新視野大學英語第三版讀寫教程第二冊Unit1教案

UnitlLanguageinmissionUnderstandingandLearningOverviewThisunitfocusesonlearningEnglishwithtextAtalkingabouthowgrammarandvocabularycanbetaughtefficientlyandtextBhowthelanguagecanbelearnedsuccessfully.Inotherwords,oneisabouthowtoteachandtheotherhowtoleam.Thewritingstylebetweenthetwotextsisalsosomewhatdifferent,thefirstoneismorerelaxedandhumorous,atypicalstyleinEnglishdiscourse.Thetoneofthesecondtexthoweverismoreformalandserious.Whenteachersfamiliarizestudentswiththetexts,theyneedtopointouttheirrespectivewritingstylesandalsothinkabouthowtoinvolvestudentsinclassactivitiesfromtwodifferentangles:teachingvs.learning.MeanwhilestudentsshouldbeencouragedtoexpresstheiropinionsaboutthecurrentwayofteachinginanEnglishclass,therebyexpressingtheirthoughtsfreely.ActivitiescanrangefromclassdiscussiontopeerinterviewandpaneldebatesuchaswhethergrammarisofcrucialimportanceinleamingEnglishandhowonecanexcelwhenlearningthatlanguage.StudentsneedtosharetheirleamingexperienceandfindoutmoreeffectivewaystolearnEnglishgrammarandvocabulary.SectionAAnimpressiveEnglishlessonBackgroundinformation1.LearningEnglishgrammarThegoalofdevelopinglearners’functionalcompetenceinasecondlanguageisnotanewidea.Originally,thetermGrammarreferredtotheartofwriting.Asusedtodaybymanyteachersandlearners,grammarislooselyunderstoodtobeasetofrulesthatgovernalanguage.Communicativelanguageteachinghasplacedarenewedemphasisontheroleofgrammar,especiallyintheearlystagesofinstruction.Viewinggrammarwithallofitscomponentshelpslanguageteachersandleamersunderstandthecomplexityofwhatitmeanstoknowthegrammarofalanguage.Clearly,thegoaloflanguagelearninginacommunicativeclassroomisforlearnerstoacquirethegrammarofthesecondlanguageinitsbroadestsensetoenablethemtounderstandandmakemeaningthatis,tobecomeproficientusersofthelanguage.Researchandexperiencehaveshownthatexplicitteachingofgrammaticalrulesdoesnotproducesuchcompetence.Howshouldgrammarbetaughteffectively?Itstillhasremainedaquestiontoallthelanguageteachers.Detailedstudyofthetext1.IfIamtheonlyparentwhostillcorrectshischild’sEnglish,thenperhapsmysonisright.Tohim,Iamatediousoddity:afatherheisobligedtolistentoandamanabsorbedintherulesofgrammar,whichmysonseemsallergicto.(Para.1)Meaning:Mysonisprobablyrightifthereisnootherparentlikemewhostillcorrectshischild’smistakeinEnglish.Tomyson,Iamaboringandstrangefather,whohehastolistento;Iamalsotheonewhopayslotsofattentiontogrammarrules,whichhedoesn’tseemtolike.★tedious:a.boringandcontinuingfortoolong)〔長乏味的Tellingthestoryhasbecometedious,asIhavedoneitsomanytimes.講述這個故事已變得單調乏味，因為我己經講了這么多次了?！飋ddity:n.[C]astrangeorunusualpersonorthing怪人；怪物；奇特的東西Withhisneatsuitson,hefeltlikeanodditywalkinginthispoorneighborhood.穿著必聽的西裝走在這個貧民窟里，他覺得自己就像個怪物。★be/feelobligedtodosth.:ifyouareobligedtodosth.,youhavetodoitbecausethesituation,thelaw,aduty，etc.makesitnecessary(因形式、法律、義務等關系而)非做不可，迫使IthinkValentine’sDayisawasteoftime,butIstillfeelobligedtosendmywifeacard.UsagenoteobligedThewordobligeismostcommonlyusedintheexpressionbe/feelobliged.1.be/feelobligedtodosth.