第十三章 主謂一致

第十三章主謂一致一、指導(dǎo)原則主謂一致指“人稱”和“數(shù)”方面的一致關(guān)系。對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說，往往會(huì)在掌握主語和隨后的謂語動(dòng)詞之間的一致問題上遇到困難。一般情況下，主謂之間的一致關(guān)系由以下三個(gè)原則支配：語法一致原則(grammaticalconcord)意義一致原則(notionalconcord)就近原則(principleofproximity)（一）語法一致原則用作主語的名詞詞組中心詞和謂語動(dòng)詞在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上的一致，就是語法一致。也就是說，如果名詞中心詞是單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果名詞中心詞是復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Thistableisagenuineantique.Bothpartieshavetheirownadvantages.Herjobhassomethingtodowithcomputers.Shewantstogohome.Theyaredivorcingeachother.Marywaswatchingherselfinthemirror.Thebirdbuiltanest.Susancomeshomeeveryweek-end.（二）意義一致原則有時(shí)，主語和謂語動(dòng)詞的一致關(guān)系取決于主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)意義，而不是語法上的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，這樣的一致關(guān)系就是意義一致。例如：Democraticgovernmentgraduallytaketheplaceofanall-powerfulmonarchy.Abarrackswasattackedbytheguerilla.Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.Itistheremainsofaruinedpalace.Thearchiveswaslost.Thispairoftrouserscostsfiftydollars.（三）就近原則有時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定于最靠近它的詞語。例如：Eithermygrandsonsortheirfatheriscoming.Nooneexcepthisdaughtersagreewithhim.Maryandhersistersarebakingacake.NeitherRichardnorIamgoing.二、以集合名詞做主語的主謂一致問題有些集合名詞，如committee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,staff,team,union等，在意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但在語法形式上是單數(shù)，這類名詞作主語的主謂一致問題往往遵循“語法一致”或“意義一致”原則。例如：Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.Acouncilofeldersgovernsthetribe.Thepresentgovernmentistryingtocontrolinflation.Theschoolstaffareexpectedtosuperviseschoolmeals.（一）通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞包括police,people,cattle,militia,vermin等，這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.Themilitiawerecalledouttoguardtheborderland.Itseemsthecattleonthesidesofthedikesweretheonlylivingcreaturesinthesedesolatesurroundings.

（二）通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞，包括poultry,foliage，machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise等,這類名詞后的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：Poultryisexpensiveatthistimeofyear.Thatgreenfoliagewasrestful.Themerchandisehasarrivedundamaged.AllthemachineryinthefactoryismadeinChina.Thesuiteoffurnitureheboughtwasofcontemporarystyle.Theequipmentofthephotographicstudiowasexpensive.

三）可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞,包括audience,committee,crew,family,government,jury等。例如：Theaudiencewas/wereenthusiasticontheopeningnightoftheplay.Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.Thejuryis/areabouttoannouncethewinners.Thegovernmenthas/havediscussedthematterforalongtim三、acommittee,etcof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞的主謂一致問題如果主語是由acommitteeof/apanelof/a(the)boardof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成，隨后的動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：Acommitteeoftwelvemenistodiscussthematter.Apanelofexpertshasconsideredthesituation.Theboardofmanagersisresponsibleforthefirm.四、以-s結(jié)尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致問題英語可數(shù)名詞的規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式是在詞尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞并不是可數(shù)名詞。它們用法多樣，造成了實(shí)際使用上的困難，以下詳述了以-s結(jié)尾的名詞作主語的主謂一致問題。（一）以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題（二）以-s結(jié)尾的游戲名稱作主語的主謂一致問題（三）以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱作主語的主謂一致問題（四）以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語的主謂一致問題（五）其它以-s結(jié)尾的名詞的主謂一致問題（一）以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題,如：arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,這類以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用作單數(shù)。例如：Arthritiscausesgreatpaininthejointsofthepatient.Thediabetesisakindofchronicdisease.Measlesusuallyoccursinchildren.Phlebitisisaswollenconditionofthebloodvessels.（二）以-s結(jié)尾的游戲名稱作主語的主謂一致問題以-s結(jié)尾的游戲名稱作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用作單數(shù)。例如：Dartsisbasicallyaeasygame.Marblesisnotconfinedtochildren.Skittlesisnotfashionablenowadays.Draughtsisnotverydifficulttolearn但當(dāng)Darts，Marbles等的意義為游戲器具而非游戲名稱時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Threedartsarethrownateachturn.Allnineskittleswerebroughtdownbythegoodthrow.

（三）以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱作主語的主謂一致問題某些以-s結(jié)尾的地理名稱，如果是國名，如theUnitedStates，theNetherlands等，因其是單一政治實(shí)體，所以謂語動(dòng)詞用作單數(shù)。例如：TheUnitedStateswashitbytheGreatDepressionin1930s'.InearlyJanuary1996theNetherlandswashitbyitsworststormsince1976.但如果是群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名稱作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用作復(fù)數(shù)。

