語言學(xué)問答題

(完好word版)語言學(xué)識答題(完好word版)語言學(xué)識答題(完好word版)語言學(xué)識答題Chapter14.Doyouthinkthatonomatopoeiaindicatesanon-arbitraryrelationshipbetweenformandmeaning?Answer：Nomatteryousay"Yes"or"No",youcannotdenythatonomatopoeianeedsarbitrariness.Beforewefeelawordisonomatopoeicweshouldfirstknowwhichsoundthewordimitates.JustaswhatissaidinChapterOne,inordertoimitatethenoiseofflyingmosquitoes,therearemanychoiceslike"murmurous"and"murderous".Theybothbearmoreorlessresemblancetothegenuinenaturalsound,but"murmurous"isfortunatelychosentomeanthenoisewhile"murderous"ischosentomeansomethingquitedifferent.Theyarearbitraryassignifiers.6.Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?Answer：Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’calls.Red→stopGreen→goYellow→getreadytogoorstop10.WhatdoyouthinkofBertrandRussell’sobservationofthedoglanguage:maybark,hecannottellyouthathisparentswerepoorbuthonest”Are?youfamiliar

“Nomatterhoweloquentlyadogwithanytypeofwaysanimalscommunicateamongthemselvesandwithhumanbeings?Answer：Whengazellessensepotentialdanger,forexample,theyfleeandtherebysignaltoothergazellesinthevicinitythatdangerislurking.Adogsignalsitswishtobeletinsidethehousebybarkingandsignalsthepossibilitythatitmightbitemomentarilybydisplayingitsfangs.Commentonthefollowingprescriptiverules.Doyouthinktheyareacceptable?(A)ItisI.(B)Itisme.YoushouldsayAinsteadofBbecause“be”shouldbefollowedbythenominativecase,nottheaccusativeaccordingtotherulesinLatin.Answer：theLatinruleisnotuniversal.InEnglish,meisinformalandIisfelttobeveryformal.Whomisusedinformalspeechandinwriting;whoismoreacceptableininformalspeech.Languagedoesnothavetofollowlogicreasoning.Heretwonegativeonlymakeamoreemphaticnegative.ThissentenceisnotacceptableinStandardEnglishnotbecauseitisillogical,butbecauselanguagechangesandrejectsthisusagenow.17.Thefollowingaresomewell-knownambiguoussentencesinsyntacticstudiesoflanguage.Canyoudisambiguatethem?Thechickenistoohottoeat.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.Answer：Thechickenistoohottoeat.Thechickenmeatistoohot,soitcannotbeeatenatthemoment.Thechickenfeelssohot(maybeaftersomeintenseaerobicexercises)thatitcannotstarteatingandneedstocalmdownfirst.Flyingplanescanbedangerous.Theambiguitycomesfrom"flyingplanes".Itcanbedecipheredas"theplanesthatisflying"or"toflyplanes".Giveexamplesofsituationsinwhichausagegenerallyconsiderednon-standard(e.g.ain’t)wouldbeacceptable,evenappropriate.Answer：Inthetalksbetweenintimatefriends,onemaysay“gimmethat!doin’?”insteadof“whatareyoudoing?”andthislistmaygoon.

”

insteadof

“givemethat!

”

and

“Chapter22、GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.Answer：?——voicelesspostalveolarfricativee——voiceddentalfricative?——velarnasald——voicedalveolarstop/plosivep——voicelessbilabialstop/plosivek——voicelessvelarstop/plosivel——laterali——highfrontunroundedlaxvowelp——highbackroundedtensevowel?——lowbackroundedlaxvowel3、GivetheIPAsymbolsforthesoundsthatcorrespondtothedescriptionsbelow.Answer：Voicelesslabiodentalfricative——fVoicedpostalveolarfricative——?Palatalapproximant——jVoicelessglottalfricative——hVoicelessalveolarstop——tHigh-midfrontunroundedvowel——eHighcentralroundedvowel——uLowfrontroundedvowel——eLow-midbackroundedvowel——?Highbackroundedtensevowel——u:5、Discussthefollowingquestions.Towhatextentisphonologyrelatedtoophoneticsandhowdotheydiffer?Answer：studieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Chapter310、Classfythefollowingwordsasloanwords(LW),loanblends(LB),loanshifts(LS)orloantranslation(LT).Answer：LW:monk,loan-word,teaLB:boobytrap,coconut,ChinatownLS:yankee,artificial,satelliteLT:firewater,freeverse,warpaint11、Iftherearetwoaffixes-ly,oneproducingadjectivesandtheotherattachingtoadjectivestoproduceadverbs,canwefindwordswithbothoftheseaffixes?Answer：No.Wordswithbothoftheseaffixes-lyarenotallocatedinEnglish.Seebelow:Friendlily(friend-friendly-friendlily)Oilily(oil-oily-oilily)Chillily(chill-chilly-chillily)12、