指“感到有責任做某事”Hefeltobligedtohelphismother,evenifitmeantleavingcollege.他覺得有責任幫助母親，即使這意味著他要離開大學。2.be/feelobligedtosb./sth.指“對某人或某事心存感激”Thankyouverymuch,doctor,Iamextremelyobligedtoyou.醫(yī)生，非常謝謝你。對您，我深表感謝?！颽bsorbed:a.sointerestedorinvolvedinsth.thatyoudonotnoticeanythingelse極感興趣的；全神貫注的；專注的。Timepassesquicklywhenyouareabsorbedinreadingagoodbook.在聚精會神地讀一本好書的時候，時間過得非?？?。★allergic:a.1)(be-tosth.)(infml)ifyouareallergictosth.,youdonotlikeitandtrytoavoidit?不喜歡某事，對某事反感Mostmenareallergictohousework.大多數(shù)男人都不喜歡做家務。2)havinganallergy過敏的IdonotenjoypicnicsbecauseIamallergictograss.我不喜歡野餐，因為我對草過敏。2.IthinkIgotseriousaboutthisonlyrecentlywhenIranintooneofmyformerstudents,freshfromanexcursiontoEurope(para.2)Meaning:IthinkIstartedtopayattentiontootherpeople'susageofgrammaronlylately,whenIhappenedtomeetoneofmyformerstudents,whohadjustreturnedfromashortjoumeytoEurope.★get/beseriousabout:ifyouareseriousaboutsth.,youreallymeanitandarenotjokingorpretending對...是認真的；并非開玩笑的Whenyouarestayingwithyourroommates,youcannotgettooseriousaboutprivacy.你矛n你的室友相處的時候，不能太計較隱私。★runintosb.:(infml.)meetsb.bychance偶然遇見某人Youforgotallaboutyourcousin’sbirthdayuntilyousuddenlyranintohertoday.要不是你今天偶然遇見了你表姐，你己全然忘記了她的生日?！飂reshfrom:havingjustcomefromaparticularplaceorexperience剛從…?來的；剛有…經歷的Schoolprincipalsshouldnotexpectteachers,freshfromcollege,todealwithalargegroupofdifficultchildren.學校的校長不應該指望剛從大學畢業(yè)的老師來應付一大群難以對付的孩子?！飁xcursion:n.[C]ashortjourneyyoutakeforpleasure短途出行；遠足Itwassuchawonderfuldaythattheydecidetotakeadayexcursiontothemountain.這么好的天氣，他們決定去山上一日游。3.“Howwasit”Iasked,fullofearnestanticipation,(para.2)MeaningrWhenIaskedabouthowhertriptoEuropehadbeen,Iwasexpectingherresponseanxiouslyandsincerely.★Howwasit?:(spoken)oftenusedinconversationtoasksb.abouttheiropinionorexperienceofsth.(口語常用表達，用于詢問看法或經歷)Didyouwatchthemovielastnight?Howwasit?你昨天晚上看那部電影了嗎?感覺怎么樣？★fullof:(followedbyabstractnouns)feelingorshowingalotofparticularemotionorquality(感覺、表達或表現(xiàn)出)充滿某種情感(特質)的fullofexcitement/energy/hope/happiness/praise充滿興奮/活力/希望/幸福/贊美Theteacherwasfullofpraiseforthehomeworkthatthestudentshaddone.老師對學生們完成的功課贊不絕口。★earnest:a.veryseriousandsincere非常認真的；鄭重其事的。Attheofficehewasveryearnest，buthe’smorerelaxednow.在辦公室他很認真，但是現(xiàn)在他放松多了。4.Shenoddedthreeorfourtimessearchedtheheavensfortherightwords,andthenexclaimed，itwaslike，whoa!"(para.3)Meaning:shenoddedherheadthreeorfourtimes,triedtofindtherightwordsinhermindandthenshoutedwithexcitementitwaslikewhoa!Meaningbeyondwords:Sincethestudentwasnotquitesurehowtoexactlydescribehertravelexperience,thetoneoftheauthorissomewhatsarcastic.TheauthorintendedtosendoutthemessagethatthestudentwasincompetentregardingtheselectionofherEnglishvocabulary.★searchsomewhereforsth.:trytofindsth.insomeplace在某地方搜尋某物Therobberreachedoutandsearchedthebackpocketofmytrousersforanythingvaluable.那個盜賊伸手搜我褲子后面的口袋以尋找值錢的東西。