Jason高中英語句子成分及練習(xí)課件

句子成分及練習(xí)一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語和插入語。（二）主語：主語(Subject)主語:是一個(gè)句子的主干部分之一,主語表明是“什么人”，“什么事”，“動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者”

（一般位于句首）主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等7種表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主語從句）（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語

謂語(Predicate)說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般位于主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：

Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.（三）謂語

2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：

Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞構(gòu)成。如：

DoyouspeakEnglish？

Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：

Wearestudents.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。（四）表語

表語(Predicative)用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句等10種情況表示。例如：1.OurEnglishteacherisanAmerican.（名詞）2.Isityours?（代詞）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分詞）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（數(shù)詞）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（動(dòng)名詞）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介詞短語）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副詞）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語從句）注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：

Heisateacher.2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：

Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.

3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,

例如：

Heseems(tobe)verysad.

注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。

4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,look

例如：

Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come.例如：

Ourcountryisbecomingricherandricher.

6）終止系動(dòng)詞(結(jié)果是;證明是)prove,turnout,例如：

Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.

（五）賓語賓語（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞之后。由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語、賓語從句來擔(dān)任,它和及物動(dòng)詞一起說明主語做什么例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名詞）（代詞、動(dòng)名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動(dòng)名詞短語）（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：

HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:

make,buy,sing,cook等，例如：

Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語

賓語補(bǔ)足語（ObjectComplement），用于補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“賓補(bǔ)”一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語充當(dāng)。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）主動(dòng)語態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后，賓語補(bǔ)足語變主語補(bǔ)足語Ilastsawhimplayingneartheriver.→Hewaslastseenplayingneartheriver.Theteachercaughtthestudentcheatingintheexam.→Thestudentwascaughtcheatingintheexam.Wemadehimmonitor.→Hewasmademonitor.Hepushedthedooropen.→Thedoorwaspushedopen.（七）定語

修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。主要由形容詞，名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞（介賓）短語、動(dòng)詞不定式（短語）、分詞、定語從句或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞、短語或句子都可以作定語。

定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautiful

city.2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（形容詞）（分詞）（名詞）（代詞）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst

toentertheclassroom.（不定式短語）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動(dòng)名詞）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定語從句)（八）狀語

修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）。狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式、非謂語短語、從句等來擔(dān)當(dāng)。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語）（不定式短語）4.Hesatintheroom,makingamodelplane.5.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分詞短語）（狀語從句）10種狀語種類如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.

4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（時(shí)間狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（地點(diǎn)狀語）（方式狀語）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語）

（九）同位語（Appositive）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行解釋或補(bǔ)充說明，這個(gè)名詞（或其它形式）就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格式要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.HetoldmethathisbrotherJohnwasaworld-famousdoctor.（十）插入語（Parenthesis）對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋，即在一個(gè)句子中間插入一個(gè)成分,它不作句子的何種成分,也不和句子的何種成分發(fā)生結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,同時(shí)既不起連接作用,也不表示語氣,這個(gè)成分稱之插入語。通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：1、不定式（短語）做插入語Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.2、副詞（短語）做插入語

however，generally，personally，honestly，fortunately，luckily……Otherwise，hewouldstillbeathome.3、V-ing（短語）做插入語

generallyspeaking，strictlyspeaking，judgingfrom/by，talkingof，considering等。Judgingbyhisclothes，hemaybeanartist.4、形容詞（短語）做插入語

true，wonderful，excellent，strangetosay，mostimportantofall……Wonderful，wehavewonagain.句子成分詳解表句子成分意義充當(dāng)詞類例句主語表示句子說的是什么人或什么事名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語或句子WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddleSchool.謂語說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組Sheisdancingunderthetree.賓語表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象同主語BothofuslikeEnglish.表語與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征同主語Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定語用來修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名,副，介詞短語或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.狀語修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等副詞，介詞短語或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.賓語補(bǔ)足語邏輯上與賓語是主謂關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主語謂語是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無！Hegavemeabook.(他給我一本書）在這個(gè)句子中，me作間接賓語，abook作直接賓語。如果一個(gè)句子中的某一個(gè)動(dòng)詞接了兩個(gè)賓語，那么，指“人”的是間接賓語，指“物”的為直接賓語。而且，這兩個(gè)賓語不能形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，如，你不能說Iamabook.如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后所接的兩個(gè)賓語能夠形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，則是賓語和賓補(bǔ)的關(guān)系。例：Weelectedhimmonitor.在這個(gè)句子中，we作主語，elected作謂語，him為賓格，作賓語，monitor作賓語的補(bǔ)足語，而且，此句的賓語him可以和后面的monitor構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即：heisamonitor.雙賓語和賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogether

earlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.Hetookmanyphotosofthepalaces

inBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanaged

tofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelse

tosay?15.Tobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.一、1、主語，定語；2、間接賓語；3、謂語，狀語；4、定語；5、狀語，狀語；6、定語，表語；7、賓語，狀語；8、主語；9、謂語；10、主語，表語；11、謂語，賓語；12、狀語；13、形式賓語，真正賓語；14、賓語、定語；15、插入語，狀語；16、賓語(間賓+直賓)；17、狀語，狀語；18、形式主語，表語，賓補(bǔ)；

句子成分練習(xí)題(二)指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分：▲

1.Whetherwe’llgodependontheweather.2.People’sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.▲3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.▲

6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisdaughter.▲

8.TherearemanyfilmsthatI’dliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.Ihavealotofworktodo.11.AnywayIwon’tstopyoufromdoingit.12.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.

