英語(yǔ)專八考試閱讀試題輔導(dǎo)訓(xùn)練

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TheRelationshipbetweenBrainProcesswithMentalExperience

By1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.

Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,suchaspain,tasteandcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy,However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativepersity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerverigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas"commoncurrency'throughoutthenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminestheperseconscioussensationstheyproduce,but,rather,thedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.

However,corticalasperseasthoseofred,black,greenandwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,postureandpressureapparentlymayarisethroughactivationofthesamecorticalareas.Whatseemedtoremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitation:itisthedifferenceinthecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsofmentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.

1.Upuntil1950,effortstoestablishthatbrainprocessesandmentalexperiencearerelatedwouldmostlikelyhavebeenmetwith

[A]vexation[B]irritability[C]discouragement[D]neutrality

2.Theauthormentions"commoncurrency'primarilyinordertoemphasizethe

[A]lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings.

[B]similaritiesintheviewsofthescientists.

[C]similarityofsensationsofhumanbeings.

[D]continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem.

3.Whichofthefollowingtheoriesisreinforcedbythedepictionoftheexperimentinlines1619?

[A]Cognitiveexperiencemanifestedbysensorynerveimpulsesareinfluencedbytheareaofthebrainstimulated.

[B]Qualitativepersityinnervepotentialscannowbestudiedmoreaccurately.

[C]Sensorystimuliareheterogeneousandaregreatlyinfluencedbythenervesensorstheyproduce.

[D]Differentiationinneuralmodalitiesinfluencesthelengthofnervetransmissions.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitativevariation?

[A]Nervecells.[B]Nerveimpulses.

[C]Corticalareas.[C]Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses.

答案詳解：

1.C.令人消沉。答案見文章的第一句話"到了1950年，大腦活動(dòng)過程和精神感受有關(guān)系的測(cè)驗(yàn)結(jié)果看起來(lái)令人頹唐。'

A.令人惱火。B.激怒。D.中立。均不對(duì)。

2.A.在人的神經(jīng)脈沖中缺少變異區(qū)別。Commoncurrency本義是一般通用。這里的上下問抉擇了它的含義"無(wú)變異脈沖普遍脈沖'。其次段"雖然神經(jīng)能量中的`質(zhì)變理論從沒有受到嚴(yán)肅的駁斥，但這一學(xué)說(shuō)被普遍放棄，而贊成其對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn);那就是：神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量沙鍋內(nèi)根本好像，并作為無(wú)變異脈沖普遍脈沖經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳送。'所以普遍脈沖就是指神經(jīng)脈沖無(wú)變異，在質(zhì)量上根本好像。

B.科學(xué)家觀點(diǎn)上的好像性。C.人類感覺好像性。D.神經(jīng)脈沖連續(xù)不斷通過神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這三項(xiàng)和commoncurrency無(wú)關(guān)。

3.A.受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺神經(jīng)脈沖所顯示的認(rèn)知感受。在其次道題譯文下面"根據(jù)這一理論，不是感覺神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量抉擇它們所產(chǎn)生的各種有意識(shí)的感覺。而是由脈沖在大腦中釋放的不同部位抉擇，并且有證據(jù)證明這一論點(diǎn)。'見難句譯注3。

B.現(xiàn)在對(duì)神經(jīng)潛力的質(zhì)量變化可以舉行更精彩的研究。C.感官刺激是異源的，并深受它