NoteTheheavensmeansthesky:heresearchtheheavensfortherightwords"impliesthestudenttriedhardtofindsuitablewordstodescribewhatshesawandexperiencedwhentravelinginEurope.Usagenotesearch,searchfor1.search:lookthrough檢査；搜査Theysearchedthemaninfrontofmefromheadtofoot.他們把我前面的男子從頭到腳搜査了一遍。2.searchfor:look尋找；搜尋Thecustomsweresearchingfordrugsattheairport.海關人員在機場搜査毒品。★exclaim:v.saysth.suddenlyandloudlybecauseofsurprise,anger,orexcitement(由于驚奇、氣憤或激動)呼喊，驚叫Susanexclaimedhorrorwhenayoungmanwithagunsuddenlyappearedfrombehindher.當一名年輕男子突然持槍從蘇珊背后出現(xiàn)時，她害怕得驚叫起來。Note'ltwaslikewhoa"meansitwasreallygreat!Itwaslikeisaninformalexpressioninconversation,verycommonforyoungpeoplewhoarelazyandincapabletoreferencetheirideas.Theexpressionisusuallyfollowedbyanadjectiveoranexclamation.Itwas,like,marvelous!簡直奇妙極了！(Itwaslike)Whoa!HowcomeyougotahundredOpercentcorrectonsuchahardtest?哇！這么難的考試你怎么都全答對了？NoteWhoaisspecificallyusedtoshowthatpeoplearesurprisedorthinksomethingisveryimpressive.Itcanbeusedindifferentcontexts.Forexample:lTodescribesomethingthatyou'renotquitesurehowtodescribe:thatcarissocoolit’slikewhoa.lToexpresssurprise:whoa!It’sreallyamazing!lToindicateadesiretoendwhatsomeoneistalking:whoaok,that'senough.5.Andthatwasit.(para.4)Meaning:Andthatwaseverythingshesaid,withoutevenmentioninganydetailsofherwonderfulexperienceinEurope.★Thatwasit.:oftenusedinconversationtosaythatsth.iscompletelyfinishedorthatasituationcannotbechanged就這樣(指某事徹底結束或形式不能更改)Thatwasit.Icouldnolongerhopeforapromotion,andmybossdidn’tevenwanttoseemeagain.就這樣吧，我的升職再也沒指望了，我的老板甚至不想再見到我。6.ThecivilizationofGreeceandthegloryofRomanarchitecturewerecapturedincondensednon-statement,(para.4)Meaning:ThecivilizationofGreeceandthegloryofRomanarchitecturewerejustdescribedinonewordratherthanacompletestatementbecauseofherinabilitytochooseappropriatewordstoexpressherself★capture:vt.1)succeedinrecording，showing，ordescribingasituationorfeeling,usingwordsorpictures(用文字或圖片)記錄下，描述，捕捉Someartistsareabletocatchalikenessinasketchwhileothersaregiftedtocaptureafleetingexpression.有些藝術家能畫出酷似某人的肖像，而另一些則善于捕捉到稍縱即逝的表情。2)catchapersonandkeepthemasaprisoner俘虜；逮捕Governmenttroopshavesucceededincapturingtherebelleader?政府軍己經成功捕獲叛亂分子的頭目?！颿ondense:vt.makesth.thatisspokenorwrittenshorter將(講話或文章)壓縮Thewholechaptercouldbecondensedintoafewparagraphs.這一整章可以壓縮成幾個段落。★condensed:a.beingmadeshorter,usu.includingonlythemostimportantparts壓縮的ThecouncilwasmerelygivenacondensedversionofwhathadalreadybeendisclosedinWashington.該理事會得到的知識已在華盛頓披露的內容的濃縮版。7.Mystudent“whoa’’wasexceededonlybymyhead-shakingdistress,(para.4)Meaning:Myhead-shakingdistressatherinabilitytoexpressproperlywasevengreaterthanherslangtermwhoa,oneword，whichdidnotmakeanystatementtodescribethecivilizationofGreeceandthegloryofRomanarchitecture.Meaningbeyondwords:Thewordexceedstatesexplicitlythattheauthorsworryabouthisstudent'slanguageinabilitywasmuchmoreintensethanherexcitement.★exceed:vt.(fml.)bemorethanaparticularnumberoramount超過；超出You’llhavetopayextramoneyifyouexceedyourluggageallowance.