爾森認(rèn)為：生物多樣性是確定當(dāng)今世界所面臨的許多問題的主要關(guān)鍵。甚至我們的農(nóng)作物也可以從中獲得好處。僅有的百多物種給我們提供基本的食物，能用的這些物種也不過二十種。威爾森建議要改變這個情況：要研究可利用的上萬物種，這將是一種減少動植物的天然空地以擴(kuò)大農(nóng)場區(qū)域的一個途徑。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________定語從句__________________[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板](1)…theearthfaces定語從句(2)

,ofwhichbuttwentycarrytheload

非限定性定語從句(3)

…thatcouldbemadeuseof,whichwillbeawaytoreducetheclearingofthenaturalhomesofplantsandanimalstoenlargefarmingareas

定語從句+非限定性定語從句例6《英語學(xué)習(xí)》--倒裝句、連接詞語

Happyisthemanwhoacquiresthehabitofreadingwhenheisyoung.Hehassecuredalifelongsourceofpleasure,instruction,andinspiration.Solongashehashisbelovedbooks,heneedneverfeellonely.Healwayshasapleasantoccupationofleisuremoment,sothatheneedneverfeelbored.Heisthepossessorofwealthmorepreciousthangold.Onthecontrary,poorindeedisthemanwhodoesnotread,andemptyishislife.

少年時(shí)養(yǎng)成讀書習(xí)慣的人是幸福的。他獲得了終生擁有的愉快、教益和靈感的源泉。只要他有喜愛的書籍，就從來不必感到孤寂?？臻e時(shí)，他總是有愉快的消遣，因此他從來不必感到煩悶。他擁有比黃金更寶貴的財(cái)富。反之，不讀書的人實(shí)在很窮，生活也是空虛的。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________閱讀中提取

設(shè)問立意模型設(shè)問立意發(fā)現(xiàn)（1）細(xì)節(jié)釋義例1

（2008北京卷-E第2段）

Dietproductssignificantlyweakenuspsychologically.Ononelevel,wearenotallowingourbrainstoadmitthatourweightproblemslienotinactuallylosingtheweight,butincontrollingtheconsumptionoffatty,high-calorie,unhealthyfoods.Dietproductsallowustojumpoverthethinkingstageandgostraightforthescale(秤)instead.Allwehavetodoistoswalloworrecognizetheword“diet”infoodlabels.____________________________72.Onepsychologicaleffectofdietproductsisthatpeopletendto___________.A.tryoutavarietyofdietfoodB.hesitatebeforetheyenjoydietfoodsC.payattentiontotheirowneatinghabitsD.watchtheirweightratherthantheirdiet

(減肥產(chǎn)品的一個心理效應(yīng)是人們更易于關(guān)注體重而不是吃的東西。)[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]

“gostraightforthescaleinstead”---scale對應(yīng)weight；instead對應(yīng)ratherthan______________________________例2（2008天津卷-A首段）信息轉(zhuǎn)換

SandraCisneroswasborninChicagoin1954toaMexicanAmericanfamily.Astheonlygirlinafamilyofsevenchildren,sheoftenfeltlikeshehad“sevenfathers,”becausehersixbrothers,aswellasherfather,triedtocontrolher.Feelingshyandunimportant,sheretreated(躲避)intobooks.Despiteherloveofreading,shedidnotdowellinelementaryschoolbecauseshewastooshytoparticipate.

36.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutCisnerosinherchildhood?

A.Shehadsevenbrothers.B.Shefeltherselfnobody.C.Shewastooshytogotoschool.D.Shedidnothaveanygoodteachers.__________________________________[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]

nobody:apersonofnoimportance

無足輕重的人，小人物[找到提示]

Feelingshyandunimportant,sheretreated(躲避)intobooks.她覺得害羞無足輕重不被看中，就躲避到書本中尋求慰籍例3（2007上海卷-C)

信息改寫

TheUSPS(theUnitedStatesPostalService)boardofgovernorshasyettoacceptthePostalRegulatoryCommission’sdecision,buttendstofollowitsrecommendations.Noplanshavebeenannouncedyetforthedesignofthestamp.74.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.

Theinvestmentinforeverstampswillbringadequatelater.B.TheAmericawillbethefirstcountrytoissueforeverstamps.C.

Thedesignofthe“foreverstamps”remainedtoberevealed.D.

2-or-3centstampswillnolongerbeprintedinthefuture.___________________________________________________________________________[參考譯文]美國郵政局董事們目前只有接受郵政管理委員會的決定，并致使服從委員會的建議。目前還沒有公布這種郵票的設(shè)計(jì)方案的計(jì)劃。[發(fā)現(xiàn)模板]

Thedesignofthe“foreverstamps”remainedtoberevealed.

與本文最后一句：

Noplanshavebeenannouncedyetforthedesignofthestamp.意思相符。

toberevealed的意思是：尚待公布于眾。設(shè)問立意發(fā)現(xiàn)（2）作者意圖例1(2008廣東卷–A-45)Thepurposeofthepassageisto_______.describethedifficultiestoday’sparentshavemetwithdiscussthedevelopmentoftheparent-childrelationshipsuggestthewaytohandletheparent-childrelationshipcomparetoday’sparent-childrelationshipwiththatinthepast____________________________________________發(fā)現(xiàn)支撐意義

agenerationagotodaychange

more

distantrelationship

be

friends

completegapintaste

shareinterestproblemslessrespectforparentsalotofconfusionamongparentsreasons:theinfluenceofGreatculturalchangesevolvesroleandattitudesituation:*generationgapisge