第三章 國(guó)家領(lǐng)土

CHAPTER3

STATETERRITORY

第三章

國(guó)家領(lǐng)土Section1outlines

概述

1.1conceptandcomponentofstateterritory概念和構(gòu)成

1.1.1conceptofstateterritory國(guó)家領(lǐng)土的概念

■dominatedbysovereignty受?chē)?guó)家主權(quán)支配

■specificpartoftheearth地球的特定部分

1.1.2thecomponentpartsofstateterritory國(guó)家領(lǐng)土的構(gòu)成

1.1.2.1landterritory

領(lǐng)陸

1.1.2.1conceptoflandterritory領(lǐng)陸的概念

1.1.2.2

componentoflandterritory:landandisland陸地和島嶼

1.1.2.3particularityoflandterritory:themostimportantpartof

stateterritory國(guó)家領(lǐng)土最重要的部分

1.1.2.2territorialwater領(lǐng)水

1.1.2.2.1conceptofterritorialwater領(lǐng)水的概念

1.1.2.2.2componentofterritorialwater領(lǐng)水的構(gòu)成

■internalwater內(nèi)水

■territorialsea領(lǐng)海

■differencebetweeninternalwaterandterritorialsea

■therightofinnocentpassage無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán)

1.1.2.3territorialairspace領(lǐng)空

1.1.2.3.1conceptofterritorialairspace領(lǐng)空的概念

1.1.2.3.2heightofterritorialairspace領(lǐng)空的高度■airspace

1.1.2.4territorialsubsoil底土

1.1.2.4.1conceptofterritorialsubsoil底土的概念

■undergroundterritory

1.1.2.4.2depthofterritorialsubsoil底土的深度

1.1.3areasassociatedwithterritoryandvirtualterritory

與國(guó)家領(lǐng)土有關(guān)的區(qū)域和國(guó)家的虛擬領(lǐng)土

1.2legalpositionofstateterritory國(guó)家領(lǐng)土的法律地位

1.2.1oneoftheelementsofstate國(guó)家的構(gòu)成要素之一

1.2.2thespacewithinwhichthestateexercisesitssupreme,andnormallyexclusive,authority國(guó)家行使最高權(quán)力的空間

1.2.3territorialsovereignty領(lǐng)土主權(quán)

1.2.3.1territorialproprietary領(lǐng)土所有權(quán)

1.2.3.2territorialjurisdiction

領(lǐng)土管轄權(quán)

1.2.3.3territorialsovereignty’sinviolabilityandrestrictionof

internationallaw領(lǐng)土主權(quán)的不可侵犯性和國(guó)際法的限制

Section2InternalWater內(nèi)水

2.1conceptandcomponentofinternalwater概念構(gòu)成

2.1.1conceptofinternalwater內(nèi)水的概念

2.1.1.1narrowconcept:continentalsea內(nèi)海

2.1.1.2broadconcept:

■withinthelandborder陸地疆界以?xún)?nèi)

■landwardsideofthebaselineofterritorialsea領(lǐng)?；€(xiàn)向陸地一面

■landwardsideofdividinglineofboundarywater界水分界線(xiàn)向陸地一面

2.1.2componentofinternalwater內(nèi)水的構(gòu)成

2.1.2.1river河流

2.1.2.1.1inlandriver內(nèi)河

■conceptofinlandriver內(nèi)河的概念

■characteristics:■legalstatusasthesameoflandterritory

■

completelydominatedbystatesovereignty

■noentrywithoutpermission

2.1.2.1.2boundaryriver界河

■conceptofboundaryriver

■characteristics:■legalstatusasthesameoflandterritoryseparately

belongedtothecoastalstate

■

statesovereigntyisrestrictedbytherightoffreenavigation

2.1.2.1.3multinationalriver多國(guó)河流

■conceptofmultinationalriver多國(guó)河流的概念

■characteristicsofmultinationalriver:

■coastalstatehassovereigntyonthepart

flowingthroughitsterritory

沿岸國(guó)對(duì)多國(guó)河流流經(jīng)本國(guó)境內(nèi)的河段享有主權(quán)

