國際商務(wù)溝通

AbstractPower-Distancelong-ternorientation&shortorientationCollectivist-IndividualisticFeminine-MasculineUncertaintyAvoidance

CulturedimensionsDevelopmentofthetheoryLoremIpsumissimplydummytextoftheprintingandtypesetting.LoremIpsumhasbeentheindustry'sstandarddummy.ConfucianworkdynamicsLoremIpsumissimplydummytextoftheprintingandtypesetting.LoremIpsumhasbeentheindustry'sstandarddummy.Newstudy30yearslaterNewexample

CriticismInaccurateassumptionHofstedeassumes,cultureandbetweencountriesisaone-to-onerelationship,butmanycountrieshavemultipleculture.LimitationthisstudymaybesubjecttothelimitationsofcultureOutofdateCultureisnotstatic,

alongwiththedevelopmentandchange,thestatisticsarenomorevalidPOWER

DISTANCEusedtorepresentacceptanceofthedistributionofpowerinequalitiesofpeopleintheorganizationPDIPOWERDISTANCEHighinChinaLowintheUSHofstadtedefinesthescopeoftheindexbetween0to100,withhigherscoresindicatinghigherdegreeofpowerdistance.Inallsurveyed74countriesandregions,China'sPDIis80points,ranking12;AmericanPDIis40points,ranking57.POWER

DISTANCEThesubordinatearenotwillingtoopenlydiscussissueswithsuperiorsorretorttheirsuperiorsUSA:Thesubordinateareeasiertodiscussissues

withsuperiorsanddaretoretorttheirsuperiorsFOURREASONSThequestforthereasonsfordifferencesbetweenChinaandtheUSinpowerdistancecanbedividedintothethreeaspectsofpolitics,economy,ideologyandculture.

VSBureaucraticconsciousnessConfucianism

AgriculturalcivilizationVSimmigrantfamilyCentralizedsystemVS

CommercialcivilizationVS

Protestant

CivilianawarenessPOWER

DISTANCEPRACTICALSUGGESTIONSPOWER

DISTANCEFostercross-culturalawarenessDoinRomeasRomansdoNecessarycross-culturaltrainingUncertainly

AvoidenceDefinitionUncertaintyAvoidanceinJapanandtheUnitedStatesWhatshouldwedointheinternationalbusinessHow

Uncertainty

Avoidance

impact

the

international

business

DefinitionAccordingtoHofstede,uncertaintyavoidancereferstotheextenttowhichthemembersofaculturefeelthreatenedbyuncertainorunknownsituation.Atthecoreofthisdimensionistheinescapabletruismthatthefutureisunknown.Peopleinhighuncertaintyculturetendtoavoiduncertaintyandambiguityandholdahighlevelofanxiety,hencemorestressonemploymentsecurityandpersonaltime,whilepeopleinthelowuncertaintycultureconsideradvancement,independence,andchallengemoreimportant..UncertaintyAvoidanceinJapanandtheUnitedStatesThecultureoflowuncertaintyavoidanceisactive,aggressiveandemotional.Peoplehaveastrongsenseofsecurityandtheycanacceptothersopinionsandsuggestionswhicharenotsameastheirs.JapanThecultureofhighuncertaintyavoidancetendstocomplywiththestrictprinciplessoastodecreasethepossibilityofaccidentstotheminimum.TheUS.Thecultureoflowuncertaintyavoidanceisactive,aggressiveandemotional.Peoplehaveastrongsenseofsecurityandtheycanacceptothersopinionsandsuggestionswhicharenotsameastheirs.Thecultureofhighuncertaintyavoidancetendstocomplywiththestrictprinciplessoastodecreasethepossibilityofaccidentstotheminimum.Peopleareverynervousbutveryaggressive.Becauseofthethreatoftheuncertaintyavoidanceinthesociety,peopleformtheorganizationstoprovidethesafetyandreducetherisk.Peopleareintolerablewiththeoddthoughtsandbehaviors.Uncertaintyavoidancereferstothedegreeoffearwhenpeoplefacetheuncertainandambiguoussituationandthetendencyofgettingridoftheriskbyaction.Inalmostalltheculturesthereexistdifferentdegreesofuncertaintyavoidance.HowUncertaintyAvoidanceimpacttheinternationalbusinessAbsoluteknowledgeandExpertjudgmentInhigh-uncertainty-avoidancecountrylikejapan,peopletrustintheauthorityandwouldliketousetheadviceandtheknowledgefromtheexperttoavoidtheuncertainty.

