大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作知識(shí)與技巧

四級(jí)寫作知識(shí)與技巧

2/1/20231（一）四級(jí)作文的考試要求1.考生應(yīng)在30分鐘內(nèi)，根據(jù)題目要求及寫作提綱或規(guī)定情節(jié)，圖表等寫出120字以上，語(yǔ)言比較規(guī)范的短文。2.要求“內(nèi)容切題，包括提綱的全部要點(diǎn)，表達(dá)清楚，文字連貫。句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確?！?/1/20232（二）

四級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

作文滿分為15分，閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)（8分）相似，即定為該分（8分）；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分，則可以加一分，即為9分，或減一分，即為7分，但不得加或減半分。具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：2分—條理不清，思路混亂，語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分—基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差，有較多嚴(yán)重的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。2/1/202338分—基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫，語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分—切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。14分—切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好?；旧蠠o(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)，文字運(yùn)用較好。2/1/20234注：①白卷、作文與題目毫不相干，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想，則給零分。

②字?jǐn)?shù)不夠應(yīng)酌情扣分。如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。

③只寫一段者，0-4分；兩段者，0-9分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）。2/1/20235（三）四級(jí)作文通病分析通過(guò)對(duì)歷年英語(yǔ)短文寫作考生答卷的分析，考生寫作時(shí)已具有較大的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性。絕大多數(shù)考生都有一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)，也已經(jīng)基本上掌握了表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)和想法的詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。但從整體得分來(lái)看，多數(shù)考生短文寫作成績(jī)卻不盡人意。分?jǐn)?shù)主要集中在5-9分。2/1/20236考生普遍存在著普遍的問(wèn)題是思維單調(diào)，例證堆切，簡(jiǎn)單羅例數(shù)據(jù)，片面描繪畫面，缺乏主題提升等方面的通病。究其原因，一方面存在著教學(xué)過(guò)程中忽略了對(duì)學(xué)生書面表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)，學(xué)生缺乏適量的作文訓(xùn)練；另一方面，還有些考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)短文寫作的考試要求不十分明確，靠背幾篇范文，壓幾道題，抱著碰運(yùn)氣的態(tài)度，就倉(cāng)促上陣。

2/1/20237（四）四級(jí)作文常見(jiàn)的十大癥結(jié)1.大小寫，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，拼寫錯(cuò)誤;2.卷面不潔，字跡潦草，用鉛筆寫作；3.語(yǔ)法和結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，造成文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散，脫節(jié)；4.代詞，連接詞或邏輯順序詞錯(cuò)用，而造成文章的邏輯混亂；5.用中文思維加英文翻譯所造成的語(yǔ)句生硬，錯(cuò)誤；2/1/20238

5.文不對(duì)題，部分跑題或主題不突出所造成的文章不切題現(xiàn)象。6.詞匯量匱乏，文章中難見(jiàn)高分詞匯；7.語(yǔ)法不通，復(fù)合句使用錯(cuò)誤多且表達(dá)不清；8.句型單一、句子無(wú)變化，表達(dá)方式單調(diào);9.不會(huì)正確使用常用套語(yǔ)，文章缺少層次感；10.作文普遍缺乏文采，打動(dòng)人的杰作奇缺。

2/1/20239（五）考試作文類型及命題1.短文寫作大致分為五種類型：A.記敘文(Narration)B.描寫文（Description）C.說(shuō)明文（Exposition）D.論說(shuō)文（Argumentation）E.應(yīng)用文（PracticalWriting）2/1/2023102.命題形式（主要有三種形式）A.

命題類作文：包括命題提綱式，命題提綱式附首段起始句，命題式附各段主題句等分支。B.