■

statesovereigntyisrestrictedbytherightoffreenavigationandfairuse

沿岸國(guó)的主權(quán)受到自由航行權(quán)與合理使用權(quán)的限制

2.1.2.1.4internationalriver國(guó)際河流

■conceptofinternationalriver國(guó)際河流的概念

■characteristicsofinternationalriver:

■directaccesstohighsea直接通往公海

■specialtreatyestablishingitsfreenavigationsystem由專(zhuān)門(mén)條約確立其自

由航行制度

■coastalstatehassovereigntyonthepart

flowingthroughitsterritory

沿岸國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際河流流經(jīng)本國(guó)境內(nèi)的河段享有主權(quán)

■

statesovereignty’sfurtherrestrictiontoopentomerchantshipoftheworld

沿岸國(guó)的主權(quán)受到進(jìn)一步限制——須對(duì)各國(guó)商船開(kāi)放

■coastalstatehastherightofcoastalnavigation

沿岸國(guó)享有沿岸航行權(quán)

■militaryvesselshavenottherightofinnocentpassage

軍用船舶不享有無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán)

2.1.2.2canal運(yùn)河

2.1.2.2.1conceptofcanal運(yùn)河的概念

■withintheterritoryofstate在一國(guó)境內(nèi)

■artificialcut人工開(kāi)鑿

■navigablewaterway可航水道

2.1.2.2.2inlandcanal內(nèi)陸運(yùn)河

■conceptofinlandcanal:nodirectaccesstohighsea不能直通公海

■characteristics:■legalstatusasthesameoflandterritory

■

completelydominatedbystatesovereignty

■noentrywithoutpermission

2.1.2.2.3inter-oceaniccanal通洋運(yùn)河

■conceptofinter-oceaniccanal:directaccesstohighsea

maritimetransportroutes

■categoriesofinter-oceaniccanal:

■non-internationalizedinter-oceaniccanal非國(guó)際化通洋運(yùn)河

■concept:notundertakeinternationalobligationbasedontreaties

■theKielCanal基爾運(yùn)河

■

internationalizedinter-oceaniccanal國(guó)際化通洋運(yùn)河

■

concept:undertakeinternationalobligationbasedontreaties

■a.theSuezCanal蘇伊士運(yùn)河b.thePanamaCanal巴拿馬運(yùn)河

■differencebetweeninternationalizedandnon-internationalizedinter-oceaniccanal

militaryvessels’rightofinnocentpassage2.1.2.3lakeandinlandsea湖泊和內(nèi)陸海

2.1.2.3.1conceptoflakeandinlandsea湖泊和內(nèi)陸海的概念

2.1.2.3.2characteristicsoflakeandinlandsea

特點(diǎn)

■enclosedbylandterritory

被陸地領(lǐng)土包圍

2.1.2.3.3differenceoflakeandinlandsea湖泊和內(nèi)陸海的區(qū)別

2.1.2.3.4legalstatusoflakeandinlandsea法律地位

■entirelyenclosedbythelandofoneandthesamestate

■legalstatusasthesameoflandterritory與領(lǐng)陸相同

■

completelydominatedbystatesovereignty國(guó)家主權(quán)完全支配

■noentrywithoutpermission未經(jīng)許可不得進(jìn)入

■enclosedbythelandoftwoormorestates

■boundarywater

■legalstatusasthesameoflandterritoryseparately

belongedtothecoastalstate

■

statesovereigntyisrestrictedbytherightoffreenavigation

2.1.2.3.5internationallake國(guó)際湖泊

■accesstohighsea通往公海

■enclosedbythelandoftwoormorestates一國(guó)以上領(lǐng)土包圍

■opentomerchantshipsalloftheworld對(duì)各國(guó)商船開(kāi)放

Section3acquisitionandlossofstateterritory

國(guó)家領(lǐng)土的取得與喪失

3.1traditionalmodes傳統(tǒng)方式

3.1.1cession割讓

3.1.1.1conceptofcession割讓的概念

3.1.1.1.1

way形式:signtreaty簽訂條約

3.1.1.1.2keyelement關(guān)鍵要素:transferpartofterritoryandit’ssovereignty

轉(zhuǎn)移部分領(lǐng)土及其主權(quán)