如果你的行李超重，你必須額外付費。★distress:n.[U]afeelingofextremeunhappiness憂慮；苦惱；悲傷Shehadfiveyearsofactiveandhappylifeinthehospitalbeforeshedied,withoutmuchpainordistressfromcancer.她過世前在醫(yī)院過了五年積極而快樂的生活，并沒有因為患癌癥二遭受多大的痛苦和憂傷。8.TherearemanydifferentstoriesaboutthedownturnintheproperuseofEnglish,(para.5)Meaning:Therearealotofdifferentstoriesaboutwhypeoplearelessskilledwhenusing★downturn:n.[C,usu.sing.]aprocessinwhichbusinessactivity,production,etc.,isreducedandconditionsbecomeworse衰退；下降ThedownturnintheautoindustryaffectedtheentireeconomyoftheUnitedStates.汽車工業(yè)的衰退影響了整個美國的經濟9.Surelystudentsshouldbeabletodistinguishbetweentheir/there/they'reonthedistinctivedifferencebetweencomplimentaryandcomplementary(para.5)Meaning:Ofcourse,studentsshouldbeabletorecognizeandunderstandthedifferencesbetweentheir/there/they'reontheobviousdifferencebetweencomplimentaryandcomplementary★distinguish:recognizethedifferencesbetweenthings區(qū)別；辨別Aformaleducationwithemphasisonhistoryliteratureandculturehelpsapersonlearnhowtodistinguishrightfromwrong著重于歷史、文學和文化的正規(guī)教育能幫助一個人學習如何明辨是非?！飀istinguishbetween:recognizeandunderstandthedifferencebetweentwoormorethingsorpeople區(qū)分；辨別Theabilitytoreadinacriticalwayinvolvestheabilitytodistinguishbetweenfactsandthewriter’sopinionsorinterpretations.批判性閱讀能力包括區(qū)分什么是事實，什么事作者自己的看法或解釋能力?！飀istinctive:a.easytorecognizebecauseofbeingdifferentfromotherpeopleorthingsofthesametype與眾不同的；特殊的；特別的Thedistinctivedesignofaproductprovidesapowerfulcompetitiveadvantageoverotherproducts.一個獨特的產品設計具有比其他產品更強有力的競爭優(yōu)勢。UsageNotedistinguished,distinctive,distinct這三個詞詞形相近，但意思有很大的差別，不能互換使用1.distinguished指”卓越的；杰出的；著名的”。Hisgrandfatherhadbeenadistinguisheduniversityprofessor.他的曾祖父曾是一位杰出的大學教授。2.distinctive指”（特征、性格或外表）獨特的，有明顯不同的”。強調”表示差別的”、”有特色的”、”特殊的”Irenehadaverydistinctivevoice.艾琳有一個非常獨特的聲音。3.distinct表明”分明的、明了的、清楚的”Ihavethedistinctfeelingthatmyfrienddidnotrealizewhatwashappening.我明顯J惑到我朋友并未察覺所發(fā)生的一切。distinct的另一個詞義是”明顯不同的；有區(qū)別的”O(jiān)urinterestswerequitedistinctfromthoseofthem.我們的興趣與他們的截然不同?，F(xiàn)將distincthedistinctive用在一個句子里面，以便區(qū)分Oneofthedistinctivefeaturesofthisbookisitsdistinctillustrations這本書很明顯的特色一直就是其有著清楚明了的圖解?！颿omplimentary:a.1)givenfreetopeople免費贈送的Allguestswillreceiveacomplimentarybottleofchampagne.所有客人都將得到一瓶免費的香檳。2)sayingthatyouadmiresb.orsth.贊美的；欽佩的Mrs.Stevenswasmostcomplimentaryaboutyourwork.史蒂文斯夫人稱贊你的工作?！颿omplementary:plementarythingsgowelltogetheralthoughtheyareusu.differentS為補充的；互補的Theeconomiesofthetwocountriesarecomplementarytooneanotherinnature?兩國經濟具有互補性。10.TheyunfairlybearthebulkofthecriticismfortheseknowledgedeHcitsbecausethereisasensethattheyshouldknowbetter,(para.5)Meaning:Justbecausetheyareassumedtolearnbetter,studentsunfairlybecomethemaintargetofthecriticismfortheirinsufficientknowledge.★bulkrn.fUl(the-ofsth.)themajorityorlargestpartofsth.(某物的)大部分，多半Becausethebulkoftheworkwassupervisedbytheowner,theoverallcostisdifficulttoassess.大部分的工作是由業(yè)主監(jiān)督，總體成本很難去評估?！飀eficit:n.