2023年大學英語四級翻譯和語法

應用能力考試漢譯英講義一、漢譯英應試原則和基本程序（-）漢譯英應試原則手法靈活（如遇難譯之處，換用其它相近說法表達）語法對的（避免時態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復數等語法錯誤）內容忠實（必須把原文的內容準確而完整地表達出來，不得有任何歪曲、漏掉或增刪）語言閃光（譯文符合英語表達習慣，且用詞準確、多樣）（二）漢譯英基本程序.理解通讀并透徹理解原文含義.翻譯擬定譯文句子的時態(tài)、句型、結構和用詞.審校一方面檢查譯文是否對的地轉述了原文內容，是否有錯譯和漏譯；另一方面，檢查是否有語言上的明顯錯誤，如時態(tài)、語態(tài)、單復數、拼寫、大小寫、標點符號等。發(fā)現錯誤，及時改正。二、漢譯英專項練習一、倍數增減的表達法ForceN1（比力N2大2.5倍）.Thissubstance（反映速度是此外那種物質的三倍）.Theearth（是月球大小的49倍）.Thelandlord（想將租金提高三分之一）.They（計劃將投資增長一倍）.二、時態(tài)Bequick,（否則等我們到達教堂時婚禮就已經結束了）.Whenshegothome,（孩子們已經睡著了）.WhenIprepareforthecollegeentranceexamination,（我姐姐將在海邊度發(fā)生”，“不必做”)五、虛擬語氣IhadhadyouropportunitieswhenIwasyoung(考點：Iwish后的that從句中用過去完畢式表達過去沒有實現或不也許實現的愿望)hehadknownthisdiseaseiscurable(考點：Ifonly引導的感慨句表達“但愿”或“要是……就好了"，用法與Iwish…基本相同)painteditblue,andwithoutanydecorations(考點：wouldrather后的that從句中用過去式表達不是事實)measuresweretakentosolvetheproblemoftrafficjams(考點：It's(about/high)time后的that從句中用過去式，表達“該是的時候了”)asthoughheweredeliveringaspeechatanassembly(考點:asif/asthough引導的從句中用過去式表達和現在事實相反或對現在情況有所懷疑)Jack(should)besenttohospitalrightnow(考點：表達“建議、命令、規(guī)定、想法”的動詞所接的賓語從句通常用"(that)sb.(should)do”的虛擬形式)moremobileshops(should)besetupintheresidentialarea(考點：表達“建議、命令、規(guī)定、想法”的動詞所接的主語從句通常用“(that)sb.(should)do”的虛擬形式)they(should)setupaspecialboard/committeetoexaminethisproblem(考點：表達“建議、命令、規(guī)定、想法”的名詞所接的表語從句通常用“(that)sb.(should)do”的虛擬形式)themid-termexams(should)becanceled(考點：表達“建議、命令、規(guī)定、想法”的名詞所接的同位語從句通常用“(that)sb.(should)do”的虛擬形式）［表達“建議、命令、規(guī)定、想法”的動詞及其名詞常見的有：advise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist(insistence),order,prefer(preference),propose(proposal),request,require(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate(stipulation),suggest(suggestion),urge,vote;常見的這類動詞尚有：allow,arrange,ask,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,intend,move,pledge,pray等］we(should)beshortofwaterinacountrywhereitisalwaysraining(考點:在考is/was+形容詞后的that從句中常用“sb.shoulddo”的形式表達建議驚奇等。這類形容詞常見的有：advisable,anxious,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willing等)everyone(should)bepreparedforemergency(考點：同上)IfhehadbookedticketsinthewayItoldhim(考點：在非真實條件句中用過去完畢式表達與過去的事實相反)ifIhadnotbeeninterrupted(考點：同上)Ifithadrained,thegroundwouldbewet(考點：在非真實條件句中，當主句與從句表達的動作不是同時發(fā)生時，就根據情況用適當的謂語動詞形式)IfIhadbeenlivinginNewYork(考點：同上)hewouldbedeadnow(考點：同上)wecouldnothaverentahouseatsuchalowprice（考點：butfor經常作為非真實條件句中if的代用語）otherwise,itwouldhavetakenmemoretimetoworkoutthisquestion（考點：otherwise也經常作為非真實條件句中if的代用語）Iwouldseizetheopportunitywithouthesitation（考點：在非真實條件句中假如有were,had,should這三個詞，可以省去if,采用主謂語倒裝的形式來表達條件）thisactwouldhavebeenpassedmuchearlier（考點：同上）thecontinuedexistenceofthehumanracewouldbeinjeopardy（考點：同上）lestheshouldawakenthebaby（考點：lest（以免）引導的從句通常用sb.shoulddo的形式表達虛擬）六、不定式tocompletea24-storybuildingin10months（考點：不定式作主語時常用it作形式主語放在句首代替不定式，而將不定式移到謂語后面）forustohaveagoodnight'ssleepbeforethetest（考點：有時用“介詞f°r+代詞/名詞”來表達不定式的邏輯主語，這時整句的謂語描述的對象是事情，這種情況下謂語中常用的形容詞有：necessary,important,possible,impossible,allright,essential等）ofyoutodonatesomuchmoneytothepeopleinthedisasterarea（考點：有時用“介詞。f+代詞/名詞”來表達不定式的邏輯主語，這時整句的謂語描述的對象是人，這種情況下謂語中常用的形容詞有：absurd,bold,brave,careful,careless,cowardly,cruel,foolish,generous,good,honest,kind,nice,polite,rude,selfish,silly,stupid,thoughtful,thoughtless,wicked,wise,wrong等）nottopunishthosestudentswhohadbeenlateforclass（考點：1,用不定式結構作decide的賓語；2.不定式的否認形式是在to前加not）（能帶不定式作賓語的動詞常見的有：afford,agree,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,claim,consent,decide,demand,desire,dislike,endeavor,expect,fail,fear,forget,happen,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,pledge,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,remember,resolve,start,threaten,undertake,venture,volunteer,vow,want,wish）whethertovisittheirsoninFrance（考點：“疑問詞+不定式”作動詞wonder的賓語。能以這種結構作賓語的動詞通常有ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder等）warnedmejustnownottowaterflowersatnoon（考點：不定式作賓語補語）invitedhimtogiveusalectureonmodernart（考點：同上）（能帶不定式結構作賓語補語的動詞有advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,challenge,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,get,hate,have,hear,help,informinvite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish等。注：戈U線的動詞后面的不定式不帶t。）tobethechairmanofstudents9unioninsolargeauniversity（考點：動詞+it+形容詞/名詞+不定式。it是形式賓語，不定式是真正賓語）toapplywhatwehavelearnedinclasstopractice（考點：不定式作定語）（不定式常用作以下名詞/代詞的定語：ability,ambition,anything,attempt,capability,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something,tendency,time,way,wish等）ruinedourplantoshowthefilmintheopenair（考點：同上）thedecisiontobuildanuclearpowerstationinthesuburbs（考點：同上）Americanwomantoexploretheouterspace（考點：由only,last,next,序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語）onlytodropitontheirownfeet（考點：不定式作結果狀語）tomeetahighschoolclassmateinthemountainvillage（考點：不定式作因素狀語）tohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime（考點：L不定式作因素狀語丁2.不定式的完畢時）tobestandinginthedoorwaywhenherushedin（考點：不定式的進行式）tobetreatedasaguest（考點：不定式的被動形式）gotothecampusbookstoretobuyusedbooks（考點：不帶t。