3.1.1.1.3nature性質(zhì):vicariouswayofterritorialacquisition

轉(zhuǎn)承的領(lǐng)土取得方式

3.1.1.2

forms

ofcession割讓的種類(lèi)

3.1.1.2.1compulsivecession

強(qiáng)制性割讓

■conceptofcompulsivecession強(qiáng)制性割讓的概念

■characteristicsofcompulsivecession強(qiáng)制性割讓的特征

■

useofforce使用武力■

signpeacetreaty簽訂和約

■

withoutcompensation無(wú)償?shù)?/p>

3.1.1.2.2non-compulsivecession

非強(qiáng)制性割讓

■conceptofnon-compulsivecession非強(qiáng)制性割讓的概念

■characteristicsofnon-compulsivecession非強(qiáng)制性割讓的特征

■peacefulnegotiation

和平談判■equality,voluntariness平等自愿

■categories:■donation

贈(zèng)與■

trade買(mǎi)賣(mài)

3.1.1.3problemsshouldbepaidattentionwhencession

割讓時(shí)須注意的問(wèn)題

3.1.1.3.1restrictionofconstitutionorlegislativepower

憲法或立法權(quán)的限制

3.1.1.3.2cessionisnotequaltoleaseormortgage

租借或抵押不等于割讓

3.1.1.3.3theobjectofcessionisland

territory,theother

partsofterritory,suchasterritorialwater,territorial

airspace,territorialsubsoil,cannotbeceded

independently.

割讓的客體是陸地領(lǐng)土，領(lǐng)水、領(lǐng)空、底土不能單獨(dú)割讓

3.1.1.3.4theentryintoforceofthetreatyofcessionproduces

theeffectofthetransferofsovereignty

割讓自條約生效時(shí)即產(chǎn)生主權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移的效果

3.1.1.3.5thirdcountry’sveto

第三國(guó)的否決權(quán)

3.1.1.3.6therighttochoosenationalitybytheresidentsofthe

cededland被割讓領(lǐng)土上居民的國(guó)籍選擇權(quán)

3.1.2occupationofterranullius無(wú)主地先占

3.1.2.1conceptofoccupation先占的概念

3.1.2.2subjectofoccupation先占的主體:state國(guó)家

3.1.2.3objectofoccupation先占的客體:terranullius無(wú)主地

3.1.2.3.1theterritorywhosesovereigntyisunclearordisputed,cannotbe

regardedasterranullius.

主權(quán)歸屬不清或有爭(zhēng)議的領(lǐng)土，不能認(rèn)為是無(wú)主地。

3.1.2.3.2anypartofhighseascannotbeoccupied,butthenewbornislandsin

highseascanbeoccupied.

公海的任何部分均不能占領(lǐng)，但公海中的新生島嶼可以占領(lǐng)。

3.1.2.3.3accordingtomoderninternationallaw,thelandinwhichthe

indigenouspeopleslivingwithsocialandpoliticalorganizationcan

notbeconsideredasterranullius.

按照現(xiàn)代國(guó)際法，具有社會(huì)政治組織的土著居民居住的土地不能認(rèn)為是無(wú)主地。

3.1.2.4essentialelementsofoccupation:effectiveoccupation

先占的必備要素:有效的占領(lǐng)

3.1.2.4.1

subjectiveelement:theintentionofacquiringsovereign

主觀條件:取得主權(quán)的意圖

3.1.2.4.2

objectiveelement:effectivecontrol客觀條件:有效的控制

a.possession占有b.administration管理

3.1.2.5discoveryisnotequaltooccupation發(fā)現(xiàn)不等于占領(lǐng)