[C]1)alackofaquality,skill,orabilitythatyoushouldhave(素質、技能或能力的)缺乏、不足knowledge/language/sleepdeficit知識、語言、睡眠的缺乏2)theamountbywhichsth.islessthanyouneedorshouldhave赤字；虧損；逆差Owingtotheheavydeficit,thecompanyisapparentlyonthevergeofbankruptcy?由于巨額虧損，該公司很明顯己到了破產的邊緣。NoteTheworddeficitismainlyusedinthesecondmeaning(赤字；虧損；逆差)11.Studentsarenotdumb,buttheyarebeingmisledeverywheretheylookandlisten,(para.6)Meaning:Studentsarenotstupidhowever，theymistakenlylearnwhatevertheyseeandhearintheirlanguageenvironment.NoteHere,“theyarebeingmisled”isusedforemphasis,emphasizinganon-goingsituationof“beingmisled”.★dumb:a.(infml.)stupid愚蠢的Thequestionsweresetupjusttomakeherlookdumb.問題這么設計就是為了讓她出丑。12.Forexamplesignsingrocerystorespointthemtothestationary,eventhoughtheactualstationery-pads,albumsandnotebooks-arenotitemsnaileddown.(para.6)Meaning:Forexample，signsofmerchandiseingrocerystoresleadstudentstothe“stationary’’departmentsellingstationerylikepads=，albumsandnotebooks.However,thesedisplayedstationeryitemsaremovablebutnotnaileddown.Meaningbeyondwords:Takingthewrongspelledsignsingrocerystoresasanexample,theauthorarguesthatitisnotstudents’fault.Theverbphrasenaildowniscleverlyusedtodescribethefiinnysituation:movable“stationery”itemsareunderthesignofiinmovablestationarydistinctspellingmistakebetweenthetwowords.★stationary:a.standingstillinsteadofmoving不(移)動的；靜止的Stationarycarsintrafficjamscausedagreatdealofpollution.交通堵塞中靜止不動的汽車產生了大量污染?！飐tationery:n.[U]materialsusedforwriting,suchaspaper,penspencils,etc.文具Weregretthatweareunabletoaccepttelephoneordersforpersonalstationeryitems.很遺憾，我們不能接受個人文具用品的電話訂購。★nailsth.down:1)fastensth.tosth.elsewithnails釘；將某物釘牢Willyounaildownthatlooseboardinthefloor?請把那塊松動的地板釘牢好嗎？2)(infml.)reachafinalanddefiniteagreementordecisionaboutsth.Twodaysisn’tenoughtonaildownthedetailsofanagreement.要把協(xié)議的所有細節(jié)都確定下來，兩天的時間是不夠的。13.Friendsandlovedonesoftenproclaimthey’vejustatewhen,infact,they’rejusteaten(para.6)Meaning:FriendsandlovedonesoftenmakemistakeswhenspeakingEnglish.Forexample,theysaypubliclythey’rejustatebutactuallytheyshouldsaythey’rejusteaten.★proclaim:vt.(fml.)saypubliclyorofficiallythatsth.importantistrueorexists宣稱；宣布；聲明Britainproudlyproclaimsthatitisanationofanimallovers.英國自豪的宣稱自己是一個愛護動物的國家。UsageNoteproclaim,claim是正式宣告或公開宣告，“宣告”的中文意思比“聲明”要嚴肅。Thegovernmenthasproclaimedanewlaw.政府公布了一箱新法令。2.claim是根據(jù)權力聲明，根據(jù)權利要去索賠，根據(jù)權利認領；1）聲稱；斷言；主張；Theyclaimtohavediscoveredacureforthedisease.他們聲稱已經發(fā)現(xiàn)了治療此病的方法。2）要求；索賠Theoldmanclaimedtheland.老人要求得到這塊土地。14.Therefore,itdoesn’tmakeanysensetocriticizeourstudents(para.6)MeaningrSo,there'snogoodreasontocriticizeourstudents.Whichisunfairtothem.15.Blameforthescandalofthislanguagedeficitshouldbethrustuponourschools,whichshouldbesettinghighstandardsofEnglishlanguageproficiency.(para.7)Meaning:Ourschoolsshouldbeblamedfortheshockingevidenceofstudents’insufficientlanguageskills.It’stheirresponsibilitytoestablishhighstandardsofEnglishlanguageabilities.