大學(xué)英語四級(jí)寫作指導(dǎo)

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)寫作主要內(nèi)容大綱要求和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)閱卷老師眼中的高分要素真題及命題趨勢(shì)分析寫作題型及思路寫作常用過渡詞亮點(diǎn)句型寫作要點(diǎn)臨考應(yīng)試技巧大綱要求考試目的：測(cè)試學(xué)生用英語書面表達(dá)思想的一般能力寫作要求：內(nèi)容完整、條理清楚、文章通順、無重大語言錯(cuò)誤考試內(nèi)容：包括日常生活、科技、社會(huì)、文化等方面的一搬知識(shí)

對(duì)學(xué)生的總體要求：不僅要掌握一定的詞匯量和語法知識(shí)，還要具備有較好的遣詞造句、段落擴(kuò)展、布局謀篇的綜合語言表達(dá)能力，還要有全面、豐富的文化素養(yǎng)分值安排自2005年6月考試起，四級(jí)新題型報(bào)道的總分?jǐn)?shù)為710分，各單項(xiàng)分之和等于總分。（220分）四級(jí)考試作文部分（占總分的15%）單項(xiàng)成績的計(jì)分滿分為106分。（0分）字?jǐn)?shù)要求為不低于120字。（110~119扣1分；100~109扣2分）（注：題目中給出的主題句，起始句，結(jié)束句均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)）（150~200）（3段1：2：1）評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滿分為15分。(2、5、8、11、14)采用總體評(píng)分（globalscoring）方法。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)句式用詞字?jǐn)?shù)總體評(píng)價(jià)14大量復(fù)合句較少簡單句準(zhǔn)確且很多非常用詞匯超過150字十全十美，花團(tuán)錦簇11一些復(fù)合句較多簡單句比較準(zhǔn)確且有一些非常用詞匯多數(shù)超過150字清清楚楚，稍有不足8個(gè)別復(fù)合句大量簡單句一些殘缺句不十分準(zhǔn)確較少非常用詞匯多數(shù)在100至130之間馬馬虎虎，對(duì)付對(duì)付5基本全部簡單句，大量殘缺句不準(zhǔn)確或基本詞匯多數(shù)少于100字云山霧罩，稀里糊涂2基本句句支離破碎最基本詞匯且許多拼寫錯(cuò)誤多數(shù)少于80字亂七八糟，慘不忍睹字?jǐn)?shù)不夠酌情扣分（110~119扣1分；100~109扣2分）閱卷老師眼中的高分要素中心明確，內(nèi)容切題結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，思路清晰詳略得當(dāng)，銜接自然語言地道，句式豐富立意新穎，亮點(diǎn)紛呈篇幅適中，書寫認(rèn)真閱卷人心理分析重速度更重相關(guān)系數(shù)注重文字功底尋找評(píng)分線索四級(jí)作文真題分析2011年12月“you'reallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumoroussaying,"Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I'vedoneithundredsoftime."You'dwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words."2011-6網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物

1、現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已成為一種時(shí)尚

2、網(wǎng)上購物有很多好處，但也有不少問題

3、我的建議

2010年12月：

Directions：Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledHowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent？Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfolllowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