instructionandbehaviorInhigh-uncertainty-avoidancecountry,peoplearewillingtoacceptthecommandfromthesuperior.Sointhenegotiation,peoplealwaystendtomakeareporttotheirsuperior.Onthecontrary,peopleinlow-uncertainty-avoidancecountrywouldliketoworkmoreindependently.standardizationInhigh-uncertainty-avoidancecountry,managementisbasedontheexactcommandandtask.Andmanagersalwaysmaketheproceduraldecision.Whileinthelow-uncertainty-avoidancecountry,therearefewcontrol,regulationsandstandardization.Whatshouldwedointhenegotiation?AbsoluteknowledgeandExpertjudgmentIfwerepresentthelow-uncertainty-avoidancecountryliketheUS,andwehaveanegotiationwithahigh-uncertainty-avoidancecountrylikeJapan.Weshouldturntotheauthorityforhelp.Becauseweneedsomeimportantcertifications.ForexamplewecansayourcompanywasevaluatedAAAfromtheStandard&Poor’sorMoody’sInvestorsService..

instructionandbehaviorWhenwewanttobuytimetomakeabetterdecisionwecansaythat:“underthisconditionIneedtoconsultmysuperiors;pleasedonotgo,Iaskthesuperiortomakethefinaldecision,etc.standardizationSoweshouldpreparewellbeforethenegotiationwiththeminhigh-uncertainty-avoidancecountry.Itisimportantthatweneedtoletthemknowourpositionyoubeforetheymakeadecision.Becauseoncetheymakeadecision,wecanhardlychangeiteasily.Individualism1of6Thefirstwordcameintomymind——heroCollectivismThewordscameintomymind——morethanonepersonTheDefinitionsofIndividualismWebster’sNewWorldDictionary(ThirdCollegeEdition)explainsthedefinitionofindividualismasfollow:Theconceptionthatallvalues,rights,dutiesoriginateinindividualsAtheorymaintainingthepoliticalandeconomicindependenceoftheindividualandstressingindividualinitiative,actionandinterestIndividualcharacterIndividualpeculiarityThedoctrinethatindividualfreedomineconomicenterpriseshouldnotberestrictedbygovernmentorsocialregulationThedoctrinethatthestateexistsforindividualandnottheindividualforthestateThedoctrinethatself-interestisthepropergoalofallhumanactionTheDefinitionsofCollectivismCollectivismmeansgreateremphasisontheviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupratherthanoneself;socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;beliefssharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromin-groups;greatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembers.AmericanIndividualismSelf-orientednessAmericancultureisbelievedtobeself-orientedwherethebasicunitofthesocietyistheindividual.Itissometimesreferredtoasan“I”culture.PrivacyTheconceptofprivacyreferstothestateorconditionofbeingfreefrombeingobservedordisturbedbyotherpeople,orbeingfreefrompublicattention.Equality“CloselyrelatedtoindividualismistheAmericanvalueofequality,whichisemphasizedineverythingfromgovernment(everyonehastherighttovote)tosocialrelationshipsCompetitionAsisknowntoall,Americaisacountryinwhichcompetitionistherule.Americansprefercompetition.ChineseCollectivismGroup-orientednessChinesecultureisbelievedtobegroup-orientedwherethebasicunitofthesocietyisthecollectiveratherthantheindividual.Soitissometimesreferredtoasa“we”culture.LoyaltytoClanClanisthebasicunitofChinesepeople’slife.Theimportanceoftheclanresultedfromtheestablishmentofthetiesofblood.Oneclanisonesocialunit.HierarchyEverypersonissupposedtohaveapositioninfamilyandsociety.Peoplehaveclearlydefinedprivilegesandobligationsaccordingtotheirpositions.HumilityThewayofshowinghumilityisusuallybyself-disparaging.Chinesecultureencouragespeopletobemodestandpolite.InInternationalBusinessContextimpactonthenegotiatorsselectioncriteria:America:Achievement-orientedChina:Ascription-orientedMasculinity

FemininityEvaluationofHOFSTEDE’SfiveculturaldimensionsDefinitionoftheDimensionAmoreextensiveexplianation

SexualSensitivity

Social

StructureMainstreamPursuitSocialStructureMainstreamPursuitphotoSexualSensitivity.malesusuallyactlikeconfident,strong,andfocusingonsubstantialachievement,intheflipside,femalesaremodest,gentle,andchasinglifequality

.MaculinityDimentionphotothemales’roleinsocietyoverlapswithfemales’,andbothofthemaretherepresentativeofgentle,modest,andfocusingonlifequalityFemininityDimensionphotoasocietywithmasculinitydimensionusuallyhasahighersexualsensitivity,asocietywithfemininitydimensionusuallyhasalowersexualsensitivitybycontrast.ConclusionSocialStructureDifferencebetweenmalesandfemales

asocietywithmasculinitydimensionmalesusuallytakeupthetopofthesocialstructure,butinthesocietywithfemininitydimensionfemalesareoftenequivalentwithmalesinmanyaspectsmalesoftenstandatthepeakofthesocietystructureMasculinityDimension