★scandal:n.1)[sing.]asituationthatshocksyouandmakesyouangry,esp.onethatyouthinksb.inauthorityshouldchange(尤指當局本應改變的)令人震驚的事，引起憤慨的事Itisascandalthatapersoncanbestoppedbythepolicefornoreason.警察竟可以毫無理由地攔人，這很令人震驚。2)[C]aneventinwhichsb.,esp.sb.important,behavesinabadwaythatshockspeople(尤指牽涉知名人士的)丑聞，丑事Theofficialgotinvolvedinascandalandwasforcedtoresignweekslater.到5位官員卷入了一粧丑聞，幾個星期后被迫辭職?！飔hruststh.upon/onsb.:(usu.passive)forcesb.todooracceptsth.迫使某人做某事；迫使某人接受某事Sheneverenjoyedthefamethatwasthrustonher.對于強加給她的名聲，她從未感到開心過。★proficiency：n.|U1agoodstandardofabilityandskill熟練；精通EvidenceofbasicproficiencyinEnglishispartoftheadmissionrequirements.具備基本的英語技能是入學要求的一部分。16.Insteadtheyonlyteachalittlegrammarandevenlessadvancedvocabulary,(para.7)Meaningrcontrarytowhattheschoolsshoulddotheyonlyteachaminimumamountofgrammarandfarfromenoughadvancedvocabulary.17.Moreover,theyoungerteachersthemselvesevidentlyhavelittleknowledgeofthesevitalstructuresoflanguagebecausetheyalsowentwithoutexposuretothem.(para.7)Meaning:Inaddition,theyoungteachersobviouslyknowlittleabouttheseimportantstructuresoflanguagesincetheyalsodidn’thavethechancetodealwiththemintheirpriorlearningexperiences.★moreover:ad.(fml.)inaddition-usedtointroduceinformationthataddstoorsupportswhathaspreviouslybeensaid而且；再者；此外Moreover,theybecomemoreconcernedabouttheirhealthastheygrowolder.此外，隨著年齡的增長，他們更加關注自己的健康。UsageNotemoreover,however,consequently,also,etc.Moreover在劇中用作連接副詞，用于表示補充或增加信息，類似的連接副詞還有therefore,however，also,furthermore等，因果、轉折、遞進等這類詞可以位于拒收，也可以位于句中。Shesawthattherewasindeedamanimmediatelybehindher.Moreover,hewasobservingherstrangely.她看到確實又一個人緊跟在她身后。并且，他還在怪異地觀察著她。Theharmfuleffectofthedryweatheronwildflowers,however,hasbeenenormous.可是，干燥的天氣對野生花卉的有害影響是巨大的。Hehasseenthesituationbeforeandhasconsequentlydevelopedafeelingforwhatwillhappennext.他以前見過此情形，所以知道接下來會發(fā)生什么。Hisfirstbookwaspublishedin1932,anditwasfollowedbyaseriesofnovels.HealsowroteabookonBritishpubs.他的第一本書于1932年出版，接著他出版了一系列的小說。他還寫了一本有關英國酒吧的書。★evidently:ad.usedforsayingthatsth.isobviouslytrue.明顯地；顯然Sheshouldhavebeenheretwohoursago,soshe’sevidentlydecidednottocomeafterall.她兩小時以前就應該到這兒了，所以她顯然決定不來了?！飁xposure:1)[sing.,U1thechancetoexperiencenewideas,waysoflife,etc.接觸；體驗Exposuretoasecondlanguageshouldtakeplaceinelementaryschool.孩子們應該從小學就開始接觸第二語言。2)[U]whensb.isinasituationwheretheyarenotprotectedfromsth,dangerousorunpleasant顯露ThedoctortoldPennythattoomuchexposuretothesunisbadfortheskinandmaycausecancer.醫(yī)生對彭妮說在太陽底下曬太陽對皮膚有害，可能還會致癌。Noteexposure是動詞expose的名詞形式，動詞expose常用于短語be/getexposedto中，表示“接觸、體驗”。Somechildrenareneverexposedtoclassicalmusic.有些孩子們從來沒有接觸過古典音樂。18.Schoolsfailtoadequatelyteachtheessentialframeworkoflanguage,accurategrammarandpropervocabulary,whiletheyshouldtaketheresponsibilityofpushingtheyoungontothepathofcompetentcommunication,(para.7)MeaningrAlthoughschoolsareresponsibleforgettingstudentsonthetrackofeffectivecommunication,theyareunabletosufficientlyteachthebasicconceptsoflanguage-grammarandvocabulary★adequate:a.enoughinquantityorofagoodenoughqualityforaparticularpurpose足夠的；充分的；合乎需要的Peopleaccusedthegovernoroffailingtotakeadequatemeasureswhichcouldhavepreventedthedisaster.