《英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)》知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納

EnglishLexicology(英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué))Lexicology:isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Chapter1--BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyWord:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceSoundandmeaning:almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”Soundandform:不統(tǒng)一的四個(gè)原因（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother（2）thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary詞匯Vocabulary:allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary詞語(yǔ)分類(lèi)ClassificationofEnglishWords：1.Byusefrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabulary基本詞匯的特征:1)All-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2)Stability3)Productivity（多產(chǎn)性）4)Polysemy（多義性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）沒(méi)有上述特征的詞:(1)Terminology(術(shù)語(yǔ))(2)Jargon（行話(huà)）(3)slang（俚語(yǔ)）(4)Argot（暗語(yǔ)）（5）Dialectalwords(6)Archaisms（古語(yǔ)）(7)Neologisms（新詞語(yǔ)）:Neologisms2.Bynotion:contentwords實(shí)詞&functionalwords虛詞3.Byorigin:nativewords&borrowedwordsNativewords（本族語(yǔ)詞）:Twootherfeatures:(1)neutralinstyle(2)frequentinuseBorrowedwords/Loanwords:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)1)denizens(同化詞，融入英語(yǔ)):(shirtfromskyrta(ON))2)aliens（非同化詞/外來(lái)詞，可以看出源頭）:kowtow3)translationloans(譯借詞):按其他語(yǔ)言方式組成英語(yǔ)longtimenosee/tofu4)semanticloans（借義詞）：theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowed

pioneer本指開(kāi)拓者，先引申為先鋒。Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary印歐語(yǔ)系TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印歐語(yǔ)群）TheEasternset:(1)TheBalto-slavicGroup（波羅的-斯拉夫語(yǔ)族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.(2)TheIndo-IranianGroup（印度-伊朗語(yǔ)族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.(3)TheArmenianGroup（亞美尼亞語(yǔ)族）：Armenian.(4)TheAlbanianGroup（阿爾巴尼亞語(yǔ)族）：Albanian.TheWesternset:(5)TheHellenicGroup（古希臘語(yǔ)族）：Greek.(6)TheItalianGroup（意大利語(yǔ)族）：Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian)etc.(7)TheCelticGroup（凱爾特語(yǔ)族）：Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.(8)TheGermanicGroup（日耳曼語(yǔ)族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.三個(gè)發(fā)展階段TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):wasIhighinflectedlanguage.2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):retainesmuchfewerinflections（1066法國(guó)開(kāi)始入侵英國(guó)）3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)始于印刷術(shù)英語(yǔ)外來(lái)元素Foreignelements：Latin（warandagriculture/羅馬人把基督教帶到英國(guó)churchterms）Greek(science/sports/medicine/politics)French(governmentandadministration/feudalism/religion/morality)Scandinavian納維亞人（nouns、pronouns/birds/sea）Minorelements：Italian、German、Dutch、SpanishandPortuguese、Celtic詞匯的發(fā)展模式ModesofVocabularyDevelopment:1)創(chuàng)造新詞creation：theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexisting.2)舊詞新義semanticchange:createmanymorenewuseagesofthewords.3)借用外來(lái)詞borrowing:constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwordsChapter3WordFormationI詞素Morpheme:thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords詞素變體Allomorph:isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning詞素的分類(lèi)TypeofMorpheme（1）FreeMorphemes:Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(independent).（2）BoundMorpheme:Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.

FreeMorpheme=freerootMorpheme(詞素)Boundrootprefixbound

derivational派生

suffixaffixinflectional曲折判斷題：affixmustbeboundmorphemes√不是所有的詞都需要自由詞素√per-ceive

trans-late

re-mit大部分詞語(yǔ)是派生的√詞根和詞干Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.Chapter4Word-FormationII(構(gòu)詞法)詞綴法（Derivation派生法）：theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formaingorderivationalaffixestostem.（1）Prefixation：It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.1)Negativeprefixes(否定):un-,non-,in-,dis,a-,il-,ir-,im-,(notobey)2)Reversativeprefixes（逆反前綴）:un-,de-，dis-etc.unwrap(open)3)Pejorativeprefixes:mis（貶義）：mal-,pseudo-(badbehavior)4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize(程度前綴)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect.overweight5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude（傾向）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-6)Locativeprefixes（方位）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,etc.extraordinaryoftimeandorder（時(shí)間和順序前綴）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.monorail(onerail)8)Numberprefixes（數(shù)字前綴）:uni-，mono-,bi-，di-,tri-,multi-，poly-，semi-，9)Miscellaneousprefixes（混雜前綴）：auto-,neo-,pan-,(2)Suffixation（后綴法）:It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.1)nounsuffixes