的不定式）butplaybridgethewholeday（考點：同上）towipeourfeetonthematbeforegoingintotheroom（考點：當動詞see,make,hear等用于被動語態(tài)時，不定式要保存to）七、分詞“Happybirthdaytoyou“sunginItalian（考點：分詞作賓語補語）（catch,discover,feel,find,get,have,hear,keep,leave,make,notice,see,watch等動詞常用分詞形式作賓語補語）parkedinthefirelane（考點：分詞作定語）killingthousandsuponthousandsofpeople（考點：分詞作結果狀語）raisingtheaverageyieldby15percent（考點：同上）tryingtodeduceitsoperatingprinciple（考點：分詞作隨著狀語）Seeingthateveryonewasbendingoverhis/herbook（考點：分詞作因素狀語）Deeplymovedbytheboy'sdeeds（考點：同上）Seenfromtheeyesofayoungfriend（考點：分詞作方式狀語）Nothavingheardfromhisparentsforalongtime（考點：1.分詞作因素狀語；2.分詞的否認形式；3,現在分詞的完畢式）八、動名詞Takingacoldbatheveryday（考點：動名詞作主語）makingtheirdaughterdowhatshedidn'tliketodo（考點：動名詞作動詞的賓語）（下列動詞后的賓語只能是動名詞而不能是不定式：admit,advise,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,delay,deny,dislike,dread,encourage,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,can'thelp,imagine,keep,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practice,prevent,propose,recall,recollect,resent,resist,risk,can'tstand,stop,suggest）gettingourgoodsintotheinternationalmarket（考點：動名詞作介詞的賓語）cryingoverspilledmilk（考點：動名詞用于固定結構。動名詞經常與以下詞組連用：beworth,havedifficulty（in）,itbenogood/use/worthwhile,therebenoneed/nopointin,how/whatabout,what'sthepointof,what'stheuseof）havingpeekedathisneighbor'stestpaper（考點：動名詞的完畢式）beingpromotedtomanager（考點：動名詞的被動式）九、非謂語動詞用法區(qū)別workingveryhard.（考點：mean表達“意味著”）todrivethere,buthiscarbrokedown（考點：mean表達“打算”）（類似需要區(qū)別的動詞尚有forget,remember,regret,goon,stop等）talkingtohismother（考點：強調正在進行）talktohismotherforanhour（考點：強調整個過程）onlytobreakhisownleg（考點：意料之外的結果）breakinghislegs（考點：意料之中的結果）toseehisparentsingoodhealth（考點：不定式作因素狀語位于句末）Seeinghisparentssafeandsound（考點：分詞作因素狀語位于句首）Followingitsfootprints（考點：現在分詞強調積極）followedbytwobodyguards（考點：過去分詞強調被動）十、名詞從句WhytheylefttheirhometownforYunnan（考點：主語從句）Whatconfusedmemost（考點：同上）Thatthiswasdoneonpurpose（考點：同上）whoshouldberesponsibleforthismatter（考點：較長的主語從句可以后置，用it作形式主語）whomMaryisengagedto（考點：同上）whatcanbedonetoday（考點：賓語從句）whatIhavebeenlookingfor（考點：表語從句）whether/ifrobotswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision（考點：whether/if引導后置的主語從句）Whethershelikesthepresent（考點：whether引導前置的主語從句）whetherIshouldaskforanotherloan（考點：whether引導表語從句）whethertheywillsupportus（考點：whether引導賓語從句）whetherIcancountonyourvote（考點:whether引導同位語從句）（992中的whether不可以替換為if）thattheGovernmentcoulddonothingtoraisetheirwages（考點：同位語從句）thatthechairmanwouldagreetothisproposal（考點：同上）十一、定語從句thehousewhereLuXunwasborn（考點：先行詞為地點，定語從句通常由where引導）onthedaywhenhissonarrived（考點：先行詞為時間，定語從句通常由when引導）thereasonwhyIaminfavorofthisreform（考點：先行詞為reason,定語從句通常由why引導）atrianglewhosethreesidesareofunequallength（考點：whose引導的定語從句）whichmadeourjourneymoredifficult（考點：非限制性定語從句）mostofwhomwereEnglishmajors（考點：同上）Asisknowntoall（考點：as引導的定語從句）十二、狀語從句Whateverwetalkabout（考點：讓步狀語從句）Whicheversidewins（考點：同上）Howeverhardsomepeopleintheaudiencetriedtoupsethim（考點：同上）sothatwemightgetabetterview（考點：目的狀語從句）thatittookusnearlytwoweekstosolveit（考點：結果狀語從句）aslongasyoupromisetobebackbefore11atnight（考點：條件狀語從句）asifithappenedyesterday（考點：方式狀語從句）十三、比較級最高級asgracefullyashersister（考點：同級比較）faruglierinLondonthanhere（考點：用副詞或詞組來修飾比較級）假）.I（一上午都在修改我的簡歷）.Doyouoftengoonholiday?