人們指責該州長對本來可以避免的災難沒有采取充分的措施。UsageNoteadequate,abundant1.adequate表示“在數(shù)量或質量上足以滿足特定的標準，”強調剛好夠用、沒有多余。Hedoesn’tearnalargesalarybutitisadequateforhisneeds.他掙錢不多，但也夠用了。2.abundant表示“充裕；綽綽有余”，強調數(shù)量很多或充足有余。Wehaveabundantproofofhisguilt.我們有他犯罪的充分證據(jù)?！颿ompetent:a.havingenoughskillsorknowledgetodosth.toasatisfactorystandard合格的；能干的Mysecretaryisperfectlycompetent,butshedoesn’thavemuchpatience.我的秘書非常能干，但是她沒有多少耐心。CollocationNoteInparagraph7，wehaveneword:tv^collocationpairswiththesatadvanced/propervocabularyforourattention19.SincegrammarisboringtomostoftheyoungstudentsIthinkthatitmustbehandleddelicately,stepbystep.(para.8)Meaning:Asgrammarisuninterestingtomostoftheyoungstudents,Ithinkitshouldbetaughtcarefullyandskillfully,bitbybit.20.ThechancecamewhenonedayIwasdrivingwithmyson.Aswesetoutonourtrip,henoticedabirdinjerkyflightandsaid,“It’sflyingsounsteady.”(para.8)MeaningrTheopportunitytoteachhimEnglishcamewhenwewerebothonacarheadingforourtrip.Onseeingabirdflyingunsteadily,hecommentedthatthebirdwasflyingunsteady.★jerk:n.[C]asuddenquickmovement猛的一動；猝然一動Theoldbusstartedwithajerk,sothepassengersshookasudden.那輛舊的公共汽車猛地一動，車上的乘客都突然搖晃了一下。★jerky:a.movingroughlywithmanystartsandstops(在進行中)不平穩(wěn)的，顛簸的Afterthebuscametoajerkyhalt,thepassengersgotthehurriedly.公共汽車顛簸著停下來以后，乘客們都匆忙下車了。21.1carefullyasked,myson,howisthebirdflying?“What’swrong?DidIsayanythingincorrectly?”Hegotlost.“Great!Yousaidincorrectlyinsteadofincorrect.Weuseadverbstodescribeverbs.Therefore,it’sflyingsounsteadilybutnotsounsteady?”(para.8)MeaningrOnhearingwhathesaid,Iaskedhimcautiouslyhowthebirdwasflying.Mysondidn’thaveanyideaaboutwhatwaswrongsoheaskedifhesaidanythingincorrectly.Bypraisinghiscorrectuseofincorrectly,Iexplainedthatunsteadyisimproperlyusedbecauseanadverbisneededtodescribeaverb.Meaningbeyondwords:Fromcarefullyasked^and“Great”wecanseethewaythefatherusedtocorrecthissonsgrammaticalmistakeisveryencouraging.★getlost:beunabletounderstandsth.Becauseitisnew,difficult,complicated,etc.迷惘；困惑；不知所措。Whenyoureadfaster,yourcomprehensiongoesupbecauseinsteadofgettinglostinthewords,youseethegeneralpicture.當你快速閱讀的時候，理解力會上升，因為你看到的是一個整體畫面，而沒有拘泥于單個詞匯。2.Curiousaboutmycorrectionheaskedmewhatanadverbwas.Slowly,Isaid,“it’sawordthattellsyousomethingaboutaverb.”Itledtohisaskingmewhataverbwas.Iexplained,“Verbsareactionwords;forexample,Daddrivesthetruck.Driveistheverbbecauseit'sthethingdadisdoing.”(para.9)Meaning:fascinatedbymycorrection,hewonderedwhatanadverbwas.Afterhegottheanswer,hewentonwiththequestionofaverb.Toexplainvividlytohim,Iusedtheexampleofdriving:anactionIwasdoing.Meaningbeyondwords:Theboywasveryalerttosomethingneworinteresting.Hislearningexperienceillustratesthatleaminggrammarisnotnecessarilyboring.23.Then,outofhisowncuriosity,heaskedmeifotherwordshadnamesfortheiruseandfunctions.