1、目前不少父母為孩子包辦一切

2、為了讓孩子獨(dú)立，父母應(yīng)該……

HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent？四級(jí)作文真題分析考試年份考試題目話題素材作文類型2010.6DueAttentionShouldBeGivenToSpelling校園生活現(xiàn)象解釋型2009.12CreatingaGreenCampus校園生活問題解決型2009.6FreeAdmissionstoMuseums社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)對(duì)比選擇型2008.12LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticBags社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問題解決型2008.6RecreationalActivities校園生活現(xiàn)象解釋型2007.12WhatElectivestoChoose校園生活現(xiàn)象解釋型2007.6WelcometoOurClub!校園生活應(yīng)用書信體2006.12SpringFestivalGalaonCCTV社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)對(duì)比選擇型四級(jí)作文真題分析考試年份考試題目話題素材作文類型2006.6VolunteersNeeded校園生活應(yīng)用書信體2005.12ShouldtheUniversityCompusBeOpentoTourists社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)現(xiàn)象解釋型2005.6Teacher'sDay文化教育應(yīng)用書信體2005.1ACampaignSpeech校園生活應(yīng)用書信體2004.6ABriefIntroductiontoaTouristAttraction社會(huì)生活應(yīng)用書信體2003.12ALetterinReplytoaFriend社會(huì)生活應(yīng)用書信體2003.9TheDayMyClassmateFellIll(orGotInjured)校園生活記敘文2003.6AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccident社會(huì)生活記敘文命題趨勢(shì)1.出題范圍變廣文化教育校園生活科學(xué)技術(shù)工作問題社會(huì)問題命題的范圍還可能會(huì)涉及交通、就業(yè)、婚姻、廣告、環(huán)境、能源、青少年問題及職業(yè)選擇問題等2.從注重實(shí)用到個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)實(shí)用：2007.6、2006.6、2005.6、2003.12、2005.1、2004.6、2003.12個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)描述：從2007年開始四級(jí)作文體裁分類議論文說明文應(yīng)用文描寫文記敘文寫作要點(diǎn)一、審題二、確定寫作方法三、確保文章條理性四、檢查（一）審題體裁審題就是要審作文的題材和體裁。因?yàn)槭裁礃拥捏w裁就會(huì)用什么樣的題材去寫。例如：Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTryingtoBeAGoodUniversityStudent.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.做合格大學(xué)生的必要性2.做合格大學(xué)生的必要條件3.我計(jì)劃這樣做…第一段要求寫“…必要性”，這說明本段體裁是議論文；第二段要求寫“…必要條件”，這說明本段要求寫說明文；而第三段要求寫“…這樣做”，說明本段要求寫描寫文。所以在大多數(shù)情形下，四級(jí)作文是幾種題材的雜合體。（二）根據(jù)不同體裁確定寫作方法1.我們審題的目的就是根據(jù)不同體裁確定不同的方法。通過審題，我們看出四級(jí)作文大都是三段式。如上一例子第一段是議論體，第二段是說明體，第三段是描寫體，而各種文體又有不同的寫作方式。2.確定主題句

審?fù)觐}，第一步就是要寫主題句。主題句是確保不跑題的前提，只有不跑題才有可能得及格分。寫主題句最保險(xiǎn)的方法就是把中文提綱的各句譯成英文。例如上述三段的主題句可分別為：1).Itisverynecessarytobeagooduniversitystudent.(議論體的主題句)2).Thereareseveralrespectsofnecessitiestobeagooduniversitystudent.(說明體的主題句)3).WhatIwilldointhefutureisthefollowing.(描述體主題句)如果要求句是英語也可以把它變成主題句，例如這樣一篇作文：GoodHealthImportanceofgoodhealthWaystokeepfitMyownpractice

