機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

Aknowledge-basedsystemformaterialsselectioninmechanicalengineeringdesignS.M.SapuanAbstractThispaperstudiesvariousworkonthedevelopmentofcomputerizedmaterialselectionsystem.TheimportanceofKnowledge-basedsystem(KBS)inthecontextofconcurrentengineeringisexplained.ThestudyofKBSinmaterialselectioninanengineeringdesignprocessisdescribed.Thedevelopmentinmaterialsdatabases,whichsometimesserveasmaterialselectionpackages,isalsodiscussed.TheuseofKBSinmaterialselectionandtheapplicationinthedomainofpolymeric-basedcompositearechosenastypicalexamples.2001PublishedbyElsevierScienceLtd.1.IntroductionMaterialsselectionisatasknormallycarriedoutbydesignandmaterialsengineers.GutteridgeandWater-man[1]describedtheaimofmaterialsselectionastheidentificationofmaterials,whichafterappropriatemanufacturingoperations,willhavethedimensions,shapeandpropertiesnecessaryfortheproductorcomponenttodemonstrateitsrequiredfunctionatthelowestcost.Forthepurposeofmaterialselection,thousandsofdatawouldbeneededtocharacterizeallthegradesofmaterials.Manyselectionsystemsareavailabletohelpdesignengineerstochoosethemostsuitablematerials.Atthemostbasiclevel,designengineerscouldusetablesofmaterialpropertiesindatabooks.However,datasheetsareincompleteandoncepublished,theyaredifficulttoupdate.DoddandFairfull[2]describedhowinformationaboutengineeringmaterials,canbedividedintotwomaincategories,i.e.dataandknowledge.Dataisdefinedastheresultsofmeasurements,whereasknowledgerepresentstheconnectionsbetweenitemsofdata,thesourceofthisknowledge,whichcontributestoanunderstandingoftheresults.BoththecomputerizeddatabaseandtheKBSofmaterialselectionwillbedescribedinthefollowingsections.2.Thematerialdatabaseformaterialsselection2.1.SupportingdataandrigorouslogicforthehypothesisandobseruationInrecentyears,attentionisbeingmadetotheuseofcomputersystemstostoreandprocessdataregardingthepropertiesofmaterials.Itenablesthedesignerstoachievelargecapacityandrapidretrievalfromacomputerdatabasetoprovideeasyaccesstothematerialsdata.AccordingtoPrasad[3],materialsarethecommonelementsenumeratingpartsinaproductrealizationprocess.Nowadays,designengineersnormallyrelyonthematerialsthattheyarefamiliarwith.However,whendesignrequirementsexceedtheconstraintsofsuchmaterialsorexceedtheconstraintsonmaterialproperties,concurrentengineeringteamsmustconsideralternativematerials.Withdirectonlineaccesstoamaterialsdatabase,theconcurrentengineeringteamscouldselectmaterialsthatarelighter,strongerandlowerincost.Assumingthattheimpactofsuchsubstitutionscanbeanalyzedorsimulated,theteamscouldeasilymakeanoptimumselectionofmaterialsfortheavailableprocesses,conservematerialsforeachprocessandthus,reducematerialwaste.White[4]emphasizedtheimportanceofcomputeraidedmaterialsselectionasbookshaveseveraldrawbacksastheyareoftenoutdatedbeforereachingthebookshelves.Itisverydifficulttoindexthemtofindanswersortosortdatainthemannerofyourchoice.Acomputerizedsystem,whichprovidesaccesstomaterialsdata,isnotnecessarilyamaterialsselectionsystem,althoughaccesstodataisessentialtofacilitateselection.2.2.CriticalreviewThissectionreviewsthedevelopmentofcomputerizedmaterialsdatabasesthatenableddesignerstoselectthematerialsinmechanicalengineeringdesignapplication.ThedevelopmentofmaterialdatabaseshasbeenreportedbyHarmer[5],Breueretal[6-10],Baur[11-12],Michaeli[13],Ashby[14-15]andCebonandAshby[16-17].Harmer[5]reportedthatvariousdatabasesystemshavebeendevelopedforplastics,elastomersandrubberssuchastheCambridgeMaterialsSelector(CMS),CAMPUS,SelectorII,Plaspec,CenBASE/Materials,Mat.DB,PlasticsDesignLibrary.EngineeredMaterialsAbstracts,FUNDUS,ProspectorPlus,Polymat,SPAO,Pro-Concept,Explorer,Platt'Psolymerscan,StandardsInfodisk,PiraAbstracts,PackagingScienceandTechnologyAbstracts,Chem-IntellandWeldasearch.Computer-aidedmaterialpre-selectionbyuniformstandards(CAMPUS)isawidelyusedmaterialsdatabaseforplastics[6-10].AproductsimilartothatofCAMPUSisadatabaseconcernedwiththeselectionoflongfiberreinforcedplastics.ThissystemiscalledFUNDUSanditallowsthedistributionofmaterialinformationfromtheproducertothedesignerend-user[11-13].Assuch,itisofinteresttoallwhoworkwithsheetmoldingcompound(SMC),bulkmoldingcompound?.BMCorglass-matthermoplastic(GMT)materialsasreportedbyBaur[11-12]andMichaelietal.