（不，我已有五年沒有度假了）.HejoinedthearmyinOctober,2023.（他參軍已五年了）.三、被動語態(tài)Theblackboardandchalk（正在被電腦和投影機所取代）.Thebook（到今年年終就將已出版）.Computermodels（可以用來演示細胞工作的方式）.Whenthebilloffarewasbrought,（我驚呆了，價格大大超過了我的預料）.（必須立即采用有效措施）toeliminatesandystorms.四、情態(tài)動詞Thephoneisringing,（但是沒人接聽。她一定不在家）.Ican'tfindmysunglasses.（我也許昨天落在咖啡店里了）.Youscreamedinyoursleeplastnight.（你一定夢見什么可怕的東西了）.It'sapity.（你本應當邀請她來參與你的畢業(yè)典禮的）.（其實我沒必要穿上我最佳的套裝去參與那次聚會的）；mostoftheguestswerewearingjeansandsweaters.五、虛擬語氣Iwish（我年輕的時候有你們這樣的機會）.Ifonly（他知道這病是可以治好的）！Thenhewouldnothavekilledhimself.Wouldyoulikehimtopaintyourdoorwithyellowstars?rdratherhe（漆成藍色的，并且不帶任何裝飾）.oneofthebestpicturesthathehaseverpainted（考點：最局級）thethinnertheairbecomes（考點："越……越……”結構）十四、倒裝句whenaknockatthedoorawakenedher（考點:Hardly…when…結構）thanshefellill（考點：Nosooner…than…結構）Nordidthewifesayawordofwelcome.（考點：nor表達“后者與前者同樣地不……”）didthedoctorrealizethathispatientneededsurgery（考點：only引導的狀語位于句首，句子倒裝）canweconcludethebusiness（考點：同上）十五、強調句ItwasJeffersonwhowrote（考點：強調主語）Itiswithgenuinefeelingthattheauthor（考點：強調狀語）Itwasbecausethewaterhadrisenthat（考點：強調狀語從句）ItwasJim,theheartlessfellow,whowasheard（考點：強調主語）ItwasnotuntilItoldherthat（考點：強調狀語從句）It'shightimethat（采用措施解決交通堵塞的問題）.Hughusuallytalks（仿佛在大會上發(fā)表演說似的）.Weinsistthat（讓杰克立刻進醫(yī)院）.Itwasadvisedthat（在居民區(qū)設立更多的流動商店）.Hisproposalwasthat（他們成立一個專門委員會來檢查這個問題）.Wearegoingtodiscusshissuggestionthat（取消期中考試）.Itisridiculousthat（我們在一個總是下雨的國家還缺水）.Itisessentialthat（每個人都為緊急情況做好準備）.（假如他按照我告訴他的辦法訂票），wewouldhavehadquiteacomfortablejourney.Iwastohavemadeaspeech（要不是有人把我的話打斷了）.Itdidn?trainlastnight.（要是下了，地就會濕的）.（假如我一直住在紐約）,IwouldknowtheU.S.wellnow.Ifthedoctorhadnotcomeintime,（他現在就不在人間了）.Butforhishelp,（我們就不會以這么低的價格租到房子了）.Iusedmycalculator;（否則，我會花更長的時間才干算出這道題）.WereIinyourplace,（我會毫不躊躇地抓住機會）.Haditnotbeenfortheiropposition,（這項法案早就通過了）.Shouldtherebeanotherworldwar,（人類的繼續(xù)存在就會有危險）.Hewalkedlightly（以免驚醒嬰兒）.六、不定式Itwasagreatachievement（10個月建成一棟24層的樓）.Itisnecessary（我們在考試前好好地睡一晚上覺）.Itisgenerous（你把這么多錢捐給災區(qū)人民）.Theteacherdecided（不處罰那些上課遲到的學生）.Mr.Greenwaswondering（是否去看望在法國的兒子）.Thegardener（剛才警告我不要在中午給花澆水）.We（請他給我們做有關現代藝術的講座）.Hefeelsitchallenging（在這么大一所大學做學生會主席）.Wehopetohavemoreopportunities（把我們在課堂上學到的東西應用于實踐）.Thebadweather（破壞了我們在露天放電影的計劃）.Theenvironmentalistsareagainst（在郊區(qū)建一座核電站的決定）.SallyRidewasthefirst（探索外部空間的美國婦女）.Theyliftedarock（結果砸了自己的腳）.Hewassurprised（在這個山村碰見一個中學同學）.Iamsoiry（占用了您這么多時間）.Ihappened（在他沖進來的時候站在門口）.Shedoesn'tlike（被當作客人）.Ifyouwanttosavemoney,you'dbetter（到校園書店買舊書）.Wedidnothing（除了整天打橋牌）.Weweremade（進屋之前在墊子上擦擦腳）.