規(guī)定情景類：包括情景式給定標(biāo)題的論說(shuō)文和情景式給定標(biāo)題的記敘文等。C.圖表，圖畫類作文：包括無(wú)題提綱式圖表類作文，無(wú)題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文；命題提綱式圖表類作文和命題提綱式漫畫或圖片類作文。2/1/202311實(shí)用的審題、構(gòu)思方法1.審題：a。抓住給出的題目中的主題詞，有哪些可以替換的表達(dá)b。抓住中文提綱（尤其是中間段）要點(diǎn)，判斷是哪種類型的作文2.組織素材：要想盡快、高效地收集、羅列素材，可分兩個(gè)步驟走：第一步，圍繞文章的主題展開風(fēng)暴式思考（Brainstorming),盡可能多地調(diào)集腦海中已有觀點(diǎn)和詞匯，可無(wú)序排列，但必須剔除不熟悉和不會(huì)拼寫的部分；第二步，按提綱給出內(nèi)容的重要性（當(dāng)然是第二部分?。?，構(gòu)思各個(gè)段落的要點(diǎn)，按照邏輯歸屬等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)素材加以篩選，按要點(diǎn)歸類和排列，整理，以備寫時(shí)用。2/1/202312文章總體構(gòu)建1.合理布局篇章結(jié)構(gòu)引言Introduction交代背景Background)點(diǎn)明主題Thesis概括性介紹文章的發(fā)展，內(nèi)容和作者的觀點(diǎn)正文Body主題句TopicS.拓展句SupportingS.總結(jié)句ConclusionS.詳細(xì)具體地展開（敘述，論述，說(shuō)明）文章的話題和作者的態(tài)度結(jié)論Conclusion小結(jié)Summary概括大意，重復(fù)要點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論，提出建議2/1/2023132.寫好引言，主體部分和結(jié)尾段落，尤其是主題句3.遵循科學(xué)的寫作步驟，遵循不同類型的作文要求來(lái)邏輯構(gòu)思要點(diǎn)，套用句型表達(dá)。A.審題B.組織素材C.撰寫提綱D.行文E.修改與修訂

2/1/202314段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)段落可以概括地定義為圍繞一個(gè)主題而展開的一組相關(guān)的句子。這組句子是密切關(guān)聯(lián)的信息組合，也是文字表達(dá)的一個(gè)基本單位。段落的中心思想通常有主題句概括，而主題句中提出的問(wèn)題和論點(diǎn)要在段落中通過(guò)擴(kuò)展句進(jìn)行討論與回答。段落常常有三部分構(gòu)成：1.主題句（topicsentence)2.擴(kuò)展句（supportingsentences)3.結(jié)尾句（concludingsentence)2/1/202315段落種類1.開頭段：概括陳述主題，提出觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)，點(diǎn)明寫作目的。吸引讀者的興趣與好奇心。2.中間段：是一篇文章的正文，其作用是對(duì)文章主題進(jìn)行解釋和證明。3.結(jié)尾段：是簡(jiǎn)要地呼應(yīng)前面段落的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，點(diǎn)明主題，使文章的意思更明確，從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。2/1/202316

generalintroductoryremarksIntroductionnarrowcontrollingideaBody

Topicsentence________________________________________supportingdetails(examples,reasonsorarguments)___________________________________concludingremarksconclusion

restatementofcontrollingideafinalstatement2/1/202317寫好段落的方法和技巧

每篇文章有若干或多段落，每一個(gè)段落有若干或者許多句子。段落并非是句子的簡(jiǎn)單堆疊，而是有計(jì)劃、有規(guī)則、有規(guī)律的系統(tǒng)性創(chuàng)作過(guò)程。段落的特征大致這樣：一個(gè)主題句，一個(gè)中心思想（大意）、幾個(gè)照應(yīng)過(guò)渡詞、幾個(gè)或許多細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)（擴(kuò)展句）。請(qǐng)分析下面幾段文字，找出主題句、過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)、基本事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。

2/1/202318(1)Lifein2009willbemuchdifferentfromwhatitistoday.(2)Foronething,youwillsleeplaterbecauseyourjobwillstartlaterinthemorning.(3)Too,machineswilldomostofyourroutineworkforyou.(4)Also,youwilltraveltoworkonamovingsidewalk.(5)Furthermore,youwilltalktofriendsonacolorpicturetelephone.(6)Finally,youwilltakelongervacationsinmoredistantplacessincetransportationwillbemuchfasterandcheaper.

