大連海事英語(yǔ)專業(yè)詞匯學(xué)左教授4chapter3-wordformation的知識(shí)

Word-formationGeneralRemarksVariouswaysofformingwordscanbeclassifiedonthebasisoffrequencyofusage,intomajororminorprocesses.Themajorprocessesarecompounding,derivationandconversion.Theminorprocessesareeight,namely,acronymy,blending,clipping,wordsfrompropernames,back-formation,reduplication,neo-classicalformationandmiscellaneous.ThepercentageoffirmlyestablishednewwordssinceWorldWarIIThethreemajorprocessesofword-formation:

a)Compoundingorcomposition(about27%):raindrop,snow-white,baby-sit;(b)Derivationoraffixation(about17.5%):Prefixation:deescalate（逐步緩和，逐漸降級(jí)）,antihero（反面主角）;Suffixation:hawkish,modernize;(c)

Conversion(about10.5%):bottle(verb),buy(noun).Notethatwordsformedbytheseprocessesaccountfor55%ofthenewvocabulary.Theeightminorprocessesofword-formation:a)Initialismsandacronyms(about9%):

U.N.,

TV,UNESCO,NATO;(b)Blending(about6%):brunch,telex,airtel;(c)Clipping(about2%):phone,flue,lab;(d)Wordsfrompropernames(about2%):anUncleTom,xerox;(e)Backformation(about1%):gangle（笨拙地移動(dòng)）,vacuumclean;(f)Reduplication(about0.5%):walkie-talkie,go-go;(g)Neoclassicalformations(about4%):psychodrama,neurolinguistic;(h)Others(about3%):pizzazz(時(shí)髦派頭),gazump(索高價(jià)).Wordsformedbytheseminorprocessesaccountfor26.5%

ofthenewvocabulary.Theremaining18.5%isfromborrowing,e.g.discotheque,ombudsman(專門(mén)調(diào)查官員舞弊情況的政府官員)andmanyothers.Prefixesmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase,butdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebase.e.g.fair---unfair.However,incurrentEnglish,prefixesdoconvertwordstoadifferentword-classincomparisonwiththeiroriginalbases.e.g.be-adj.----v.becalm,belittlede-n.-----v.deform,debugen-n.-----v.enslave,endangerun-n.-----v.unleash,unearthanti-n.-----adj.anti-war,er-state,inter-laboratorypost-n.-----adj.postwar,postliberationpre-n.-----adj.prewar,preplant

Classificationofprefixes:Theycanbeclassifiedintothefollowingeightcategoriesbytheirmeaning:1)“negative”prefixes(un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-);2)“reversativeorprivative”(“非”“缺”)prefixes(un-,de-,dis-);3)“pejorative”prefixes(貶損)(mis-,mal-);4)Prefixesofsizeordegree(arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-)5)Prefixesofattitude(co-,counter-,anti-,pro-)6)“l(fā)ocative”prefixes(super-,sub-,inter-,trans-)7)Prefixesoftimeandorder(fore-,pre-,post-,ex-re-)8)“number”prefixes(uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,multi-/poly-)Negativeprefixesa-,an-:lackingof,lackingin;combinedwithn.oradj.usedchieflylearnedandscientificwordseg.amoral,asexual,asymmetry,anarchy（無(wú)政府狀態(tài)）,aseptic（防腐的）,anhydrous（無(wú)水的）。NegativePrefixesdis-,combiningwithAdj.Adv.N.andV.eg.dishonest,disjoint,disloyal,disunity,disuse(n.)disbenefit,disambiguate（消除歧義）。in-,im-(beforelabials),il-,ir-

incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,insane,inattention,illiterate,illogical,imbalanced,immortal,irrational,irrelevantNote:lesscommonthanun-Negative-prefixes

a-,an-(usedbeforevowels)dis-in-,il-,im-,ir-non-un-ob-se-,sed-Prefixation1Negativeprefixa-Atypicalpneumoniareferstopneumoniacausedbycertainbacteria.TheQueenisanapolitical（不關(guān)心政治的）figure.in-/im-/ir-/il-Abouthalfthepopulationinthecountryisstill

literate.

Thekeytobeing

resistibletomenismoreaboutyouandlessaboutthem.

Theencyclopediaprovidesacomprehensivesurveyof

formaleducationandlifelonglearning.GivenChina'slonghistory,thenewgender

balanceissomethingrecent.key:illiterateirresistibleinformalimbalance?Theusageofin-&im-materialism,mature,measurablepatient,partial,passableBalancedaccurate,capability,feasible

Immaterialism(非物質(zhì)論）;immature;ImmeasurableImpatient;impartial(無(wú)偏見(jiàn)的);impassableImbalancedinaccurate,incapability,infeasible.non-non-black,nonscience,nonbusiness,nonfree(withoutfreedom),nongreennonperishable,nontrivial,

non-U(adj):(BrE.)notoftheupperclassNewmeaningofnon-nonbook:abookwhichhaslittleliteracyorfactualinformationnoncandidate:apersonwhohasnotannouncedorisunwillingtoannouncehiscandidacyofanofficenonhero:antihero:aherowhosecharacterisoppositetotraditionalonenonperson:apersonregardedasnon-existent;unpersonDifference:non-,un-non-:binary(non-gradable)contrastun-:theoppositeendofascaleExample:

non-scientific:fieldsotherthanscience

unscientific:notscientificProductiveprefixasnon-600wordswiththeprefixnon-inWebster’sNewCollegiateDictionary,1977un-(adj,participles,n.)Unfriendly,uninformative,unwise,unremarked(unnoticed),unassuming(modest),unease,unrestOthermeaningsofun-unbook:abookboughtnottobeusedbuttobegivenasapresentunpeople:peoplelackofhumanityandindividualityunperson:apoliticalorpublicfigurewhohaslosttheinfluenceorimportanceob-,se-ob:intheoppositedirection