這樣的作文的要求句就可以擴(kuò)充成主題句。擴(kuò)充后三段的主題句分別為：Itisveryimportanttohavegoodhealth.(將名詞importance變成形容詞important)Thereare…waystokeepfitforme.(用therebe句型)Myownpracticesarethefollowing.(采用原詞)（三）確保文章條理清楚保證不跑題是寫作當(dāng)中第一任務(wù)，第二個(gè)重要任務(wù)就是要做到條理清楚。對(duì)于議論文來說，正反面要清楚；對(duì)于說明文來說，條理要清楚；對(duì)于描寫文來說，描寫對(duì)象要清楚；對(duì)于記敘文來說，時(shí)間順序要清楚；對(duì)于應(yīng)用文來說，格式要清楚。就拿上例GoodHealth來說，第一段要保正反面要清楚就應(yīng)該這樣寫：正面(withgoodhealth,wecan…),反面(withoutgoodhealth,wecandonothing.Wecan'tdo…)為了使文章更具條理性，我們就可以用first(ly),second(ly),third(ly)等副詞，他們可以使文章的條理性更加突出。作文是主觀題，想得高分就必須引起老師的注意。（四）檢查內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題，涵蓋提示要點(diǎn)作文結(jié)構(gòu)層次是否清晰語言表達(dá)是否流暢，有無重大語病，有無邏輯錯(cuò)誤是否能恰當(dāng)?shù)氖褂眠^渡性詞語作文字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到要求卷面是否整潔，書寫是否漂亮臨考應(yīng)試技巧多積累一些通用句型及亮點(diǎn)句型熟悉每一種題型的寫作思路，盡量把每一類的作文練習(xí)一遍瀏覽以前寫過的文章，找出自己常犯的錯(cuò)誤每個(gè)人寫作過程中都有些用詞偏好，考前應(yīng)弄清自己的習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式并反復(fù)練習(xí)，并請(qǐng)老師或同學(xué)糾正錯(cuò)誤考前一定要練習(xí)在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成作文Writingskills1、常用于開頭的句型2、十句作文法3、范文4、點(diǎn)評(píng)

5、作業(yè)6、錯(cuò)句分析7、練習(xí)十句作文法英語十句作文是一種作文模式，它只適用于各類英語考試的寫作。它是根據(jù)各類英語考試的作文題型和時(shí)間、詞數(shù)的要求設(shè)計(jì)的。具體的說，是按照英語議論文的類型。如分析原因、敘述理由、比較闡述、評(píng)論駁斥等，并根據(jù)考生半小時(shí)的寫作能力而設(shè)計(jì)的，可見這種十句作文的最大特點(diǎn)是每句各有其具體寫法。一句支持一句，一句緊扣一句，整篇文章雖只有10句，卻結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密，安排合理，層次清晰，語句連貫。

其基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下

第一段S⑴引出主題，也即引出本文要討論的問題，如婦女問題體育問題學(xué)生打工問題等S(2)確立論點(diǎn)，也即表明作者對(duì)這個(gè)問題的基本看如是贊成還是反對(duì)等第二段S⑶承上啟下，重復(fù)上一句的論點(diǎn)，提綱挈領(lǐng)引出本段要討論的幾個(gè)論據(jù)S⑷第一論據(jù)：引出證明論點(diǎn)的第一個(gè)論據(jù)，或原因或理由或觀點(diǎn)等S⑸細(xì)節(jié)說明：應(yīng)用具體事例、事實(shí)說明第一論據(jù)S⑹細(xì)節(jié)說明：應(yīng)用具體事例、事實(shí)說明第一論據(jù)S⑺第二論據(jù)：引出證明論點(diǎn)的第二個(gè)論據(jù)，或原因或理由或觀點(diǎn)S⑻

細(xì)節(jié)說明：應(yīng)用具體事例、事實(shí)說明第二論據(jù)S⑼細(xì)節(jié)說明：應(yīng)用具體事例、事實(shí)說明第二論據(jù)第三段S⑽全文結(jié)束：重復(fù)或歸納全文論點(diǎn)

exampleNatureandMan1、

隨著人們的大力發(fā)展利用，地球環(huán)境迅速惡化2、

怎樣維持人類生存和保護(hù)環(huán)境之間的平衡是一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的問題3、

我們看待問題要從長遠(yuǎn)出發(fā)

Ithaslongbeentaughtinschooltextbookthatmanhastheinitiativeandpowertotransformnaturetoman’sadvantage.Yetrecentlywiththeenvironmentdegeneratingatsurprisingspeed,thefactturnsouttobethatthemoreweexploitnature,themoreweareendangeringourselves.However,wecouldn't’tsitidlywaitingforoursupperofablindhareasthefableteachesus.Hence,howtokeepthebalancebetweenearningourlivingandpreservingtheenvironmentbecomesoffirstimportance.Successfulhandlingoftheproblemisfar-reaching,forfuturegenerationandthefateofearthandhumanbeings.Itisanarduoustask,yetitcanbeaccomplishedifonlywetrynottobeshortsightedandthinktwicebeforeanyhastyandirrationaldecisionsaremade.