2/1/202319TheleadersofancientEgyptandEthiopiamademanyimportantcontributionstogoodgovernment.(2)NegroesinAfricawereamongtheearliesttoperfecttheartofmakingiron.(3)InWestAfrica,Tenkemenin,GongaMussa,andSonniAlimademanyimportantadvancesintheaeraofdefensiveandoffensivewarfare.(4)CertainlyAfricanshaveearnedtheirplaceinhistory.2/1/202320句子的安排英語(yǔ)短文寫作是一種語(yǔ)言創(chuàng)作，雖不可能像數(shù)學(xué)有嚴(yán)格的公式可套用，但卻可以找出一定的思路來(lái)遵循。第一段：引言句—擴(kuò)展句—限制主題句第二段：主題句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—擴(kuò)展句—段落小結(jié)；第三段：連接詞+全文概括總結(jié)句—擴(kuò)展句。當(dāng)然這只是構(gòu)成短文的基本思路，其中各段擴(kuò)展句的數(shù)量在不同的文章可適當(dāng)增減，以達(dá)到內(nèi)容清晰，主題突出的目的。2/1/202321段落的擴(kuò)展(1)主題句Ifindacademiclifeendlesslyfascinating.(2)擴(kuò)展句Ifindtheclassstimulating,mostoftheprofessorsinteresting,thereadingandstudyingsatisfying,andthestudentdelightful.(3)擴(kuò)展句Iconsiderabigassignmentalivelychallenge.(4)擴(kuò)展句ButIliketheleisureactivitiesbestofall.Everystudentmayhavehisorherchoiceofactivity:athletics,music,theater,lectures,discussionsandstudentpolitics.(5)結(jié)尾句IbelievethevarietyunequaledanywhereelseandImaygotoschoolforalongtime.2/1/202322主題句寫法示例1.Scienceandtechnologyconstitutetheprimaryproductiveforce.2.Moneyisagoodservantbutabadmaster.3.WithoutInternetitisdifficulttoimaginemodernlife.4.Nowadays,collegegraduateshavemanyjoboptions.5.Asuccessfulinterviewdependsonthreefactors:jobrequirements,thequalificationandmannersoftheapplicant.2/1/202323常用于開頭的短語(yǔ)、句式

(1)Withthe（rapidly）growingpopularityof（computers,/privatecars/,ourliveshasbeenconsiderablychanged）inChina，thequalityof

（2）Withthe（rapid）growthof（oureconomy/population)，manyproblemssuchas（watershortages/wasteofenergy/lackofprofessionalsandchaoticmanagement）arebeggingtosurface2/1/202324（3）Withthedevelopmentof（scienceandtechnology/marketeconomy），moreandmore/anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealizethat…（4）Currentlythereisawidespread/seriousconcernover(illegalpublication/drugabuse/negativeinfluenceofwesterncultures).（5）Nowadays,aheateddebated/discussionabout…isunderwayinChina.somepeoplebelievethat…,whereasothersarguethat…2/1/202325（6）Therearesomereasonsforowning(privatecars/personalcomputers).Tobeginwith,…Next,…Last,…Thereare,ontheotherhand,manyreasonsagainstit,First,…Second,…Finally,…（7）Therearemanyadvantagesanddis-advantagesin(owningacar).（8）Therearevarious/atleastthreeways/possibletechniques/problems/methodstodosomething2/1/202326（9）Smoking/Alcoholicbeverageshouldbebannedfromcollegecampusesfortoereasons.Thefirstreasonisthat…Thesecondreasonisthat…/Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,…(10）Thepossiblesolutionsof(theenergycrisis/watershortages/thesesocialproblems)dependonthreefactors…（11）Thetwomajorreasonsresponsiblefor(therapideconomicgrowth/thewidespreadoffakeproducts)are…2/1/202327用于開“起”文章，常置于主題句前后的：

Atpresent;currently;first(ly);Firstofall;generallyspeaking;Ingeneral;lately;now;Recently;tobeginwith;Foronething…foranother;Ontheonehand…ontheotherhand2/1/202328WhenaskedaboutWhenitcomestoFacedwith…,Somepeopleclaim/think/argue/believethat…,but/whileothers…(differently)

Nowadaysthereismuch/generaldiscussionasto….

Withthedevelopment/improvement/growthof…,

2/1/202329Now,itiscommonly/widely/increasinglybelieved/thought/held/acknowledgethat…,

Accordingtoarecentsurvey/investigation/poll,…

Haveyoueverthought/wondered…?

