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兒科英文課件化膿性腦膜炎第一頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IntroductionBacterialmeningitisisaninflammationoftheleptomenings,usuallycausingbybacterialinfection.Bacterialmeningitismaypresentacutely(symptomsevolvingrapidlyover1-24hours),subacutely(symptomsevolvingover1-7days),orchronically(symptomsevolvingovermorethan1week).第二頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IntroductionAnnualincidenceinthedevelopedcountriesisapproximately5-10per100000.30000infantsandchildrendevelopbacterialmeningitisinUnitedStateseachyear.Approximately90percentofcasesoccurinchildrenduringthefirst5yearsoflife.第三頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日IntroductionCasesunderage2yearsaccountforalmost75%ofallcasesandincidenceisthehighestinearlychildhoodatage6-12monthsthaninanyotherperiodoflife.Therearesignificantdifferenceintheincidenceofbacterialmeningitisbyseason.
第四頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日EtiologyCausativeorganismsvarywithpatientage,withthreebacteriaaccountingforoverthree-quartersofallcases:Neisseriameningitidis(meningococcus)Haemophilusinfluenzae(ifveryyoungandunvaccinated)Streptococcuspneumoniae(pneumococcus)第五頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日EtiologyOtherorganismsNeonatesandinfantsatage2-3monthsEscherichiacoliB-haemolyticstreptococciStaphylococcusaureusStaphylococcusepidermidisListeriamonocytogenes第六頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日EtiologyElderlyandimmunocompromisedListeriamonocytogenesGramnegativebacteriaHospital-acquiredinfectionsKlebsiellaEscherichiacoliPseudomonasStaphylococcusaureus第七頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日EtiologyThemostcommonorganismsNeonatesandinfantsundertheageof2monthsEscherichiacoliPseudomonasGroupBStreptococcusStaphylococcusaureus
第八頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日EtiologyChildrenover2monthsHaemophilusinfluenzaetypebNeisseriameningitidisStreptococcuspneumoniaeChildrenover12yearsNeisseriameningitidisStreptococcuspneumoniae第九頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日EtiologyMajorroutesofleptomeninginfectionBacteriaaremainlyfromblood.Uncommonly,meningitisoccursbydirectextensionfromnearlyfocus(mastoiditis,sinusitis)orbydirectinvasion(dermoidsinustract,headtrauma,meningo-myelocele).第十頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathogenesisSusceptibilityofbacterialinfectiononCNSinthechildren
ImmaturityofimmunesystemsNonspecificimmuneInsufficientbarrier(Blood-brainbarrier)InsufficientcomplementactivityInsufficientchemotaxisofneutrophilsInsufficientfunctionofmonocyte-macrophagesystemBloodlevelsofdiminishedinterferon(INF)-γandinterleukin-8(IL-8)第十一頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathogenesisSusceptibilityofbacterialinfectiononCNSinthechildrenSpecificimmuneImmaturityofboththecellularandhumoralimmunesystemsInsufficientantibody-mediatedprotectionDiminishedimmunologicresponseBacterialvirulence第十二頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathogenesisAoffendingbacteriumfrombloodinvadestheleptomeninges.BacterialtoxicsandInflammatorymediatorsarereleased.BacterialtoxicsLipopolysaccharide,LPSTeichoicacidPeptidoglycanInflammatorymediatorsTumornecrosisfactor,TNFInterleukin-1,IL-1ProstaglandinE2,PGE2第十三頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathogenesisBacterialtoxicsandinflammatorymediatorscausesuppurativeinflammation.InflammatoryinfiltrationVascularpermeabilityalterTissueedemaBlood-brainbarrier
detroyThrombosis第十四頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathologyDiffusebacterialinfectionsinvolvetheleptomeninges,arachnoidmembraneandsuperficialcorticalstructures,andbrainparenchymaisalsoinflamed.Meningealexudateofvaryingthicknessisfound.Thereispurulentmaterialaroundveinsandvenoussinuses,overtheconvexityofthebrain,inthedepthsofthesulci,withinthebasalcisterns,andaroundthecerebellum,andspinalcordmaybeencasedinpus.