object,obverse(正面）,

se-:apart

separate,selectJudgmentprefixesdis-(intensifier)disturb,disgruntle（使氣惱）dys-(badly)dyslogistic（非難的）,dyspeptic（憂郁的）eu-(good,well)eugenics（優(yōu)生學(xué)）,euphoria（精神歡快）Extra-extraordinary,extramarital（通奸的）Meta-Mis-Pro-Proto-Pseudo-Meta-(changed)metaphysics（形而上學(xué)）Mis(badly,wrongly):misdial,mishear,misunderstand,misconception(understandingwrongly)Pseudo-(false):pseudonym:aninventednamepseudoscience:pretendedsciencepseudoclassic:pretendingtobeclassicPro:(onbehalfof)pro-British,pro-educationProto-(first,chief)prototype,LocativeprefixesAb-,a-,orabs-(from,away)abnormal,Ad-(toward):admit,advanceAna-(back):analogyApo(away):apologyCata(down,away):catastropheCircum-(around):circumnaviate(sailaround)CountingprefixesAmbi:bothambiguousBi-Di-ditransitiveMonoMultiOmni:allPolyTriUniOthersTemporalprefixesante-,fore-,neo-,post-,pre-,pro-,re-Involvementprefixesanti-,auto--,co-,con-,vice-2Reversativeprefixde-TheabovebookisaphotoofabookonceownedbyWashingtonDCprivateInvestigatorNickBeltrantewhowascalledintodebugtheofficesoftheDemocraticNationalHeadquartersintheWatergateBuildingaftertheburglarswherecaught.ButitwaserrorwhenIwanttodebugmyproject.Whythehelldowe"deplane"whenweexitanairplane?Or"stow"ourluggageintheoverheadbins?Can'twejuststoreourluggageintheoverheadbinsandexittheplanewhenwereachourdestination?Weneedtodecentralizeourcities.Toomanypeopleliveinourcities,welivetooclosetogether.Moreexamples:deforest,deport,defoam,defog(ger),deice(r)3PejorativeprefixMal-We’llnotinterveneunlessthechildrenarephysicallymaltreated.Thegarbagebecamequitemalodorousafteritsattherefortwoweeks.moreexamples:malformed,maladaptation,malnutrition,malpositionMal-(ill,evil)malpractice,maltreat,maldevelopment（不正常發(fā)展）,malfunction（機(jī)能失常）,malnutritionPseudo-Pseudoscienceisanyschemeoftheories,beliefsandmethodswronglyconsideredasscientific.Moreexamples:pseudodemocratic,pseudographpseudocrystalExerciseYouCanHelp,TooBeijingstartsrecruitingvolunteersforthe2008OlympicGamesBesidestheGamesvolunteers,hundredsofthousandsofpeopleareneededforothercityoperations.Theywillprovideawiderangeofservicessuchascontrollingtrafficandhelpingmaintainpublicorder.Thelaunchingceremonyalsounveiledthetitleandsloganofthe“SmileThemeActivity.”Thesong“Smile,Beijing”markedtheclimaxoftheceremony.ChildrendressedinthecostumesofFuWa,thefiveBeijingOlympicmascots,heldtheballoonsinfiveOlympiccolorsandpaintedsmilingfacesontheballoonsalongwiththespectators.“In2008,thevolunteers’smileswillbethebestnamecardsforBeijing.WehopeeveryonewillhelpusmakeBeijinga‘smilingcity,’”Liusaid.SkillofmemorizingnewwordsTheteacherwillmeethisclassat8o’clock.Theteacherwillmeethislassat8o’clock.Theteacherwillmeethisassat8o’clock.Class-lass-assGivenchy推出世紀(jì)代表作『VeryIrresistible』傾城之魅，它融合了五種不同香味調(diào)性的玫瑰花，是有史以來(lái)含玫瑰精華最多的香水！也是2004年第32屆菲菲獎(jiǎng)（香水屆的奧斯卡獎(jiǎng)）獲獎(jiǎng)香水。我和我的DEBUG女友N年前，我沒(méi)有女友，后來(lái)我好象看清楚了這個(gè)時(shí)代潮流，懷著義無(wú)返顧的心加入了程序員的行列，今天，我擁有了心愛(ài)的女友，和大多數(shù)女孩子一樣她長(zhǎng)得也是明眸皓齒，青春逼人，不過(guò)她明顯多了個(gè)愛(ài)好，她的最大興趣居然是幫我DEBUG，我當(dāng)初萬(wàn)萬(wàn)沒(méi)有想到，程序員們?nèi)艘?jiàn)人恨的BUG的的確確充當(dāng)了我一回義務(wù)紅娘，每每想起往事，我都會(huì)感懷不已。Suffixation

Suffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.e.g.boy---boyish.

Butthereareexceptions:e.g.boy---boyhood.Classificationofsuffixes:Sincesuffixesusuallychangethewordfromonepartofspeechtoanother,itisconvenienttoclassifythemnotonlyaccordingtotheword-classofthewordtheyform(asnoun-formingsuffixes,adjective-formingsuffixes,etc.),butalsoaccordingtothekindofbasetowhichtheyaretypicallyadded.Forexample,ade-verbalsuffixlike–ableor–erisonethattypicallyaddedtoaverb;ade-adjectivalsuffixlike–izeisaddedtoanadjective.(a)Noun(-forming)suffixes:1)noun----nounsuffixes(orde-nominalnoun