Suppose…

Asthesayinggoes,…

2/1/202330陳述或論證觀點(diǎn)、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步驟…（method，means，measures，step…）、因素（factor）、利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)（advantage，disadvantage）時(shí)常用的詞語(yǔ)、句式：

2/1/202331（1）引述段落提出問(wèn)題時(shí)常用的句式、詞語(yǔ)：…的原因有許多.Therearemanyreasonswhy……的原因如下；Thereasonswhy…areasfollows我的看法是…Myopinionisthat2/1/202332（2）展開段落論證時(shí)常用的句式、詞語(yǔ)：

①、第一層次（首先）First，F(xiàn)irstly，Inthefirstplace，F(xiàn)irstofall，Tobeginwith，F(xiàn)oronething.

我的第一理由是…Myfirstreasonisthat…

主要因素是…Themainfactoristhat…2/1/202333②第二層次（其次）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，F(xiàn)oranother，另一種方法是…Anothermeansof…istodo…第二種解決方法是…thesecondsolutionisthat…③第三層次（第三點(diǎn)）Third，thirdly，besides，inaddition，furthermore，whatismoreimportant

2/1/202334（3）總結(jié)性段落常用句式、詞語(yǔ)：最后一點(diǎn)last，lastly，finally，inthelastplace，lastofall，inshort，inbrief簡(jiǎn)言之inaword，insummary，tosumup總之，inconclusion，onthewhole，altogether，inall因此，so，thus，hence，therefore。Consequently，fortheereasons2/1/202335結(jié)果，inconsequence，asaresult由此可見(jiàn)…itwillbeseenfromitthat如上所述，我們可以得出結(jié)論…ashasbeensaidabove，wecanconclude/makeaconclusion/drawaconclusion/reachaconclusioncometoaconclusionthat….2/1/202336（4）將事物的正反、好壞兩方面，或者將兩種不同事物進(jìn)行比較，對(duì)比時(shí)常用的句式、短語(yǔ)：

然而while，whereas，but，however，nevertheless

盡管如此inspiteofthat，despiteallthis

但在另一方面butontheotherhand

與…相比in/byincomparisonwith…/ascomparewith…

2/1/202337對(duì)比之下by/incontrast

與…相反asopposedto…/insteadof…

相反onthecontrary，instead他們的區(qū)別如下Thedifferencesareasfollows；thedifferencescanbedescribedasfollows

A與B之間的不同在于…thedifferencesbetweenAandBis/liesin/exertsin/consistsin…；AisdifferentfromBin…2/1/202338表示原因的常用句型1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.5）Thereasonforthisisthat...6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat...2/1/202339例如：Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly，people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.2/1/202340表示好處的常用句型1）

Ithasthefollowingadvantages.2）

Itdoesusalotofgood.3）

Itbenefitsusquitealot.4）

Itisbeneficialtous.5）

Itisofgreatbenefittous.2/1/202341例如：

Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.2/1/202342表示壞處的常用句型1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2）

Itdoesusmuchharm.3）

Itisharmfultous.

2/1/202343例如：

However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.2/1/202344

表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsb.todosth.2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.2/1/202345例如：Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasonstosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.2/1/202346表示措施的常用句型

1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth.4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.2/1/202347例如：Thehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.2/1/202348表示變化的常用句型

1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworld’scommunications.3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.2/1/202349例如：Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins.2/1/202350表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)狀的常用句型

1）Wecannotignorethefactthat...2）Noonecandenythefactthat...3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat...4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.5）However，that’snotthecase.2/1/202351例如：

Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment.2/1/202352表示比較的常用句型

1）ComparedwithA，B...2)A

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B

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several

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3)It

is

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A

...

,

but

the

chief

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(obvious

defects

)are

...

4)A

and

B

differ

in

several

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5)The

advantages

of

A

are

much

greater

than

those

of

B.

6）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.7）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.2/1/202353例如：Comparedwithcars，bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly，theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly，theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast，theycontributetopeople’shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.2/1/202354表示例舉的常用句型

1)

A

good

case

in

point

is

...

2)

As

an

illustration,

we

may

take

...

3)

Such

examples

might

be

given

easily.

4)

...is

often

cited

as

an

example.

2/1/202355表示數(shù)量的常用句型

1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from...to...2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，000.3）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.

2/1/202356例如：Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.再如：Fromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin20002/1/202357表示看法的常用句型

1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth.2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.4）Somepeoplebelievethat...Othersarguethat...2/1/202358例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However，othersareeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.再如：Do“l(fā)uckynumbersreallybringgoodluck？Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonit.2/1/202359表示結(jié)論的常用句型

1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat...2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows.3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat...