13.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?14.Seeingthis,somecomradesbecameveryworried.15.Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.16.Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.

17.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.18.

Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.

19.Springcomingon,thetreeturnedgreen.20.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.???

▲

21.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.▲

22.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tcometoday.23.ItwasinthelibrarythatIfoundhimtoday.24.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.25.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.答案

1.主語從句2謂語3表語從句4賓語

5.間賓6.賓語從句7.定語8.定語從句

9.定語10.定語11.狀語12.定語

13.賓語14.狀語15.狀語16.表語

17.狀語18.賓補(bǔ)19.狀語20.定語

21.賓語從句22.主語從句23.狀語

24.狀語25.狀語四、選擇填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcold B.iswetandcold C.notwetandcold D.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetly C.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.lately B.late C.latest D.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.died C.dyed D.dying()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,we C.We,our D.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.its B.it C.that D.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looks B.islooked C.isbeinglooked D.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.that B.when C.inwhich D.where句子分類簡單句復(fù)合句并列復(fù)合句主從復(fù)合句有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句用連詞連接而成。如：and,but,or,so等定語從句狀語從句名詞性從句由一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）組成的句子.eg:TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthenewspaper.由主句和從句構(gòu)成，且主從句分別有不同的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。五大基本句型一:ＳＶi(主＋謂)二:ＳＶＰ(主＋系＋表)三:ＳＶt

Ｏ(主＋謂＋賓)四:ＳＶt

ｏＯ(主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓)五:ＳＶt

ＯＣ(主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ))基本句型一:ＳＶ(主＋謂)謂語:不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)沒有賓語,形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Wecome.Ｓ│Ｖ(不及物動(dòng)詞)1.Thesun

rose.2.Whocares?3.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.4.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepenwritessmoothly.基本句型二：Ｓ│Ｖ(是系動(dòng)詞)│Ｐ(表語)1.This

is

anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner

smells

good.3.He

fell

inlove.4.Everything

looks

different.5.He

isgrowing

tallandstrong.6.Ourwell

hasgone

dry.7.Hisface

turned

red.

基本句型三:ＳＶＯ(主＋謂＋賓)此句型的特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都是及物動(dòng)詞,必須跟有一個(gè)賓語,即動(dòng)作的承受者,才能使意思完整。Ｓ│Ｖ(及物動(dòng)詞)│Ｏ(賓語)1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│“Goodmorning.”5.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.基本句型四:ＳＶｏＯ(主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓)有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,e.g.give/pass/bring/show。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語);一個(gè)指物(直接賓語)。--Givemeacupofteaplease.--Giveacupofteatomeplease.givesbsth=givesthtosbＳ│Ｖ(及物)│ｏ(多指人)│Ｏ(多指物)She

ordered

herself

anewdress.2.He

brought

you

adictionary.3.I

showed

him

mypictures.4.I

told

him

thatthebuswaslate.5.He

showed

me

howtorunthemachine.基本句型五:ＳＶＯＣ(主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ))此句型的特點(diǎn)是:動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞,但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語,才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語:

位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分?？梢杂米髻e語補(bǔ)足語的有名詞,形容詞,不定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞,介詞短語等。Thewarmadehimasoldier.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.Ioftenfindhimatwork.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclose

thewindows.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.名詞形容詞介詞短語動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)名詞Ｓ│Ｖ(及物)│Ｏ(賓語)│Ｃ(賓補(bǔ))1.They

painted

thedoor

green.3.They

found

thehouse

deserted.4.He

asked

me

tocomebacksoon.5.Isaw

them

gettingonthebus.

a.ＳＶ

b.ＳＶＰ

c.ＳＶＯd.ＳＶｏＯ

e.ＳＶＯＣ

1.Pleastellusastory._______2.Shesmiled.______3.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._____4.Henoticedamanentertheroom._____5.Pleaselookatthepicture._____dabecExercises:分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)Youareastudent.Hefelthappytoday.Whatyousaidmademehappy.CouldyougivemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell?Afterhefinishedhishomework,hewentaway.Helikespopmusic.S+V+PS+V+PS+V+o+CS+V+o+OS+VS+V+O劃分句子成分Youwilltellyourfriendthatyou’vegottoschool.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididn’tdareopenawindow.3.Anothertimefivemonthsago,Ihappenedtobeupstairsatduskwhenthewindowwasopen.4.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethunderingcloudsheldmeentirelyintheirpower.1.You

willtell

（your）friend

thatyou’vegottoschool.2.But[asthemoongavefartoomuchlight],Ididn’tdareopenawindow.3.[Anothertimefivemonthsago],IhappenedtobeUpstairs

[atdusk](whenthewindowwasopen).4.The(dark,rainy)evening,thewind,thethunderingClouds

held

me

[entirely]

intheirpower.主語謂語間賓定語直接賓語原因狀語主語

謂語賓語狀語（一）挑出下列句中的賓語①M(fèi)ybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.(二)挑出下列句中的表語--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--Soontheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.(三)挑出下列句中的定語1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(四)挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語①Shelikesthechildrentor