foot

hat

house

Kitchen

oxphenomenonregionsheeptomatoAnswer:hathousekitchenregionChapter42、Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.Answer：——Theinstructortoldthestudentstostudy.[NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)+inf.]——Thecustomerrequestedforacoldbeer.[NP(det.+n)+V+PP(prep.+det.+adj.+n.)]——Thepilotlandedthejet.[NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)]——Thesedeadtreesmustberemoved.[NP(det.+adj+n)+mv+be+pastparticiple)]——Thatglasssuddenlybroke.[NP(det.+n)+adv.+V]3、Putbracketsaroundtheimmediateconstituentsineachsentence.Answer：——((The)(boy))((was))crying)).——(Shiu)((the)(door)).——((Open)((the)(door)))(quickly).——((The)(((happy)(teacher))((in)((that)(class)))))((was)((beaming)(away))).——(He)(((bought)((an)((old)(car))))((with)((his)((first)((pay)(cheque)))))).4、Foreachoftheunderlingedconstructionsorwordgroups,dothefollowing.Answer：——Duceksquack..(non-headed;independentclause)——Theladderintheshedislongenough.(non-head;prepositionalphrase)——Isawabridgedamagedbeyondrepair.(headed;headword—damaged;adjectivalgroup)——Singinghymnsisforbiddeninsomecountries.(headed;headword—singing;gerundialphrase)——Hishandsomefaceappearedinthemagazine.(headed;headword—face;nominalgroup)——Heenjoysclimbinghighmountains.(headed;headword—climbing;gerundialphrase)——Themannoddedpatiently.(non—headed;independentclause)——Amanrousedbytheinsultdrewhissword.(headed;headword—roused;adjectvealphrase)8、MarktheunderlinedpartsofthesentencesinEx.4-37withthetermssuchasparticipialphrase,gerundial,andsoon.Answer：Thebestthingwouldbetoleaveearly.It’sgreatforamantobefree.Havingfinishedtheirtask,theycametohelpue.XiaoLibeingaway,XiaoWanghadtodothework.Filledwithshame,heleftthehouse.Alloursavingsgone,westartedlookingforjobs.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow.Chapter5[DearWhiteFella.YouWhiteFella]Answer:Thispoemisabouttheuseoftheword“coloured”.Theauthorcleverlymakesuseof“coloured”insenof“differentcolours”toqpposethepractivetorefertoblackpeopleas“coloured”.Thisshowsformanotherpofviewthat“coloured”isnotasuperordinateto“red”,“green”,“yellow”.[Writeoutthesynonymsofthefollowingwords:youth;automobile;remember;purchase;vacation;big.]Answer:(a)youth(adolescent);automobile(car);remember(recall);purchase(buy);vacation(holidays);big(large)(b)dark(lignt:withrespecttobrightness)boy(girl:withrespecttosex)hot(cold:withrespecttotemperature)go(come:withrespecttodirection)(c)bright(a,shining;elligent)Toglare(a.toshineintensely;b.moneyinthebank)Adeposit(a.mineralsintheearth;b.moneyinthebank)Plane(a.aflyingvehicle;b.aflatsurface)[TheBritishlinguistF.RPalmerarguesinhisSemanticsthat

“there

”isnoabsolutedistinctionbetween(gradableantonymsandcomplementarysntonyms).]Answer:Itisnotadvisabletotellbeginnersoflinguisticscomplementaryantonymsisrelative.Theexpression

tharthedistinctionbetweengradableantonymsand“moredeadthanalive”isnotatruecomparative.[1991:79claimsthat“tosomeextent,wecansaythatnytwoawordsofthesamepartofspeechmaybecomeantonyms..whatdoyouthinkoftheclaim?]Answer:thisisareasonableclaim.Astheauthorsaidinthepaper.“man”canbetheantonymof“woman”,bcanalsobetheantonymof“boy”inasituationenthewhagedifferenceisimportant.Whenthedifferencebetweenamanandananimalisimportant,“mancan”alsobetheantonymof“dog”And.whenthedifferencebetweensomethinganimateandsomethinginanimateisimportant,then“man”canevenbetheantonymof“stone”.Inthextremecases,so-calledsynonymsmayalsobecomeantonyms,forexample,“Youhavetopeelarawpotatobutyoucanskinaboiledone”,“He’snostatesman,butamerepolitician.Chapter8[Thedaughterwalksintothekitchenandtakessomepopcorn.]AnswerTheillocutionaryforceof“thoughtIyouwerepracticingyourviolin”aiscriticismofthedaughterforhernotpracticingtheviolin.Thatofthedaughter’sanswerisadefence-I’formgoingherslftodothat.Andthatofthefather’sretortisadenialofthedaughter’sexcuse.[Ifyouasksomebody“Canyouopenthedoor”heanswers“Yes”]Answerwouldbeangrywithhim.“Canyouopenthedoor”isnormallyarequestofthehearertodoitratherthanaquestionabouthisability.Thefactthatheanswers“Yes”doesbutnotactuallydoitshowsthathedeclinesmyrequest.[On14January,1993,USPresident-electBillClintonspoketo]AnswerYes,thisisanoccasiononwhichtheCPanditsmaximsaresuspended.WhenheformulatedhisCP,Gricequalifieditwithexpressionslike“normally“characteristically””and“ceterisparibus”.InOtherwords,theCPanditsmaximsarenotmeanttobeobservedinallsituations.Alternatively,wemaysaythatassumptionslike“Thespeakerbelievesinwhathesays”areimplicatures,whichwillbecancelledinsituationswherethereareindicationstothecontrary.Similaroccasionsincludefuneralorations,poetrywriting,andjoking.[A：HaveyouseenPetertoday？B：Well,ifIdidn’tdenyseeinghimIwouldn’tbetellingalie.]Answer：Withoutaprope