2/1/202360例如：Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthatexaminationisnecessary，however，itsmethodshouldbeimproved.2/1/202361部分常用套語(yǔ)

1）It’swellknowntousthat...2）Asisknowntous，...3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout.4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat...5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.2/1/202362例如：

Asiswellknowntous，itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampus.Thereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays，thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly，andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower.Ascollegestudents，wemustgetintouchwiththeworldoutsidethecampus.Onlyinthiswaycanweadaptourselvestothesocietyquicklyafterwegraduate.2/1/202363再如：

Doesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutanddifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit.2/1/202364結(jié)尾寫好結(jié)尾就是要使文章作到善始善終，使主題更加突出，使文章前后呼應(yīng)，結(jié)尾要遵循簡(jiǎn)潔的原則，點(diǎn)到為止，不得拖拉，應(yīng)避免節(jié)外生枝。在結(jié)尾部分不可出現(xiàn)與全文不一致的新話題。常用的結(jié)尾方式有:2/1/2023651.概括總結(jié)全文,提出解決方法(summary&solution)Tosolvetheproblem,theRe-employmentProjectiswellunderway.Thegovernment,mostimportantofall,needstodrawupaneconomicpolicythatwillcreatemorejobopportunitiestoeasethemountingunemploymentcreatedbytherestructuringofthestatesector.Thelaid-offworkers,too,shouldadjustthemselvestothenewsituationbyarmingthemselveswithnewerknowledgeandskillstogettheadvantageinnewpositions.2/1/2023662.回答前面問(wèn)題（answertothequestion)Personally,Ibelievethatparentsshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofsuchqualitiesasindependence,confidenceandcourageintheirchildren.Onlyinthiswaycanthechildrengrowup,fullyequippedtomeetwhateverchallengesthatlifemaypresent.2/1/2023673.提出建議（recommendation&suggestion)Inbrief,byrepeatingthissimplestep-by-stepprocess,youcanputasideyourfearsandwriteaclear,coherent,andconvincingessay.Allyouneediseagerness,perseveranceandcourageandapencilandpaper.2/1/2023684.給出預(yù)見(jiàn)(prediction)Ifpeoplestoppedtothinkbeforeacquiringpets,therewouldbefewerofcrueltytoanimals.Manytimes,itisthepeoplewhoadoptpetswithoutconsideringtheexpenseandresponsibilityinvolvedwhomistreatandneglecttheiranimals.Petsarelivingcreatures.Theydonotdeservetobeacquiredascarelesslyasonewouldacquireastuffedtoy.2/1/2023695.發(fā)人深省的問(wèn)題（thought-provokingquestion)What,then,willhappeninthetwenty-firstcenturywhenmostofthepopulationwillbeoversixtyyearsold?Retirementpolicescouldchangedramatically.2/1/2023706.發(fā)出號(hào)召（callforaction)Therefore,tomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtolive,wemustmakethebestuseofeverydropofwaterandworkhandinhandtoprotectwaterresources.2/1/202371常用于結(jié)尾的短語(yǔ)、句式

（1）Itishopedthatweshouldplacemuchemphasison/paymoreattentionto…（2）Toconclude，wecanseethat（thebestway/thepossiblesolution）is…（3）Inshort，（shortagesofwater，decreaseoffertilefieldsandenvironmentalpollution）arethemajorproblemstobesolvedto（increaserainproduction）2/1/202372（4）Inordertomakeourworldabetterplaceinwhichtoliveweshouldmakegreateffortsto…（5）Inaword，therearethreesuggestionswemustfollow，onlyinthiswaycanwe（achieveagreatsuccess）（6）Itistimeforustotakeanactivepartin…（7）Letusworkhandinhandinhandto（solvethesesocialproblems）2/1/202373結(jié)尾段常用的詞語(yǔ)Therefore;Inshort;Finally;Insummary;Inaword;Onthewhole;Inall;Toconclude;Inbrief;Allthissuggeststhat…Inconclusion;Itcanbeconcludedthat…2/1/202374

根據(jù)不同的段落要求，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)

常用的過(guò)渡詞或短語(yǔ)（轉(zhuǎn)承語(yǔ)的使用）2/1/202375

2/1/2023762.表示“承”接，一般用于段落中間，可舉例，可用同義詞說(shuō)明，可進(jìn)一步解釋，補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容。Furthermore;forexample;forinstance;Inaddition;inotherwords;likewise;Inparticular;inthesameway;meanwhile;moreover;namely;similarly;What’smore2/1/202377Thosewhohold….