3.1.3accretion添附

3.1.3.1conceptofaccretion添附的概念

3.1.3.2

forms

ofaccretion添附的種類(lèi)

3.1.3.2.1artificialaccretion人工添附

■conceptofartificialaccretion人工添附的概念

■categoriesofartificialaccretion人工添附的種類(lèi)

■

dykes堤堰

■breakwaters防波堤

■artificialislands人工島嶼■

landreclamation圍海造田、填海造地

■legalproblemsofartificialaccretion人工添附的國(guó)際法問(wèn)題

■

whenoccurringonthecoast,maynotcauseimproperinfluenceto

interestsofothercountry.發(fā)生在海岸，不能對(duì)他國(guó)造成不利益

■

whenoccurringontheboundaryriver,shallbesubjecttothe

agreementofthecountryintheotherside發(fā)生在界河,須經(jīng)對(duì)岸國(guó)同意

3.1.3.2.2naturalaccretion自然添附

■alluvion

漲灘和三角洲:landincreasedbytherushofwater水流沖擊產(chǎn)生的土地增加

■abandonedriverbeds廢河床:changingofriverchannelordrynessofriverby

sedimentaccumulation泥沙淤積使河道改變或河流干涸

■drynessofriver河流干涸:centerlineofriverbed河床中心線(xiàn)

■changingofriverchannel河流改道:centerlineofriverorchannel(minordiversion)

orriverbed(seriousdiversion)

■newbornislands新生島嶼:alluvionorinternalmovementoftheearth

■inhighseas:terranullius■interritorialseaorexclusiveeconomiczone:landincreased

3.1.4conquest征服

3.1.4.1conceptofconquest征服的概念

■

useofforce使用武力■occupyallorpartsoflandterritoryofotherstate

■

mergertheoccupiedlandterritoryafterwar

3.1.4.2differencebetweenconquestandcompulsivecession:peacetreaty

征服與強(qiáng)制性割讓的區(qū)別:和約

3.1.4.3differencebetweenconquestandbelligerentoccupation:sovereignty

征服與戰(zhàn)時(shí)占領(lǐng)的區(qū)別:取得主權(quán)

3.1.4.4constituteconditionsofconquest征服的構(gòu)成條件

3.1.4.4.1themeaningofconquestanditsdeclaration征服的意思并進(jìn)行宣告

3.1.4.4.2ifpartlandterritoryisconquered,thedefeatedcountryshouldhave

themeaningofgivinguptorecoverlostland

如果征服的是部分領(lǐng)土，戰(zhàn)敗國(guó)有放棄收復(fù)失地的意思

3.1.4.4.3ifentirelandterritoryisconquered,thepoweroftheconquering

countryshouldextend

throughouttheconqueredcountry

如果征服的是全部領(lǐng)土，戰(zhàn)勝?lài)?guó)的權(quán)力須遍及戰(zhàn)敗國(guó)整個(gè)領(lǐng)土

■moderninternationallawrejectedconquestasamodeofacquisitionofstateterritory

征服作為領(lǐng)土的取得和變更方式，已被現(xiàn)代國(guó)際法所拋棄

3.1.5prescription時(shí)效

3.1.5.1conceptofprescription時(shí)效的概念

■improperorillegitimatepossession

■long-termundisturbedpossession

■generalbeliefs:thestatusofthingsisinlinewithinternationalorder

3.1.5.2fundamentaldifferencebetweenprescriptionandoccupation

時(shí)效與先占的根本區(qū)別legalorillegal

3.1.5.3prescriptioninmoderninternationallaw:notaccepted

3.2modernmodes現(xiàn)代方式

3.2.1self-determinationofpeople民族自決

3.2.1.1conceptofself-determinationofpeople

3.2.1.2formsofself-determinationofpeople

■politicalstruggle政治斗爭(zhēng)■armedstruggle武裝斗爭(zhēng)■referendum全民投票

3.2.2referendum全民投票

3.2.2.1conceptofreferendum全民投票的概念

3.2.2.2constituteconditionsofreferendum

3.2.2.2.1properlegalgrounds合法正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛?/p>