(para.10)Meaning:Afterthat,becauseofhiscuriosity,heaskedmeifotherwordsalsohadspecificnamesfortheiruseandtherolestheyplay.★outofcuriosity:becauseofcuriosity出于好奇Shedecidedtofollowhimoutofcuriosity.出于好奇，她決定跟蹤他?！飂unction:n.[C,U]thepurposethatsth.has,orthejobthatsb.orsth.does(事物的)功能；作用；(某人的)職責Oneofthechieffunctionsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswiththeirplacesinsociety.教育的主要職能之一是幫助未來的公民在社會上找到自己的位置。vi.workoroperateinthecorrectway正常動作；正常運轉IftheInternetstoppedfunctioning,theconsequentlossescouldbemeasuredintensofbillionsofdollars.如果因特網(wǎng)停止運作，由此產生的損失可用數(shù)百億美元來衡量。24.Withinthespanofa10-minutedrive,hehadleamedfromscratchtothemajorpartsofspeechinasentence.Itwaspainlesslearningandgreatfun!(para.10)Meaning:Within10minutesridinginthecarwithmehehadlearnedfromzerotounderstandingthemainpartsofspeechinasentence.Learninggrammarisinterestingratherthanpainfulorboring!★span:n.[C]aperiodoftimebetweentwodatesorevents(兩個日期或時間之間的)時距，期間Propertygainedwithinthespanofmarriagesuchassalaryisconsideredjointlyownedproperty.婚姻存續(xù)期間獲得的財產，如工資，都視為夫妻共同財產?！飐cratch:n.\C]1)(from-)fromapointwherenothinghasbeenthere,soyouhavetodoeverythingyourself從零開始；從頭開始；白手起家Itmaybethefirsttimeinyearswhenyouhavebadtostartfromscratchmakingnewfriends.這可能是多年來的第一次你不得不從頭開始結交新朋友。2)athinmarkorcutonthesurfaceofsth.oronsb.’sskin(物件或皮膚上的)刮痕，劃痕Thescratchonthewatchwasalmosttoominutetosee.手表上的劃痕幾乎小得看不見。25.Perhaps,languageshouldbelookeduponasaroadmapandavaluablepossession:oftenstudytheroadmap(checkgrammar)andtuneupthecarengine(adjustvocabulary).Learninggrammarandagoodvocabularyisjustlikedrivingwitharoadmapinawell-conditionedcar(para.11)Meaning:Maybe,youshouldregardlanguageasaroadmapandaverypreciouspropertyyouhave.Youshouldoftenlookattheroadmap(reviewgrammar)andmakesmallchangestoyourcarengine(improvevocabulary).Meaningbeyondwords:Theroadmapandthecarareusedmetaphoricallytomeanthatgrammarandvocabularyarepowerfuldevicesthatwillenableyoutofreelyexploreinthelanguageworld.★lookuponsb./sth.as:considersb.orsth.inaparticularway,asaparticularthing把某人/某事看作Wehadestablishedageneralopinionwhichlookeduponcorruptioninpublicofficeasathreattosociety.我們達成了一個共識：把公職腐敗視為對社會的威脅?！飔une:vt.1)(also?up)makesmallchangestoanenginesothatitworksaswellaspossible調整，調節(jié)(發(fā)動機)是達到最佳狀態(tài)Inordertokeepdriverssafe,mechanicsareurgedtomakesurethatcarenginesareproperlytunedup.為了保證司機的安全，一定要敦促機械師確保汽車發(fā)動機已調整好。2)makesmallchangestoamusicalinstrumentsothatitwillproducethecorrectnotes為(樂器)調音，定弦Someoneiscomingtomorrowtotunethepiano.明天會有人來給鋼琴調音?！颽djustv.changeormovesth.slightlytoimproveitormakeitmoresuitableforaparticularpurpose調節(jié)；調整Thefigureshavebeenadjustedforinflation.數(shù)據(jù)因通貨膨脹而作了調整。vi.getusedtoanewsituationbychangingyourideasorthewayyoudothings適應Hesoonadjustedtoarmylife.他很快就適應了軍隊生活。UsageNoteadjust,adapt1.當表示“適應...環(huán)境”時，adjust和adapt差不多。常與to搭配?？梢哉fadjust(sth./oneself)tosth?和adapt(sth./oneself)tosth.。其中adjust和adapt互為同義詞。例如：Onceyougettothe