Itistruethat…

Tobesure..

First/Firstly…

Themain/leading/underlying/root/primary/chief/essential….

2/1/2023783.表示“轉(zhuǎn)”折，常用于段中：Incontrast;inspiteof;nevertheless;Onthecontrary;unlike;unfortunately;Whereas;although2/1/202379Itsoundslikeagood(attractive)idea(suggestion),buttheyfailtounderstand(see,notice

Thereisprobablyanelementoftruthinthearguments(ideas),buttheyignoreamoreimportant(basic)fact…

2/1/202380Closerexamination(analysis),however,suggests(shows)thatthisargument(claim,idea)maynotbeborneof(supported)bythefollowingevidence(facts,examples,statistics).

Close(careful)examination(analysis)ofthesearguments(ideas,suggestions),however,wouldreveal(suggest,prove)howflimsy(不足信的，不嚴(yán)密)(fallacious（靠不住的）,groundless（沒(méi)有根據(jù)的）)theyare.

2/1/202381Howeverlogical(sound,forcible(有說(shuō)服力))theseargumentsmaybe,theydon'tmakesense(onlyskimthesurfaceoftheproblem)when…isviewedtheotherway(takenintoconsideration).

Asopposedto(Contraryto)thewidely(commonly,generally)heldidea(belief,view),newstudies(facts)challenge(failtojustify)theopinion(view).

2/1/202382Good/Superior/Wonderfulas….,ithasitsowndisadvantages/itbringsitsownproblems.

Theymayberightabout…,buttheyseemtoneglect/failtomention/takeintoaccount…

Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportant/basicfactisignored/overlooked/neglected.

2/1/202383Itistruethat/Admittedly,butitisunlikely/doesn'tfollow/doesn'tmeanthat…

Thereisanelementoftruthinthesearguments/statements,buttheyignoreadeeperandmorebasic/essential/importantfact/factor…

Inmanycases,however,…

Asfaras..isconcerned,…

2/1/2023844.表示“合”，一般用于段落小結(jié)或引出結(jié)尾段：Aboveall;accordingly;asaresult;Consequently;inaword;thus;Insummary;tosumup;inconclusion;So;therefore;hence2/1/202385圖表圖畫類作文圖表和圖畫作文在近年出現(xiàn)的比率大，考生也應(yīng)該對(duì)這兩類作文形式加以關(guān)注。寫作在考試形式上也越考越靈活，總體上放棄了機(jī)械做題，避免考生猜題、押題，每年出題都在求變，考生就應(yīng)該把握題型規(guī)律，掌握模式化語(yǔ)言，以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。背范文、照搬句子在現(xiàn)在的寫作考試中已經(jīng)不那么有效了，但是如果能掌握寫作的框架結(jié)構(gòu)和精彩句型就能占據(jù)一部分優(yōu)勢(shì)，這些將構(gòu)筑起一篇文章以及亮出它的“閃光點(diǎn)”，得到評(píng)卷老師的欣賞。

2/1/202386圖表作文的寫作要看清數(shù)據(jù)的變化，通過(guò)坐標(biāo)和圖表縱橫比較說(shuō)明事實(shí)，并且從表面看到實(shí)質(zhì)，了解變化反映的深層意義。

圖畫作文的難點(diǎn)在于對(duì)圖畫信息的描述是否準(zhǔn)確。然后要點(diǎn)破圖畫的寓意，分析背后的原因，這是文章的重頭戲，所以在復(fù)習(xí)中就要多看些報(bào)刊文摘的圖片，多關(guān)注社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)也是很好的鍛煉方式。2/1/202387圖表式作文是四級(jí)考試中較難的一種作文類型。它要求考生根據(jù)圖表所給出的信息，寫出所要表達(dá)主題的作文。圖表式作文最大的特點(diǎn)是所給的信息表達(dá)很集中，給人以一目了然之感。圖表式作文一般可分三段來(lái)寫：第一段描述出圖表反映的總情況，用能充分說(shuō)明主題的典型數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)描寫。第二段對(duì)數(shù)字進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的分析比較，歸納出增減速率并找出產(chǎn)生變化的原因。第三段寫讀圖表后的想法和評(píng)論，從而得出自己的結(jié)論。2/1/202388圖表圖畫類作文種類1.Tablebargraphlinegraph2.Graphandchartcirclegraph(piegraph)picturegraph2/1/202389table20022003TravelingabroadGoingtoseasideCampingVisitingfriendsinanothertownStayingathome417620252812167142031Total1001002/1/202390Bargraph