例如：TheWestIndiesarecommonlydividedintotwoparts.TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplant.TheStraitsofGibraltarhavenotlosttheirstrategicimportance.TheNiagaraFallsareperhapsthemostsplendidwaterfallintheworld.（四）以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語的主謂一致問題某些以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語時(shí)，如physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics,acoustics,politicsstatistics,economics,linguistics,athletics等,謂語動(dòng)詞通常用作單數(shù)。例如：Physicsisafundamentalsubjectinscience.Thethirdworldeconomicsispromising.Acousticsstudiesthescienceofsound.Mathematicsisaninterestingsubject.Athleticsisarequiredcourseforstudentsofallgrades.但如果這類名詞表示學(xué)科以外的其它含義，可作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如：Athleticshavebeengreatlyencouragedatthiscollege.Theacousticsofthenewconcerthallareperfect.Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillatissue.（五）其它以-s結(jié)尾的名詞的主謂一致問題A.以-s結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體名稱作主語英語中有一些通常以-s結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體名詞，如glasses,pincers,pliers,scissors,shorts,suspenders,trousers等，這類名詞做主語，如果不帶“一把”、“一副”等單位詞，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Mary'sglassesarenew.John'strousersareblack.如果帶有單位詞，則由單位詞決定動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Onepairofpincersisn'tenough.Twopairsofscissorsaremissingfrommytoolbox.B.其他以-s結(jié)尾的名詞英語中還有一些以-s結(jié)尾的名詞，如archives，arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,goods,minutes,morals,remainsstairs,suburbs,thanks,wages這類名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：ThearchivesofthecountryarekeptintheDepartmentofSecurity.Thecontentsofthebookaremostamusing.Highwagesoftenresultinhighprices.Mythanksaresincere.五、如果句子的主語是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，其主謂一致問題通常遵循以下原則：（一）由and/both...and連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題（二）由or/nor/either...or連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題（三）主語+asmuchas,etc的主謂一致問題

（一）由and/both...and連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題由and/both...and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，可根據(jù)主語的意義決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Pancakesandsyrupisatastybreakfast.ThenumberanddiversityofBritishnewspaperisconsiderable.Goodandbadtasteareinculcatedbyexample.Fishandchipsaregettingveryexpensive.Atruckandacarwereintheditch.BothCathyandherdaughterLidahavegonefishinginCanada.當(dāng)and連接的并列名詞詞組帶有each，every,或者manya等限定詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)

例如：Eachmanandeachwomanthereisaskedtohelp.Everyflowerandeverybushistobecutdown.Everychangeofseason,everychangeofweather,indeedeveryhouroftheday,producessomechangeinthemagicalhuesandshapesofthesemountains.Manyaboywasdisappointedafterseeingthefilm.（二）由or/nor/either...or連接的并列主語的主謂一致問題由or,nor,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，隨后的動(dòng)詞形式通常按照“就近原則”處理。例如：NeitherLucynorCarolhasanymoneyleft.NeithersleetnorsnowstopshimfromdrivinghisnewMercedes-Benz.EitherTinaorCarolissuretoknowtheanswer.Neithermyfathernormybrothersarelikelytobeattheater.NeithertheKansascoachnortheplayerswereconfidentofvictory.Notonlyone,butallofusarehopingtobethere.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwiringhasbeenstolen.（三）主語+asmuchas,etc的主謂一致問題當(dāng)主語后面跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan等引導(dǎo)的從屬結(jié)構(gòu)，或跟有由aswellas,inadditionto,with,alongwith,togetherwith,except等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞形式取決主語的形式。例如：Thevessel,withitsentirecrewandcargowaslost.Theocean,aswellasthegulfandthebay,providesgoodfishing.John,ratherthanhisroommates,istoblame.Hugh,aswellashistwosisters,isvacationinginWyomingthissummer.Someoftheemployeesasmuchasthemanagerwereresponsibleforthefailure.Myhusband,morethananyoneelseinthefamily,islongingtogothereagain.Billy,togetherwithhissisters,waswoundedintheaccident.Nooneexcepttwogirlswaslateforschool.六、以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題數(shù)量概念分兩類：一類是確定數(shù)量，如twoyears,fiveseconds,threekilos,等，另一類是非確定數(shù)量，如allof...,someof...,noneof...。如果用這類表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語，會(huì)產(chǎn)生主謂一致問題。（一）以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題（二）以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題（一）以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語當(dāng)主語為表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組時(shí)，如果數(shù)量概念被看做一個(gè)整體，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如果被看做組成該數(shù)量的個(gè)體，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Thetreasurerconsideredthattwentydollarswasnottoomuchtoask."Twomonthsistooshortatime,"Generalmanagerwarned,"wemusthurryup."Threeweeksisneededtocompletethetask.Thereweresixsilverdollarsineachofthestockings.Threepintsisnotenoughtogethimdrunk.Atotalof50,000newbicycleswasregisteredintheyear.如果作主語的名詞詞組是由“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of”詞組構(gòu)成，其動(dòng)詞形式取決于of詞組中名詞的類別。例如：Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentisagainsttheplan.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbysea.Overtwentypercentofthecitywasdestroyedinthewar.Forty-fivepercentofthedoctorswerewoman.兩數(shù)相減或相除，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；兩數(shù)相加或相乘，謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Sixtyminusseventeenleavesforty-three.Forty-twodividedbysixisseven.Sixandeightmakes/makefourteen.Sixtimeseightis/areforty-eight.如果主語由"onein/oneoutof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞"構(gòu)成，在正式語體中，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Oneintenstudentshaspassedtheexamination.Oneoutoftwelvebottleswasleftintact.

（二）以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致問題如果主語由"aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof+名詞"或由“akind/sort/typeof,thiskind/sort/typeof+名詞”構(gòu)成，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：Apanelofushasdecidedtohir