Ventriculitis(purulentmaterialwithintheventricles)hasbeenobservedrepeatedlyinchildrenwhohavediedoftheirdisease.第十五頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathologyInvasionoftheventricularwallwithperivascularcollectionsofpurulentmaterial,lossofependymallining,andsubependymalgliosismay
benoted.Subduralempyemamayoccur.Hydrocephalusisancommoncomplicationofmeningitis.ObstructivehydrocephalusCommunicatinghydrocephalus
第十六頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathologyBloodvesselwallsmayinfiltratedbyinflammatorycells.EndothelialcellinjuryVesselstenosisSecondaryischemiaandinfarctionVentricledilatation
whichensuesmaybeassociatedwithnecrosisofcerebraltissueduetotheinflammatoryprocessitselfortoocclusionofcerebralveinsorarteries.第十七頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日PathologyInflammatoryprocessmayresultincerebraledemaanddamageofthecerebralcortex.ConsciousdisturbanceConvulsionMotordisturbanceSensorydisturbance
Meningealirritationsignisfound
becausethespinalnerverootisirritated.Cranialnervemaybedamaged第十八頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ClinicalmanifestationBacterialmeningitismaypresentacutely(symptomsevolvingrapidlyover1-24hours)inmostcases.Symptomsandsignsofupperrespiratoryorgastrointestinalinfectionarefoundbeforeseveraldayswhentheclnicalmanifestationsofbacterialmeningitishappen.SomepatientsmayaccesssuddenlywithshockandDIC.第十九頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ClinicalmanifestationToxicsymptomalloverthebody
HyperpyrexiaHeadachePhotophobiaPainfuleyemovementFatiguedandweakMalaise,myalgia,anorexia,Vomiting,diarrheaandabdominalpainCutaneousrashPetechiae,purpura
第二十頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ClinicalmanifestationClinicalmanifestationofCNSIncreasedintracranialpressureHeadacheProjectilevomitingHypertensionBradycardiaBulgingfontanelCranialsuturesdiastasisComaDecerebraterigidityCerebralhernia
第二十一頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ClinicalmanifestationClinicalmanifestationofCNSSeizuresSeizuresoccurinabout20%-30%ofchildrenwithbacterialmeningitis.Seizuresisoftenfoundinhaemophilusinfluenzaeandpneumococalinfection.Seizuresiscorrelativewiththeinflammationofbrainparenchyma,cerbralinfarctionandelectrolytedisturbances.
第一課件網(wǎng)站
第二十二頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ClinicalmanifestationClinicalmanifestationofCNSConsciousdisturbanceDrowsinessCloudingofconsciousnessComaPsychiatric
symptom
IrritationDysphoriadullness
第二十三頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ClinicalmanifestationClinicalmanifestationofCNSMeningealirritationsignNeckstiffnessPositiveKernig’ssignPositiveBrudzinski’ssign第二十四頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ClinicalmanifestationClinicalmanifestationofCNSTransientorpermanentparalysisofcranialnervesandlimbsmaybenoted.Deafnessordisturbancesinvestibularfunctionarerelativelycommon.Involvementoftheopticnerve,withblindness,israre.Paralysisofthe6thcranialnerve,usuallytransient,isnotedfrequentlyearlyinthecourse.第二十五頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ClinicalmanifestationSymptomandsignsoftheinfantundertheageof3monthsInsomechildren,particularlyyounginfantsundertheageof3months,symptomandsignsofmeningealinflammationmaybeminimal.Feverisgenerallypresent,butitsabsenceorhypothermia
inainfantwithmeningealinflammationiscommon.Onlyirritability,restlessness,dullness,vomiting,poorfeeding,cyanosis,dyspnea,jaundice,seizures,shockandcomamaybenoted.Bulgingfontanelmaybefound,butthereisnotmeningealirritationsign.第二十六頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Complication
SubduraleffusionSubduraleffusionsoccurinabout10%-30%ofchildrenwithbacterialmeningitis.Subduraleffusionsappeartobemorefrequentinthechildrenundertheageof1yearandin
haemophilusinfluenzaeandpneumococalinfection.Clinicalmanifestationsareenlargementinheadcircumference,bulgingfontanel,cranialsuturesdiastasisandabnormaltransilluminationoftheskull.SubduraleffusionsmaybediagnosedbytheexaminationofCTorMRIandsubduralpricking.