3.2.2.2.2withoutinterferenceofforeignforces,threatsandmanipulation

沒(méi)有國(guó)外勢(shì)力的干涉、威脅和操縱

3.2.2.2.3supervisionofauthoritativeinternationalorganization

權(quán)威性國(guó)際組織監(jiān)督

3.2.3regainlostground收復(fù)失地

3.2.3.1conceptof

regainlostground收復(fù)失地的概念

3.2.3.2applicableoccasions適用場(chǎng)合:conquest,compulsivecession

3.2.3.3categoriesof

regainlostground收復(fù)失地的類(lèi)別

3.2.3.3.1peacefulway和平方式

3.2.3.3.2wayofarmedstruggle武裝斗爭(zhēng)方式

3.2.4

transferofterritory交換領(lǐng)土

Section4territorialsovereigntylimitations

領(lǐng)土主權(quán)的限制

4.1generallimitations一般限制

4.2.1subject:internationallaw國(guó)際法

4.2.2object:everystateintheworld一切國(guó)家

4.2specificlimitations特殊限制

4.2.1leases租借

4.2.1.1conceptofleases租借的概念

■partofstateterritory

■leasetermstipulatedbytreaty條約規(guī)定的租期

■Usedforthepurposespecifiedintreaty用于條約規(guī)定的目的

4.2.1.2categoriesofleases租借的種類(lèi)

4.2.1.2.1lawful合法租借

4.2.1.2.2unlawful非法租借

4.2.1.3characteristics租借的特點(diǎn)

4.2.1.3.1nottransferterritorialsovereignty不轉(zhuǎn)移領(lǐng)土主權(quán)

4.2.1.3.2generallyhavedeadline通常有期限

4.2.2internationalservitudes國(guó)際地役

4.2.2.1conceptofinternationalservitudes國(guó)際地役的概念

4.2.2.2constituteconditionsofinternationalservitudes構(gòu)成條件

4.2.2.2.1subject:stateenjoyingservitude享受地役國(guó)

4.2.2.2.2object:allorpartofstateterritory承擔(dān)地役國(guó)的全部或部分領(lǐng)土

4.2.2.2.3voluntary自愿

4.2.2.2.4fortheinterestsofothercountries為了他國(guó)利益而設(shè)

4.2.2.3categoriesofinternationalservitudes國(guó)際地役的種類(lèi)

4.2.2.3.1positiveservitudes積極地役

4.2.2.3.2negativeservitudes消極地役

4.2.2.3eliminationofinternationalservitudes國(guó)際地役的消滅

4.2.2.3.1relatedcountriesagreetorepeal有關(guān)國(guó)家協(xié)議廢除

4.2.2.3.2stateenjoyingservituderenounceunilaterally享受地役國(guó)單方放棄

4.2.2.3.3territoryattributedtothesamesovereignty領(lǐng)土歸于同一主權(quán)下

4.2.3condominium共管

4.2.3.1conceptofcondominium共管的概念

■twoormorestates兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的國(guó)家

■specificstateterritory特定的國(guó)家領(lǐng)土

■co-exerciseofsovereignty共同行使主權(quán)

4.2.3.2characteristicsofcondominium共管的特征

4.2.3.2.1object:allorpartofstateterritory國(guó)家的部分或全部領(lǐng)土

4.2.3.2.2themeaningofmerger

兼并的意圖

4.2.4sphereofinfluence勢(shì)力范圍

4.2.4.1conceptofsphereofinfluence勢(shì)力范圍的概念

■effectiveoccupationoftheneighboringland

有效占領(lǐng)了鄰近土地

■exclusivelyreserved專(zhuān)門(mén)保留

■foroccupationinthefuture有待將來(lái)占領(lǐng)

4.2.4.2characteristicsofsphereofinfluence勢(shì)力范圍的特征

4.2.4.2.1theultimategoal:colonialrule最終目標(biāo):殖民統(tǒng)治

4.2.4.2.2beforerealizingcolonialrule,generallyrequireto

enjoytheexclusiveprivilegeofeconomyorfinance

未取得殖民統(tǒng)治前，通常要求享有經(jīng)濟(jì)上或財(cái)政上的特權(quán)