Howtosolveenergyproblem1．

有人認(rèn)為解決能源危機(jī)的方法是厲行節(jié)約2．

有人則認(rèn)為開發(fā)新的能源是最好方法3．

我的看法

⑴Whenaskedaboutoneofthebiggestproblemstoday,manypeoplesaythatanenergycrisisisapproachingandisthreateningmankind’ssurvival.⑵Theyareafraidthattheworldislikelytorunoutofoilandmetalsandtorunshortoffoodinthenearfuture.⑶Tothisproblem,mostcountriesrespondwiththedemandformorerigidconversationofournaturalresources.⑷Indeed,thisisurgentlyneeded,forthepresentwasteofenergyinindustrialandpersonalconsumptionissoseriousthatishasbecomehabitualandtraditional.⑸Ifthenaturalresourcesareusedeconomically,wecancertainlyslowdownthepresentdrainonthelimitedenergysupply.⑹However,conservationaloneisnottheanswer.⑺Itisobviouslythatevenifwecansavemuchenergy,wecanonlydelaytheenergycrisis,butcannotsolvetheproblemcompletely.⑻Howeverabundantcertainnaturalresourcesmaybe,theycannotreproducethemselvesandareboundtobeusedupultimately.⑼Sointhelongrunwemustdevelopnewsourcesofenergyinsteadofmerelyconservingtheknown,limitedsupplies.⑽Manishighlyadaptableandcreative,andsinceheisabletotapsuchresourcesasoilandmetals,whycan’thedevelopandharnesssolarenergy,nuclearenergyandotherunknownenergyresources?

HumanandNatureWiththedevelopmentofhuman’susing,theearth’senvironmentisrapidworsen.Nowadays,theeconomybecomemoreandmoreadvanceandthestandardofhuman’slifeishigher.Butitalsoexitsomeprobleminthis.Forexample,thepollutionifindustry.Thiscontainwasterwater,wastegasandsoon.Itisamajorproblemtohowtokeepthebalancebetweenhuman’slifeandtheevironment’sprotecting.Agoodsurroundingisbeneficialtonotonlyourhealth,butalsothedevelopmentofeconomy.Forinstance,somecompaniesfellthetreesfortheirownprofits.Andwhenfloodcoming,itcanmakealotofdamagewithoutthetrees.Italsothreatentoourlife.Whenwetreatingaquestion,weshouldstandalongrangedirection.Wecanbeconcernedaboutonlywiththeexistingprofit,weshouldthinkoverourfutureanddosomethingforit.Inshort,everyonehasdutytoprotectourevironmentinordertobuildabeautifulhomeourfuture.常用于開頭的句型：A.

Myviewon…⑴People’sviews/ideas/opinionson…varypersontoperson.Somepeoplethinkthat…Ex.1.People’sviewsondonatingbloodvaryfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplethinkthatitisglorioustodonateblood…Ex.2.People’sideasoneducationalreformvaryfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplethinkthattheeducationalreformisveryimportantandnecessary…Ex.3.People’sopinionsonconsumptionvaryfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplethinkthattheyshouldspendmoneymoderatelyandsavemoneyforarainyday…⑵Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewson…Itisheldthat…Ex.4.Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewsonboxing.Itisheldthatboxingshouldbeeliminated.B.