ChangesinChina’sForeignTrade2/1/202391Circlegraph(Piechart)2/1/202392Linegraph2/1/202393

picturegraph“GoodExample”

2/1/202394圖表圖畫類作文寫作技巧一.寫作要旨1.弄清題意，看作文屬于下面哪一種：A.單純描述解釋圖表曲線，按圖表所示內(nèi)容如實(shí)表達(dá)，不加評(píng)論。B.通過(guò)敘述圖表（或圖畫）中的內(nèi)容和數(shù)字變化來(lái)分析原因，發(fā)表議論。2/1/202395二.遵照程序1.審題和分析圖表曲線；描述圖表，得出結(jié)論；2.緊扣主題句，將圖表，數(shù)字變?yōu)樾畔?；分析原因，發(fā)表議論；3.提出建議或得出結(jié)論。2/1/202396三.掌握技巧1.對(duì)表格，圖形，數(shù)據(jù)。分類，橫線，縱線及百分比等代表什么，要先弄清楚；2.適當(dāng)運(yùn)用描述圖表的規(guī)范用語(yǔ)。3.學(xué)會(huì)看趨勢(shì)，找規(guī)律；從整體看圖表有何發(fā)展變化，找出特點(diǎn)，規(guī)律；4.注意用數(shù)字獲取信息，將代表發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的數(shù)字變?yōu)槲淖?，并加以敘述?.抓典型，講原因，不需描述所有的信息；6.必須基于圖表所給事實(shí)，按情理得出結(jié)論，做到自圓其說(shuō)，具有說(shuō)服力。2/1/202397圖表作文的常用詞

上升：increaseriseascendcoresurgegoupclimbmountlevelup下降:decreasefalldropdescenddeclinereducelessenleveldown平穩(wěn):stablesteadyremain/maintain/keep/bethesameas/similarto2/1/202398最高點(diǎn):thehighestthetopthesummitthepeakthemost最低點(diǎn):bottomlessleastrockbottom平均:meanaverage趨勢(shì):tendancytrendinclination預(yù)見(jiàn):prediction達(dá)到頂峰:mountto

2/1/202399在***中占***:***gainthepercentageof有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的過(guò)程:astableperiodcanbeseen2/1/2023100第二段：說(shuō)明段，F(xiàn)romthe***/***illustrate***+一些內(nèi)容，主要寫以下幾個(gè)方面：極點(diǎn)(極大，極小)，趨勢(shì)，特別點(diǎn)(交點(diǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，相同點(diǎn)和一些在特定圖上有意義的點(diǎn))

第三段:Fromthechart,wemayhaveabasicunderstandingofthesituationof——湊字?jǐn)?shù)用的??！

2/1/2023101一些表達(dá)：A.柱形圖increaserisegoup/dropdecreasedeclineB.餅圖***isdivided/sintoseveralparts***consumethelargestportion***accountingfor******(百分比)of***is******playaveryimportantrolein***C.線形圖FromthispointDrop/increasedramaticallyamodest/rapidincrease2/1/20231021.以時(shí)間為比較基礎(chǔ)的應(yīng)抓住“變化”：上升，下降，或是波動(dòng)，題中對(duì)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的變量進(jìn)行描述時(shí)應(yīng)在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行比較，如變量多于兩個(gè)應(yīng)進(jìn)行分類或有側(cè)重的比較，2.不以時(shí)間為比較基礎(chǔ)的應(yīng)注意對(duì)極點(diǎn)的描述

2/1/2023103圖表作文的關(guān)鍵是要記住一些常用的詞，因?yàn)閳D表無(wú)怪乎曲線圖和柱狀圖，別的圖表大都可以以此類推。

這些詞整理一下包括：

increase

decreaserise

drop

grow

fall

shoot

up(非常得快)

decline

reach

a

peak

reach

a

number

fluctuate(wildly/mildly)

________

level

off,

to

stablize,to

maintain

a

trend

形容快慢的詞：

rapid(ly)

*dramatical(ly)