[13].CAMPUSandFUNDUShavefeatures,whichallowtheusertoviewallpropertiesforanylistedproduct,printthedataforanyproductsearchthedatabaseforproductssatisfyingspecificpropertyrequirements,selectandviewpropertiesforcomparison,andsortaccordingtospecificrequirementinascendingordescendingorder.Ashby[14,15]andCebonandAshby[16-17]developedacomputerizedmaterialsselectionsystemcalledCambridgeMaterialsSelector(CMS).Thesystemusesmaterialsselectioncharts,whichareawayofdisplayingmaterialpropertydatathroughtheuseofoptimizationprocedures.Theselectionprocessdependsonimplementingperformanceindices,acombinationofmaterialproperties,whichifmaximized,optimizesperformance.Thechartsaredevelopedtopresentthematerials,andtheperformanceindices,sothatthemostsuitableselectionofmaterialsandshapecanbecarriedout.機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)選材基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)S.M.Sapuan摘要本文致力于研究對(duì)各種材料選擇的電腦化系統(tǒng)發(fā)展。并對(duì)以基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)在并行工程環(huán)境（KBS）的重要性進(jìn)行了解釋。KBS的研究在材料選擇方面由一個(gè)工程設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程來(lái)描述。材料數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的發(fā)展，和選材服務(wù)，也被討論到了。在材料選擇KBS和使用中的聚合物基復(fù)合材料領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用是選材典型的例子。2001年由Elsevier科學(xué)有限公司出版。1.簡(jiǎn)介材料選擇通常是設(shè)計(jì)和材料工程師一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。加特里奇和水人[1]中是這樣描述選擇材料的:經(jīng)過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)闹圃鞓I(yè)務(wù)，將有尺寸，形狀和性能的產(chǎn)品或組件要以最低的成本展示其規(guī)定功能的材料選擇的目標(biāo)。對(duì)于選材的目的，成千上萬(wàn)的數(shù)據(jù)將需要所有的材料的特性。許多選擇系統(tǒng)可以幫助設(shè)計(jì)工程師選擇最合適的材料。在最基本的層面上，設(shè)計(jì)工程師可利用材料性能數(shù)據(jù)手冊(cè)表。但是，數(shù)據(jù)表是不完整的，一旦公布，他們是難以更新。多德和范福[2]描述了有關(guān)工程材料的資料，可分為兩大類，即數(shù)據(jù)和知識(shí)的分歧。數(shù)據(jù)被定義為測(cè)量的結(jié)果，而信息代表之間的數(shù)據(jù)，在這方面的知識(shí)，這有助于對(duì)結(jié)果的認(rèn)識(shí)源項(xiàng)目的連接。無(wú)論是計(jì)算機(jī)化的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和材料選擇的KBS將在以下各節(jié)描述。2.針對(duì)對(duì)材料選擇的材料數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)2.1支持這一假設(shè)的數(shù)據(jù)和嚴(yán)密的邏輯近年來(lái)，關(guān)注正在面向計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)來(lái)存儲(chǔ)和處理數(shù)據(jù)的有關(guān)材料的性能。它使得設(shè)計(jì)者能夠在實(shí)現(xiàn)大容量和快速的從一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里檢索到資料數(shù)據(jù)。據(jù)普拉薩德［3］，材料是在列舉部分產(chǎn)品實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程的共同要素。如今，設(shè)計(jì)工程師通常依賴于材料，他們所熟悉的。然而，當(dāng)超過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)要求這些材料的限制或超過(guò)材料特性的限制，并行工程團(tuán)隊(duì)必須考慮替代材料。隨著直接在線訪問材料數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，并行工程團(tuán)隊(duì)可以選擇的材料，重量更輕，更強(qiáng)，成本更低。假設(shè)，這種替代的影響可以分析或模擬，團(tuán)隊(duì)可以輕而易舉地把一個(gè)可用進(jìn)程的最佳選擇材料，節(jié)約每一個(gè)程序的材料，因此，減少材料浪費(fèi)是必須的。白［4］強(qiáng)調(diào)了計(jì)算機(jī)選型輔助材料的重要性，圖書有幾個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，他們往往在到達(dá)的書架得時(shí)候已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)。這使得他們很難找到答案指標(biāo)進(jìn)行排序或在您選擇的方式的數(shù)據(jù)。電腦化系統(tǒng)，它提供了訪問數(shù)據(jù)的材料，并不一定是材料選擇系統(tǒng)，雖然對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的訪問是必要的，以方便選擇。2.2嚴(yán)格審查本節(jié)回顧了計(jì)算機(jī)化的材料數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，使設(shè)計(jì)人員選擇了機(jī)械工程設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用材料的發(fā)展。材