2)adjectivesuffixes

3)Adverbsuffixes

4)verbsuffixes復(fù)合法

（alsocalledcomposition）Compounding:istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestemsCompoundsarewritteninthreeways:solid連寫(xiě)(airmail)，hyphenated帶連字符(air-conditioning)andopen分開(kāi)寫(xiě)(airforce,airraid)Formationofcompounds（復(fù)合詞的形式）（1）nouncompounds：.:airplane=airplane,flowerpot=flowerpot（2）adjectivecompounds：.

acidhead=acid-head（3）verbcompounds：.

housekeep=housekeep轉(zhuǎn)類(lèi)法Conversion:istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.（功能轉(zhuǎn)換，又叫零派生.functionalshift/zero-derivation）拼綴法Blending:istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.:smokefog=smog,formulatranslation=FORTRAN截短法Clipping:istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremains

planefromairplane,

phonefromtelephone.四種形式：1).Frontclippings(phonefromtelephone)

2).Backclippings(dormfromdormitory)3).Frontandbackclippings(flufrominfluenza)4).Phraseclippings(popfrompopularmusic)

首字母縮寫(xiě)法Acronymy:istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.（1）Initialism（首字母縮寫(xiě)詞法）:BBC(forBritishBroadcastingcorporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)（逆生法，逆構(gòu)詞）(greedfromgreedy)FromProperName(專(zhuān)有名詞轉(zhuǎn)成法):.:watt（瓦特，電功率單位）Chapter5WordMeaningReference(所指):Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.Concept（概念）:whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition(認(rèn)識(shí)),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense（意義）:Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’Motivation(理?yè)?jù))：Itaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.1)Onomatopoeicmotivation（擬聲理?yè)?jù)）:wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning..:bang,ping-pong,haha.2)Morphologicalmotivation（形態(tài)理?yè)?jù)）:multi-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines..:airmail,miniskirt.例外：blackmarket,ect.3)Semanticmotivation（詞義理?yè)?jù)）：referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.:thefootofthemountain(foot)4)Etymologicalmotivation（詞源理?yè)?jù)）:thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.:pen-feather詞義的類(lèi)別Typesofmeaning1.語(yǔ)法意義GrammaticalMeaning:indicatesthegrammaticalconceptorrelationships2.詞匯意義LexicalMeaning：Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning4types:Connotative、Stylistic、Affective（appreciative&pejorative）、CollocativeChapter6--Senserelationandsemanticfield（語(yǔ)義關(guān)系和語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)）多義關(guān)系的兩種研究方法Twoapproachedtopolysemy1.歷時(shí)方法diachronicapproach：fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.2.共時(shí)方法synchronicapproach:synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.基本意義是centralmeaning,次要意義是derivedmeaning.詞義的兩種發(fā)展類(lèi)型Twoprocessesofdevelopment1.radiation（輻射型）：isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.:face,neck)2.連鎖型concatenation:isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovegraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.:treacle)3.Inradiation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.Inconcatenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.4.Theyarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.Homonymy（同形同音異義關(guān)系）:wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.類(lèi)別Typesofhomonyms1）Perfecthomonyms一詞多義2)Homographs（同形異義詞）:同一個(gè)詞發(fā)音不同意思不同wordsidenticalonlyinspelling,butdifferentinsoundandmeaning.(最多最常見(jiàn))3）Homophones（同音異義詞）來(lái)源Originsofhomonyms1）changeinsoundandspelling：(eare-ear,lang-long,langian-long)2）borrowing(feria-fair,beallu-ball,baller-ball)3）Shortening(縮略):(ad-advertisement,)同音同形異義詞和多義詞區(qū)別ThedifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemes1)基本區(qū)別Homonymyreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandpolysemyaretheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.2)etymology(詞源)：Harefromdifferentsources.Parefromthesamesource.3)semanticrelatedness(語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)):Thevariousmeaningsofpolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaning.Meaningsofdifferenthomonymyshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms(同形同音異義詞的修辭特色)：Ashomonymsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones,theyareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectof,say,humor,sarcasmorridicule.Synonymy(同義關(guān)系):oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.TypesofSynonymy(同義詞的類(lèi)別):synonyms（完全同義詞）synonyms（相對(duì)）:change/alter/vary,stagger/reel/totter,strange/odd/queer)Sourcesofsynonyms(同義詞的來(lái)源)