Is…?題型（疑問句題型）⑶Is…?Answerstothisvarygreatly.Somepeoplethinkthat…Ex.5Isfailureabadthing?Answerstothisvarygreatly.Somepeoplethinkthatit’snaturaltomeetfailuresinone’scareer.Ex.6.Canmoneybuyhappiness?Answerstothisvarygreatly.Somepeoplethinkthatmoneyisthesourceofhappiness.⑷Whenaskedabout…,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeoplesaythat…Ex.7Whenaskedaboutwhetherluckynumberswillbringgoodluck,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeoplesaythatluckynumbersalwaysmeangoodluck…Ex.8WhenaskedaboutwhetheratestofspokenEnglishisnecessary,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeoplesaythatit’snecessarytoadoptsuchatest…C.

AdvantagesandDisadvangesof…⑸…playsanimportantpart/rolein…Nowadays,Likeeverythingelse,…h(huán)as/have…ispopulararoundus.bothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Ex.9Nowadays,computersareverypopulararoundus.Likeeverythingelse,computeshavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.Ex10Nowadays,televisionplaysanimportantpartinpeople’slife.Likeeverythingelse,…D.

Howto…題型⑹．…Manywayscancontributetosolvingthisseriousproblem,butfollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Ex.12Withtheboomingofthemotorindustry,thereareanincreasingnumbersofvehiclesontheroads.Asaresult,trafficjamsoftenoccur.Manywayscancontributetosolvingthisseriousproblem,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.E.

Why…題型⑺…Therearemanyreasons/causesfor…,butingeneral,theycomedowntothreemajorones.Ex.13Forthepasttenyearstrafficjamsinbigcitieshavebeenmoreandmoreserious.Therearemanycausesfortrafficjams,butingeneral,theycomedowntothreemajorones.Ex14.Nowadays,alotofpeoplearetryingtoslim.Theytryallkindsofmeanstogetthinner.Therearemanyreasonsforthisphenomenon,butingeneral,theycomedownto…⑻…Therearemanyfactorsthatmayaccountfor…,butthefollowingarethemosttypicalones.Ex15InrecentyearstheChinesebankhascuttheinterestrateofdepositandloanseventimes.Therearemanyfactorsthatmayaccountfortheinterestratecut,butthefollowingarethemosttypicalones.Ex16.Chinesepeoplearekeenonsaving.Theylayasideasumofmoneyalmosteverymonthoreveryyear.Therearemanyfactorsthatmayaccountforthisphenomenon,butthefollowingarethemosttypicalones.assignmentDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetter.SupposeyouareLiQiang.WritealettertoMr.Lee,themanagerofthePersonnelDepartmentofaculturaldevelopmentcompany,applyingforthevacancyofasub-editoradvertisedintoday’sHandtoHandnewspaper.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtothesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese.1、寫信的目的2、喜歡這份工作的原因3-自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)SamplewritingOctober30,2001DearMr.Lee,Inoticedyouradforasub-editorintoday’sHand-to-Handnewspaper.Becausewritingandpublicationworkhavelongbeeninterestsofmine,Iwishtoapplyforthisposition.IlikesuchajobbecauseIlikewritingandenjoyworkingatthedeskverymuch.BackatschoolIhadbeeneditorforsportsofthecampusnewspaperandthesenioreditorforthecampusliterarymagazineuntilgraduation.Suchexperiencestrengthenedmydeterminationtotakewritingasmylifecareer.Myeducationalsoqualifiesmeforthejob.In1998IgainedB.A.degreewithamajorinEnglishandaminorinjournalism.SoIwouldbereadytodealwithbothdomesticandcross-culturalissues.Iamcurrentlyavailableforaninterviewanyweekdayafter3:00PM.Youcanreachmeatmyhomephone,62289614.Lookingforwardtohearingfromyou,andthankyouforyourattention.SincerelyyoursLiQiangDearSir:(1)IwaspleasedtoseeyouradintheXinminEveningNewsonNovember14,1995forasalesengineer.(2)InJulyIwillreceivemyBachelor’s