4.2.4.2.3rejectedbymoderninternationallaw

被現(xiàn)代國(guó)際法拋棄

Section5boundariesofstateterritory領(lǐng)土邊界

5.1conceptofboundary邊界的概念

5.2categoriesofboundary邊界的分類(lèi)

5.2.1(componentofterritory)

5.2.1.1boundaryoflandterritory領(lǐng)陸邊界

5.2.1.2waterboundaryofterritorialwater領(lǐng)水邊界

5.2.1.2.1boundaryofterritorialsea領(lǐng)海邊界

5.2.1.2.2boundaryofinternalwater內(nèi)水邊界

5.2.1.3boundaryofterritorialairspace領(lǐng)空邊界

5.2.1.4boundaryofterritorialsubsoil底土邊界

5.2.2(formingway)

5.2.2.1naturalboundary自然邊界

5.2.2.2artificialboundary人工邊界

5.2.2.2.1astronomicboundary天文學(xué)邊界

5.2.2.2.2geometricalboundary幾何學(xué)邊界

5.2.3(formingbasis)

5.2.3.1historicalborders歷史邊界5.2.3.2treatyboundary條約邊界

5.2.3.3inheritanceboundary繼承邊界

5.3delimitationofboundary邊界的劃分

5.3.1conclusionofboundarytreaty簽訂邊界條約

5.3.2boundarydelimitationprocedures劃界程序

5.3.2.1determinationofboundary定界

5.3.2.3markofboundary標(biāo)界

5.3.2.4formulationofboundaryprotocolandmap議定書(shū)地圖

5.3.2.5conflictsolutionofboundarydocuments沖突的解決

5.3.2.5.1conflictofboundaryprotocol(map)andtreaty

treatyfirst條約優(yōu)先

5.3.2.5.2conflictofboundaryprotocol(map)andstakes

protocol(map)first

5.3.3mountainboundaryandwaterboundary界山界水

5.3.3.1mountainboundary界山

5.3.3.2waterboundary界水

5.3.3.2.1river界河

■navigable可航:centrallineofmainchannel主航道中心線(xiàn)

■non-navigable不可航:centrallineofriver河流中心線(xiàn)

5.3.3.2.2lakeandinlandsea界湖（內(nèi)陸海）5.3legalinstitutionoffrontierregion邊境制度

5.3.1conceptoffrontierregion邊境的概念

5.3.2safeguardofboundary邊界維護(hù)

5.3.2.1dailyprotectionandmaintenance日常保衛(wèi)和維護(hù)

5.3.2.2boundaryrepresentativeespeciallyestablishedinfrontierguards

邊防部隊(duì)中專(zhuān)設(shè)邊境代表

5.3.2.3propersafeguardofboundarymark妥善維護(hù)界標(biāo)

5.3.2.4prohibitionofartificialdiversionofboundaryriver不得人為使界河改道

5.3.2.5boundarymarkandlineoflandshouldbekepteasilyidentifiable

陸地上的界標(biāo)和邊界線(xiàn)應(yīng)保持易于識(shí)別的狀態(tài)

5.3.3protectionandutilizationofboundarywater界水保護(hù)和利用

5.3.3.1jointrighttouse共同使用權(quán)

5.3.3.2strictprotection嚴(yán)格保護(hù)

5.3.3.3jointrightoffreenavigation共同的自由航行權(quán)

5.3.4protectionandutilizationofnaturalresourcesinfrontierregion

prohibitiontocausedamagetotheinterestsofothercountry

不得對(duì)他國(guó)利益造成損害

5.3.5administrationoffrontierregion邊境管理

5.3.5.1inspection檢查

5.3.5.2tradeandcontact通商和往來(lái)

5.3.5.3incidentsettlementoffrontierregion處理邊境事件

Sect