第二十七頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ComplicationEpendymitis
NeonateorinfantwithmeningitisGram-negativebacterialinfectionClinicalmanifestation
Persistenthyperpyrexia,FrequentconvulsionAcuterespiratoryfailureBulgingfontanelVentriculomegaly(CT)Cerebrospinalfluid
byventricularpunctureWBC>50×109/LGlucose<1.6mmol/LProtein>o.4g/L第二十八頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ComplicationCerebullarhyponatremiaSyndremofinappropriatesecretionofantidiuretichormone(SIADH)HyponatremiaDegradeofbloodosmoticpressureAggravated
cerebraledemaFrequentconvulsionAggravatedconsciousdisturbance
第二十九頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日ComplicationHydrocephalusIncreasedintracranialpressureBulgingfontanelAugmentationofheadcircumferenceBrainfunctiondisorderOthercomplicationDeafnessorblindnessEpilepsyParalysisMentalretardationBehaviordisorder
第三十頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日LaboratoryFindingsPeripheralhemogramTotalWBCcount
20×109/L~40×109/LWBCDecreasedWBCcountatsevereinfectionLeukocytedifferentialcount80%~90%Neutrophils第三十一頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日LaboratoryFindingsRoutexaminationofcerebrospinalfluid(CSF)IncreasedpressureofcerebrospinalfluidCloudiness
EvidentIncreasedtotalWBCcount(>1000×109/L)EvidentIncreasedneutrophilsinleukocytedifferentialcountEvidentDecreasedglucose(<1.1mmol/l)
EvidentIncreasedproteinlevel
DecreasedornormalchloridateCSFfilmpreparationorcultivation:positiveresult第三十二頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日LaboratoryFindingsEspecialexaminationofCSFSpecificbacterialantigentestCountercurrentimmuno-electrophoresisLatexagglutinationImmunofluorescenttest
Neisseriameningitidis(meningococcus)HaemophilusinfluenzaeStreptococcuspneumoniae(pneumococcus)GroupBstreptococcus第三十三頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日LaboratoryFindingsEspecialexaminationofCSFOthertestofCSFLDHLacticacidCRPTNFandIgNeuronspecificenolase(NSE)第三十四頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日LaboratoryFindingsOtherbacterialtestBloodcultivationFilmpreparationofskinpetechiaeandpurpuraSecretioncultureoflocallesionImageologyexamination第三十五頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日DiagnosisDiagnosticmethodsAcarefulevaluationofhistoryAcarefulevaluationofinfant’ssignsandsymptomsAcarefulevaluationofinformationonlongitudinalchangesinvitalsignsandlaboratoryindicatorsRoutexaminationofcerebrospinalfluid(CSF)第三十六頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日DifferentialdiagnosisClinicalmanifestationofbacterialmeningitisissimilartoclinicalmanifestationofviral,tuberculous,fungalandasepticmeningitis.Differentiationofthesedisordersdependsuponcarefulexaminationofcerebrospinalfluidobtainedbylumbarpunctureandadditionalimmunologic,roentgenographic,andisotopestudies.第三十七頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Characteristics
ofCSFoncommondiseaseinCNS
PMTMVWFMTEPressure↑↑-or↑↑↑↑Cloudiness++or++++-±-PandyT++or++++or+++±or+++or+++-WBC↑↑↑N↑L-or↑L↑M-Protein↑↑↑↑↑↑-or↑↑↑-or±Glucos↓↓↓↓↓-↓↓-Chloridate-or↓↓↓↓-↓↓-CultivationBacteriumTBViralFungus-第三十八頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日Treatment
AntibioticTherapyTherapeuticprincipleGoodpermeabilityforBlood-brainbarrierDrugcombinationIntravenousdripFulldosageFullcourseoftreatment
第三十九頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日AntibioticTherapySelectionofantibioticNoCertainlyBacteriumCommunity-acquiredbacterialinfectionNosocomialinfectionacquiredinahospitalBroad-spectrumantibioticcoverageasnotedbelowChildrenunderage3monthsCefotaximeandampicillinCeftriaxoneandampicillin(childrenoverage1months)Childrenover3monthsCefotaximeorCeftriaxoneorampicillinandchloramphenicol第四十頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日AntibioticTherapyCertainlyBacteriumOncethepathogenhasbeenidentifiedandtheantibioticsensitivitiesdetermined,themostappropriatedrugs
shouldselected.Nmeningitidis:penicillin,
tert-
cephalosporin
Spneumoniae:penicillin,
tert-
cephalosporin,vancomycin
Hinfluenzae:ampicillin,
tert-
cephalosporin
Saureus:penicillin,
nefcillin,vancomycin
Ecoli:ampicillin,
chloramphenicol,tert-
cephalosporin
第四十一頁(yè),共四十六頁(yè),2022年,8月28日AntibioticTherapyCourseoftreatment7daysformeningococcalinfection10~14daysforHinfluenzaeorSpn
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