:1)Borrowing：(room-chamber,foe-enemy,help-aid,leave-depart,wise-sage,buy-purchase)2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords（單詞的修飾和委婉法）:occupation/profession-walkoflife,dreamer--star-gazer,drunk-elevated,lie-distortoffact.4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions（與習(xí)慣表達(dá)一致）:win-gaintheupperhand,decide-makeupone’smind,finish-getthrough,hesitate-beintwominds,help-lendoneahand.同義詞辨析DiscriminationofSynonymsindenotation外延.Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaning.(rich-wealthy,work-toil,want-wish-desire)inconnotation內(nèi)涵.Byconnotationwemeanthestylisticandemotivecolouringofwords.Somewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylisticappropriateness.(借詞：answer-respond,storm-tempest,wood-forest,handy-manual,unlike-dissimilar,homely-domestic,fleshy-carnal.中性詞：policeman-constable-bobby-cop,ask-beg-request.古語(yǔ)詞、詩(shī)歌：ire/anger,bliss-happiness,forlorn-distresses,dire-dreadful,list-listen,enow-enough,save-expect,mere-lake)inapplication.Manywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferenceinusageinsimpleterms.Theyformdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferencesentencepatterns.(allowsb.todo

letsb.dosth./answertheletter-replytotheletter)反義關(guān)系A(chǔ)ntonymy:itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.TypesofAntonyms:1)contradictoryterms(矛盾反義詞):theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.特點(diǎn)：①Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.②Suchantonymsarenon-gradable.Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsofintensitylike“very”toqualifythem.:single/married)2)contraryterms（對(duì)立反義詞）:antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.:old/young,rich/young,big/small)Thetwooppositesaregradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother.3)relativeterms（關(guān)系反義詞）：thistypeconsistsofrelationalopposites.（parent/child,husband/wife,employee/employer,

sell/buy,receive-give）反義關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)Someofthecharacteristicsofantonyms1)antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition(語(yǔ)義對(duì)立)2)awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym3)antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion（語(yǔ)義內(nèi)涵）4)contrarytermsaregradableantonyms，differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.(hot/warm:hot-cold/warm-cool)反義詞的使用Theuseofantonyms1）Antonymsarehelpfulandvaluableindefiningthemeaningofwords.2)Toexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthoughtforthesakeofcontrast.:nowornever,rainorshine,friendorfoe敵友，wealandwoe哀樂(lè))3）Toformantithesis(對(duì)比法)toachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideatogether.(proverbsandsayings:easycome,easygo./morehaste,lessspeed.上下義關(guān)系Hyponymy：Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimal上義詞和下義詞SuperordinateandSubordinate：usesubordinateswhichareconcreteandprecise,presentingavividverbalpicturebeforethereader.Superordinateswhichconveyonlyageneralandvagueidea.語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)SemanticFieldViewingthetotalmeaninginthiswayisthebasisoffieldtheory..(apple,pear,peach,date,mango,orange,lemon,

etc.makeupthesemanticfieldof‘fruits’)Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguage..(auntinEnglish,maymeans“父親的姐姐，媽媽的姐姐，父親哥哥的妻子”inChinese.(122)Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning詞義的演變?cè)~義變化的種類(lèi)TypesofChanges1.Extension/generalization2.Narrowing/specialization3.ioration(詞義的升華):referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble（粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportance.

[nice,marshal,constable,angel,knight,earl,governor,fond,minister,chamberlain]4.Degradation/pejoration(詞義的降格):Aprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometousedinderogatory（貶損的）sense.[boor,churl,wench,hussy,villain,silly,knave,lewd,criticize,lust]5.Transfer(詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移):Wordswhichwereusedtodesignate指明onethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.詞義變化的原因CausesofSemanticChange1.外部因素1)Historicalreason2)Classreason階級(jí)原因3)Psychologicalreason心理原因2.內(nèi)部原因：1)shorting縮略:gold-goldmedal,gas-coalgas,bulb-lightbulb,private-privatesoldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy類(lèi)推:Chapter8

MeaningandContext詞義和語(yǔ)境Twotypesofcontext（語(yǔ)境的種類(lèi)）1.Extra-linguisticcontext/Non-linguisticsituation（非語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境）：Inabroadsense,contextincludesthephysicalsituationaswell,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.(lookout,weekend,landlord)context/grammaticalcontext(語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境)：Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Itmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.分為兩類(lèi)：1)Lexicalcontext（詞匯語(yǔ)境）：Itreferstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.:paper,do)2)Grammaticalcontext（語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)境）：Itrefersthesituationwhenthemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.:become)語(yǔ)境的作用Theroleofcontextofambiguity(消除歧義)1）Ambiguityduetopolysemyorhomonymy.2）Grammaticalstructurecanalsoleadtoambiguity如何消除歧義——①extendtheoriginalsentence②alterthecontextalittleofreferents(限定所指)如何限定所指——①withclearcontext②withadequateverbalcontextofcluesforinferringword-meaning(提供線(xiàn)索以猜測(cè)詞義)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下義關(guān)系）7)relevantdetails8)wordstructureChapter9

EnglishIdioms習(xí)語(yǔ)定義Idioms:areexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromthei