第二課句子結(jié)構(gòu)

SentenceTypes句子種類Sentencefunction1.陳述句2.疑問句3.祈使句4.感嘆句肯定句否定句一般疑問句選擇疑問句特殊疑問句反意疑問句肯定祈使句否定祈使句sentencestructure1.簡單句2.并列句3.主從復合句狀語從句賓語從句定語從句表語從句等SentenceTypesThefourmajortypesofsentencesinEnglishandtheirdiscoursefunctions.Thefourmajortypesofsentencesaredeclaratives,interrogatives，imperativesandexclamatives．Thesefourtypesarerespectivelyassociatedwithgivinginformation，requiringinformation，requiringactionsandexpressingthespeaker’simpressionofsomething．英語句子四大類型為陳述句，疑問句，祈使句和感嘆句；這四種句型分別表示提供信息，尋求信息，要求動作進行和表達說話者的情感.（一）按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。1）陳述句（DeclarativeSentences）：說明一個事實或陳述一種看法。光比聲傳播速度快。

這部電影很乏味。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.（說明事實）Thefilmisratherboring.（說明看法）英語的否定句除了用not否定謂語動詞來體現(xiàn)外，含有以下詞匯的也是否定句：never,nothing,none,neither,neither…nor,noone等。將下列句子改為否定句You’dbettershutdownthecomputer.You’dbetter______________downthecomputer.2.Suescoredinthefootballmatch,too.Sue___________inthefootballmatch,______.3.Healwaysgoesbacktohishometownduringthewinterholiday.He_____goesbacktohishometownduringthe….4.Bothchemistryandphysicsareinteresting._____chemistry______physics_____interesting.5.Thereissomesoilontherock.There____________soilontherock.6.Thestudenthasalreadymadeastudyplan.Thestudent_____madeastudyplan______.notshutdidn’tscoreeitherneverNeithernorisisn’tanyhasn’tyet2）疑問句（InterrogativeSentences）：提出問題。有以下四種：a.一般疑問句（GeneralQuestions）：Canyoufinishtheworkintime?b.特殊疑問句（special/Wh-Questions）：Wheredoyoulive?c.選擇疑問句（AlternativeQuestions）：Doyouwantteaorcoffee?d.反意疑問句（disjunctive/Tag-Questions)Hedoesn'tknowher,doeshe?1.Shehadbreakfastathome.

Wheredidshehavebreakfast?2.Mymotherisgoingtoattendaparents’meeting.3.Iwenttoseehimonceaweek.

Howoftendidyougotoseehim?4.Theyhavewrittenforanhour.

Howlonghavetheywritten?5.Theywillbebackinamonth.

Howsoonwilltheybeback?6.ThegirlwithblueeyesisJean.

WhichgirlisJean?7.Theboywasoneandahalfmeterstalllastyear.

Howtallwastheboylastyear?Whoisgoingtoattendaparents’meeting?3）祈使句（ImperativeSentences）：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令。動詞用原形當心！Lookout!

別緊張！Don'tbenervous!4）感嘆句（ExclamatorySentences）：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。

常以What/How開頭。多好的消息啊！Whatgoodnews(itis)!

多結(jié)實?。owstrong!

用動詞適當形式填空：It’sanimportantmeeting._________(notbe)late.2._______(notmake)anynoise!Yourmotherissleeping.3.________(notspeak)withyourmouthfulloffoodand_______(be)polite.4._________(nottalk)and______(read)aloud.將下列句子變?yōu)楦袊@句：5.NanjingRoadWalkwaylooksbeautifulatnight.___________NanjingRoadWalkwaylooks…!6.Theyaregoodchildren.____________childrentheyare!7.Shehasaveryusefuldictionary.What______________dictionaryshehas!How_______________dictionaryshehas!Don’tbeDon’tmakeDon’tspeakbeDon’ttalkreadHowbeautifulWhatgoodausefulusefula**反意疑問句:tagquestion在陳述句之后附上一個簡短問句，對陳述句所敘述的事實提出相反的疑問,這種疑問句叫做反意疑問句。如前面陳述句部分是肯定式，后面問句部分一般用是否定式；如前一部分是否定式，后一部分一般用肯定式。1.前后兩部分在人稱，數(shù)及時態(tài)上通常保持一致。如：Youareastudent，aren'tyou?(你是學生，對嗎?)

2.在祈使句后面用反意疑問句，要注意人稱的變化。

如：Gotothecinema,willyou?

3.在省略的感嘆句后面，要注意主語的單復數(shù)。

如：Whatfineweather,isn'tit?

4.陳述句部分的主語如是I，疑問部分要用aren'tI.

如:I'mastallasyoursister,aren'tI?

5.陳述部分用never,few,nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little等否定含義的詞時，疑問部分用肯定含義.

如:Heseldomcamehere,didhe?

6.陳述句部分的謂語是usedto時，疑問部分用didn‘t+主語或usedn’t+主語.如:Heusedtogotoschoolatseven,didn'the?/usedn'the?7.陳述部分有hadbetter+v.疑問句部分用hadn’tyou?

如:You'dbetterreaditbyyourself,hadn'tyou?

8.陳述部分有You'dliketo+v.疑問部分用wouldn't+主語.如：You'dliketogowithme,wouldn'tyou?

9.主語是everyone，someone，anyone，noone等不定代詞時，多用they指代.如：Everyoneishere,aren'tthey?(所有的人都來了嗎?)10.主語是everything，something，anything，nothing時，用it指代。11.省去主語的祈使句的反意疑問句，疑問部分用willyou。如:Don'tdothatagain,

willyou?

12.注意Let's開頭的祈使句，后用shallwe?13.Letus開頭的祈使句，后用willyou?

14.陳述部分是“therebe”結(jié)構(gòu)的，疑問部分用there省略主語代詞。如:Thereissomethingwrongwithyourwatch,isn'tthere?

15.must在表示"推測"時的反意疑問句。

Hemustbeadoctor,isn'the?YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears,haven'tyou?Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn'the?Itmustbegoingtoraintomorrow,won'tit?

16當dare,need為實義動詞時，疑問部分用助動詞do+主語。Shedoesn'tdaretogohomealone,doesshe?17.否定前綴不能視為否定詞，其反意疑問句仍用否定形式。

Itisimpossible,isn'tit?Heisnotunkindtohisclassmates,ishe?18.反義疑問句的回答用yes，no但是，當陳述部分是否定形式時，回答要按事實。Theydon’tworkhard,dothey?Yes,theydo.

不，他們工作努力。No,theydon’t.

對，他們工作不努力。

練習

1.Don’tforgettogivethebabysomefood,______?

A.willyou?B.shallweC.won’tyouD.doyou

2.Youhavemetbefore,_______?

A.haven’tyouB.haveyouC.doyouD.don’tyou

3.Shehasneverreadthebookbefore,_______?

A.hassheB.hasn'tsheC.issheD.isn'tshe

4.Mikehastofinishherworknow,_______?

A.hasheB.hasn‘theC.doesheD.doesn’the

5.--"Don'tsmokeinthedining-hall,willyou?"

--"_________."

A.Yes,IagreeB.Yes,ofcourse,C.Yes,Idon'tthinksoD.What'swrong

6.--______didyoustayinUrumqilastsummer?

--Fortwoweeks.

A.HowoftenB.HowC.HowlongD.Howmanytimes

7.Henearlyhurthimselfintheaccident,_______?

A.doesn'theB.didn'theC.didheD.doeshe

8.--_______willyourauntbebackfromwork?

--Inanhour.

A.HowsoonB.HowoftenC.HowlongD.Whattime

9.Theoldmanhadtodothefarmworkhimself,________?

A.didheB.didn'theC.hadheD.weren'the

10.--"________dotheyhaveameeting?"

--"Everytwoweeks."

A.HowlongB.HowoftenC.WhenD.Whattime

祈使句表請求、命令、叮囑、邀請、勸告等。祈使句分為第二人稱祈使句及第—、三人稱祈使句兩大類。1．第二人稱祈使句通常用來向聽話者發(fā)出命令，提出要求或建議。這種祈使句的主語you通常不表示出來，而是以動詞原形開頭。如：Standup!**祈使句Imperative

但如果說話時有多人在場，就得把主語表示出來，或加稱呼語，以便指明是向誰提出請求或發(fā)出命令。如：Parentswithchildrengothefront!帶孩子的家長到前面去!Marycleanthewindows，andyouboyswashthefloor!瑪麗擦窗戶，你們男孩子洗地板!Comein，everybody!每個人都進來!

有時將主語表示出來是為了加強語氣或表示“不高興”、“厭煩”、“鄙視”等情緒。如：Don’tyoubelateagain!你可別再遲到了!Yougetoutofhere!你給我滾出去!Mindyourownbusiness，you!你少管閑事!2．第一、三人稱祈使句是以第一人稱和第三人稱代詞或者名詞等作為祈使的對象，這類祈使句通常以let為引導詞表建議。如：Let’sgo!Letusgohome!Lethimbehereby10o’clock．祈使句的否定形式

含有第二人稱的祈使句的否定句用don't/never.Don’tgiveup.Don’tstayuptoolate,oryou’llfeeltired.以let為引導詞的祈使句的否定形式通常是在Let’s或Letus／me后加not。如：Let’snotwasteourtimearguingaboutit!咱們別浪費時間爭論這事了!Let’snotsayanythingaboutit!這事咱們誰也別說!但英式英語也用這樣的表達：Don’tlet’ssayanythingaboutit.

祈使句的強調(diào)形式祈使句的強調(diào)形式是在整個結(jié)構(gòu)之前加do。如：

Dobecareful!DoStoptalking!Dogivemyregardstoyourparents!務必／一定代我向你父母問好!祈使句用于兩個重要句型中

1．“祈使句+and+表結(jié)果的陳述句”用來敘述肯定的條件。2．“祈使句+or(else)+表結(jié)果的陳述句”用來敘述否定的條件，or(else)表示“否則；要不然”。試比較：

Hurryupandyou’llcatchthetrain.(＝Ifyouhurryup，you’llcatchthetrain．)Hurryup，oryou’llmissthetrain．(＝Ifyoudon’thurryup，you’llmissthetrain．)祈使句由直接引語變成間接引語

當祈使句由直接引語變成間接引語時，其常用結(jié)構(gòu)為“ask／request／tell／ordersb(not)todosth”。如：“Speakloud，please!”theteachersaidtome．(＝Theteacheraskedmetospeakloudly．)“Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom!”hesaidtoTom．(＝HetoldTomnottosmokeinthemeetingroom．)1.TomhardlyknowsFrench,______?2.—Marydidn'tfailherexam,didshe?---______,shedidn‘t.3.Youneedn’tcome,______you?Youneedtocome,______you?4.Hehadabigtimethere,______he?Hehadacar,______

he?Wehardlyhavetogetupearly,______we?5.HeusedtoliveinLeeds,______he?doesheNoneeddon’tdidn’tdidn’t/hadn’tdodidn’t/usedn’tExercise6.Let’sgotothematchatonce,______we?Leavemealone,______you?7.Theymusthavelearnedtodrive,______they?8.Noonewashurt,____________?9.Thereisnodoubtaboutit,______?10.Idon’tthinkAnnahastogotoschoolonSundays,______she?shallwill/won’thaven’tweretheyistheredoes11.Somethingmustbedonetosolvetheproblem,______________?12.Itisimpossibleforhimtoliftsuchabigstone,______________?13.Iwishtohaveatalkwithyou,_______?14.Whatabeautifulmountain,_________?15.Annysaidthatshewouldcometoseeme,___________?mustn’titisn’titmayIisn’titdidn’tshe1.Hedarestotellthetruth.（usingnegation）2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethan

tenyears.（usingWH-questiontotheunderlinepart）3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?（usingquestiontag）4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（usingcommand）5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(usingyes-noquestion)1.Hedarestotellthetruth.（改為否定句）Hedoesn’tdaretotellthetruth.或Hedarenottellthetruth.2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethan

tenyears.（對畫線部分提問）Howlonghavetheylivedhere?4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（改為祈使句）4.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改為一般疑問句)5.Didtheygoforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening?6.Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（usingWh-question）7.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?（usingquestiontag）8.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（usingwh-question）6.Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（對畫線部分提問）6.Howoftendoesthismagazinecomeout?7.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?（完成反意疑問）7.couldthey8.OurEnglishteacher

isalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（對畫線部分提問）8.WhoisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass?典型考題選擇題1.Youhavetowaitamoment,______?

A.haven'tyouB.doyou

C.don'tyouD.