*slight

*sharp(ly)

*gradual(ly)

*quick(ly)

*superising(ly)

2/1/20231042.分項(xiàng)目的總結(jié)在做這個(gè)之前，把“模板”說(shuō)一下(主要針對(duì)菜鳥,應(yīng)付考試時(shí)找不到東西說(shuō))第一段：The***(某種圖，比如barchart,piechart或是curvegraph)show***(簡(jiǎn)單寫寫情況，比如“婦女受教育程度”，“美國(guó)能源利用”，這些一般可以在圖下面的說(shuō)明文字中找到),Fromthe***(某種土)wecanhaveaunderstandingof***(又是什么情況)注：第二句話是廢話，是為了湊字?jǐn)?shù)，字?jǐn)?shù)夠了的時(shí)候就可以不用了，當(dāng)然寫的時(shí)候注意表達(dá)方式的一些小改動(dòng)2/1/2023105波動(dòng):fluctuatefluctuationriseandfallsupanddown占:occupytakeupaccountforgain而:whilehoweverwhereasontheotherhandactually/infact相比:bycontractonthecontrarylikewisecomparedwith

2/1/2023106寫作模板——圖表式作文

Itisobviousinthegraphic/tablethattherate/number/amountofYhasundergonedramaticchanges.Ithasgoneup/grown/fallen/droppedconsiderablyinrecentyears(asXvaries).AtthepointofX1,Yreachesitspeakvalueof…(多少).

2/1/2023107Whatisthereasonforthischange?Mainlythereare…(多少)reasonsbehindthesituationreflectedinthegraphic/table.Firstofall,…(第一個(gè)原因).Moreimportantly,…(第二個(gè)原因).Mostimportantofall,…(第三個(gè)原因).2/1/2023108Fromtheabovediscussions,wehaveenoughreasontopredictwhatwillhappeninthenearfuture.Thetrenddescribedinthegraphic/tablewillcontinueforquitealongtime(ifnecessarymeasuresarenottaken括號(hào)里的使用于那些不太好的變化趨勢(shì)).2/1/2023109圖表圖畫類作文常用表達(dá)法描述圖表內(nèi)容：1.Accordingtothefiguresshowninthetable/graphwecansee/concludethat…2.Thegraphshows/tellsus/revealsthat…3.Asisshown/canbeseeninthechart…4.Thetableis/givesinformationabout…5.Thetablesrepresentthedevelopmentandchangesin..Inthepast10years.6.Afterconsideringtheinformationinthegraphwemightconcludethat…2/1/2023110描述增減變化1.Comparedwiththenumberof1999…Itstillincreasedby3896,withanincreasingproportionof2%.2.Thenumberof…grew/rosefrom…to…3.Theamountof…willrise/showatendencytoincrease.4.Thepopulationwillamountto1200millionin2000.…2/1/20231115.Noincreaseisshownin1965;thencameasharpincreaseofeightmillion.6.Aismore/lessexpensivethanB.7.A’sproductionwasmore/lessthanthatofB.8.In1990thenumberremainedthesame/droppedto2/1/2023112描述時(shí)間：1.Overtheperiodfrom1987to19942.Duringthepasthalfcentury3.Inthethreeyearsspanningfrom1985through19874.Between1987and19972/1/2023113圖表圖畫類作文第一段寫作公式：Itcanbeseenthat…

Fromthegraph(chart,curve,picture)…

Thegraphshowsthat…

Thestatisticsinthegraphindicates…

Youcanfindthetendencyinthechartthat…

2/1/2023114圖表圖畫類作文第二段寫作公式：Whatarethereasonsforit?

Thereareafewreasonsorways.

Theexplainingsare

Thesolutionsinclude…

First(ofall)alsosecond,inaddition,furthermore

…

從上面所講中大家應(yīng)該知道作文的套路，萬(wàn)變不離其中，再加上平時(shí)的積累，相信大家不會(huì)在作文中失分太多。

2/1/2023115圖表圖畫類作文第三段寫作公式：Then/Howevertome/forme/tomypointofview,

asfarasIamconcerned,

foronething,fortheother/foranother(thing)2/1/2023116溫室花朵經(jīng)不起風(fēng)雨2/1/2023117Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:1）describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife2/1/2023118Thesetwopicturesarebothinterestingandinstructive.Fromthepictures,wecanseethataflo