Femalessharethesamerightsandopportunitiesasmalesinmanyaspects.Femininity

DimensionLoremIpsumissimplydummytextoftheprintingandtypesetting.LoremIpsumhasbeentheindustry'sstandarddummy.5CULTURALDIMENMTIONSEvaluationofHOFSTEDE’SfiveculturaldimensionsMainstreamPursuitAmoreabstractinterpretationThemeasureofsuccessiswealth,reputation,assertivenessandothersubstantialstuffslikemoney.MasculinityDimensionlifequalityistheveryfirstvariabletakenintoconsiderationFemininityDimensionPeoplefiercelycompetewitheachotherinmasculinitysociety.PeopleoftentrendtosolvetheproblemsbynegotiationsandcompromiseConclusionContactUsLoremipsumdolor,03663,State,CountryP.1234567890/email@5CULTURALDIMENMTIONSEvaluationofHOFSTEDE’SfiveculturaldimensionsApplicationinInternationalBusinessWhatshoulewefocuson?HerecomesajokeoccuringwhenAmericanconductainternationalbusiness…whenweconductaacrossculturalbusiness,weshouldcommunicatewithoneswhoarefromasocietywithmasculinitydimensioninanindirectwaydirectway

Meanwhile,weshouldcommunicatewiththosewhoarefromasocietywithfemininitydimensioninadirectway.ContactUsLoremipsumdolor,03663,State,CountryP.1234567890/email@5CULTURALDIMENMTIONSEvaluationofHOFSTEDE’SfiveculturaldimensionsLONGTERMEvaluationofHOFFSTEDE’SfiveculturaldimensionsORIENTATIONSTARTHERECONCEPTOFLONGTERM1.Hofstededefinesthelong-termandshort-termorientationofthefivedimensionsofculturalwhichis:Long-termorientationdimensionisbasedonthediscoveryoftheresearchonthestudentsof23countries,anditfocusesonthefuture-orientedcultureandislinkedtoqualitiesoffrugaland

determined;short-termorientedculturestendtofocusonthepastandpresent,andtheshort-termorientationislinkedtothequalitiessuchas：respectfortradition,fulfillingsocialresponsibilityandself-respect.CONCEPTOFLONGTERMHofstedebelievesthatindividualism/collectivism,powerdistancegaps,uncertaintyavoidance,masculine/feminine,andlong-termorientationofthesefivesocialculturalindicatorswillhaveahugeimpactontheleadership,organizationalstructuresandmotivationalcontentofthemanagement.2.BehavioraldecisiontheoryrelatedtoculturaldifferencesindexCOMPARISONFramework&ValueOFSINO-GERMANFirstweneedtoanalyzetheculturalframeworkofChinaandGermanybasedonHofstede,androughlydeterminetheimplicitculturalvalues.Variables&FormSecond,findouttheSino-Germanculturalvariableswhichhavesignificantdifferences,descriptivelyanalyzetheseculturaldifferencesandidentifythespecificformoftheSino-Germanculturaldifferences.CharacteristicFinally,wecancontrast

thetypicalcharacteristicsofChineseandGermanCulture.COMPARISONSignificanceOFSINO-GERMANPartlybecauseofthecloselyeconomiccooperationbetweenChinaandGermany,sothiscomparisonstudyoftheculturaldifferenceswillhavepracticalsignificanceUniversalityTheyareallthetypicalrepresentativesofbothEasternandWesterncultures,andtheresultsofthisstudycanbringacertainuniversalityFormulaLong-termorientationindex=-20m(2frugal)+20m(4respectfortradition)+40SAMPLESOFGRAPHICCHARTContrastofSino-GermanculturaldimensionsindexLoremIpsumhasbeentheindustry'sstandarddummytexteversincethe1500s.ChinaLoremIpsumhasbeentheindustry'sstandarddummytexteversincethe1500s.GermanLoremIpsumhasbeentheindustry'sstandarddummytexteversincethe1500s.EquilibriumSAMPLESOFGRAPHICCHARTPersonaladaptability&flexibilityimportance81.29%18.71%41.5139.63%18.86%1.Firstly,Chinesetestersmostlyshowoutthelong-termorientationvalues2.MoreChinesetestersthinklife'smostimportanteventshappeninthefuture

steadyeconomy，personaladaptability，individualsability，，familyimpact3.Germantesterstakenmorethingsaboutself-respectintoconsiderationSummary1.Culturaldifferencesmakeemployeeshavedifferentrequirementsandexpectations,therebyincreasetheuncertaintyandcomplexity,evencausedisorderandconflict2.Culturaldifferencesmakemanagershardlyreachanagreement,whichbringsdifficultiesforthedecision-makingactivitiesandmayleadstodivergence3.Culturaldifferencesalsoneedemployeesfromdifferentculturalbackgroundsunderstandandimplementthesedecisions,therebymakeitmoretroublesomeIn

Cross

CultureChallenges1.Peopleinmultinationalcorporationscanstudyothercountries'culturalknowledgetodecreaselocalismandflexiblyresolveallkindsofmisunderstandings2.Infact,culturaldifferencescanbringopportunitiesformultinationalcorporations3.Itcancreatefruitfulmarke