七、分詞ThisisthefirsttimethatIheard（用意大利語唱“祝你生日快樂）.Thecars（停在消防通道的）willbeticketed.Thewarwentonforyears,（奪去了成千上萬人的生命）.Thefarmersusedanewinsecticide,thus（將平均產量提高了15%）.Einsteinwatchedthetoyindelight,（想推導出它的運轉原理）.（看到大家都在聚精會神地看書）,westoppedtalkingandbegantostudy.（被這個男孩的事跡深深打動了）,theydecidedtopayforhiseducation.（從一個年輕朋友的眼光來看），Einsteinwasasimple,modestandordinaryman.（好久沒有收到父母的來信了）,hewasworriedaboutthem.八、動名詞（天天洗冷水澡）doeshimalotofgood.Theytriedtoavoid（讓女兒做她不喜歡的事情）.Developingvarietiesisthekeyto（使我們的產品進入國際市場）.Itisnouse（為灑了的牛奶而哭泣）.Hedenied（偷看了同桌的試卷）.Wecongratulatedheron（被提高為經理）.九、非謂語動詞用法區(qū)別Successmeans（非常努力地工作）.Johnmeant（開車去那兒，但他的車出了故障）.Iheardhim（在跟他的母親談話）.Iheardhim（跟他的母親談了一個小時）.Hejumpedintothepooltosavethechild（結果卻摔斷了自己的腿）.Hejumpedfromtheburninghouse,（摔斷了雙腿）.Hewashappy（看到父母很健康）.（看到父母安然無恙）,heissuedasighofrelief.（跟隨著它的腳印），thezoologistsspottedthehungrypanda.Thepop,（后面跟著兩個保鏢）,cametomeethisfans.十、名詞從句（他們?yōu)槭裁措x開家鄉(xiāng)去云南）isstillasecret.（最讓我不解的）wasthathespokeEnglishsowell.（這么做是故意的）becameobvious.Itisnotclearyet（誰應當為這件事負責）.Itisnoneofyourbusiness（瑪麗與誰訂婚）.Don'tputofftilltomorrow（今天能做的事）.Thisnovelisjust（我一直在尋找的）.Itisnotyetknown（機器人是否有一天能擁有象人同樣的視力）.（她是否喜歡那個禮物）isnotcleartome.Mymainproblemrightnowis（我是否應當請求另一筆貸款）.Italldependson（他們是否會支持我們）.Youhaveyettoanswermyquestion（我是否可以指望你的投票）.Finally,theworkersgotananswer（政府做不了什么事來提高他們工資）.Obviously,therewaslittlecertainty（主席會批準他的建議）.十一、定語從句Everydaymanytouristscometovisit（魯迅出生的那棟房子）.Theoldladydied（在她兒子到達的那天）.Thisis（我贊成這一改革的理由）.LetABCbe（一個三邊不等長的三角形）.Someoftheroadswereflooded,（這使我們的路程更為艱難）.Heintroducedmetohisstudents,（他們大部分是英語專業(yè)的學生）.（眾所周知），waterisaliquid.十二、狀語從句（不管我們談論什么）,Jimbringspolitiesintothediscussion.（不管哪一方獲勝）,Ishallbesatisfied.（不管觀眾中的一些人如何使勁地難為他），thecomedianalwayshadaquick,sharpreply.Weclimbedhigh（這樣我們就可以看到更好的風景）.Theproblemsoverycomplicated（花了我們兩個周才解決）.Youcangoout（只要你答應晚上11點以前回來）.Irememberthewholething（仿佛是昨天發(fā)生的）.十三、比較級最高級Doesshedance（跟她姐姐同樣地優(yōu)美）？Thebuildingslook（在倫敦比在這兒難看得多）.Thisis（他畫的最佳的畫之一）.Thehigheryouclimb,（空氣就越稀?。?十四、倒裝句Scarcelyhadshefallenasleep（一陣敲門聲就把她吵醒）.NosoonerhadAnnearrived（就生病了）.Thehusbandwasnothospitabletothevisitor.（他妻子也沒說一句歡迎的話）.Onlythen（那個醫(yī)生才意識到他的病人需要手術）.Onlywhenyouadjustdownyourprice（我們才干做成這筆買賣）.十五、強調句（正是Jefferson寫下了）theDeclarationofIndependence.（作者是帶著真摯的情感）praisesallthatisprogressive.（正是由于水漲了）wecouldnotcrosstheriver.（人們聽見正是Jim這個無情的家伙）shoutingathi