2018考研英語二模擬試題1

2018考研英語二模擬試題及答案（一）Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,__1__thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan__2__alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto__3__themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungman’sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.__4__,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.__5__aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying__6__agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,__7__bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand__8__prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,__9__cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebride’sandgroom’swrists,and__10__acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe__11__.Newlysedstraditionallymoveinwiththewife’sparentsandmay__12__withthemuptoayear,__13__theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto__14__,butnotcommon.Divorecedpersonsare__15__withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains__16__propertyheorshe__17__intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis__18__equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice__19__up:Thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry__20__thewomanmustwaittenmonths.1.[A]bywayof[B]onbehalfof[C]aswellas[D]withregardto[標準答案][C]aswellas[考點解析]邏輯關(guān)系[選項解析]因為考察邏輯關(guān)系，所以需要我們先對填空前后的原文信息做定位解析：空格處身處大環(huán)境notonlybutalso之中，這是一個顯然的并列關(guān)系，表示“不單而且”，該空后邊的those指代前文出現(xiàn)的“parentsandfriends”，顯然“theyoungman”與“theyoungwoman”為并列關(guān)系，表示“與他自己以及伴侶的父親母親朋友相關(guān)”，所以答案只好是[C]項aswellas也，又。[A]項bywayof經(jīng)過，[D]項withregardto關(guān)于，[B]項onbehalfof代表。2.[A]adaptto[B]providefor[C]competewith[D]decideon[標準答案][D]decideon[考點解析]上下文語義[選項解析]依據(jù)該句的主語ayoungman與賓語alikelyspouse的關(guān)系，答案只好是[D]項decideon“決定”，表示自己決定自己的配偶。[B]項providefor為供給準備，優(yōu)選provide為及物動詞，直接跟賓語，不需要加介詞；[C]項competewith“與競爭”，[A]項adaptto“適用”。3.[A]close[B]remew[C]arrange[D]postpone[標準答案][C]arrange[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞辨析[選項解析]該句意思為：他能夠自己選擇自己中意的伴侶并讓父親母親_____婚姻談判。四個選項中，[A]項close關(guān)閉；[B]項renew更新，恢復；[D]項postpone推延；這三項語義不正確，只有[C]項arrange“安排”吻合語境。4.[A]Aboveall[B]Intheory[C]Intime[D]Forexample[標準答案][B]Intheory[考點解析]上下文語義[選項解析]邏輯判斷題主若是看前后兩句的含義，前面說“他能夠自己選擇自己中意的伴侶并讓父親母親安排婚姻談判，或許完整由父親母親選擇對象，不給孩子選擇的時機?！笨崭窈竺嬲f“女方能夠反對她父親母親所選擇的對象。”這兩句之間顯然是相反的關(guān)系，且有一個may，更證明[B]項Intheory“理論上說”的正確性，而其余選項[A]項Aboveall最重要的是，[C]項Intime準時，[D]項Forexample舉例，均不吻合題意。5.[A]Although[B]Lest[C]After[D]Unless[標準答案][C]After[考點解析]上下文語義[選項解析]依據(jù)下文“______aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheother”可知，只有對象選擇好后，父親母親才會去檢查對方，顯然表達的是時間先后序次，所以只有after才對。其余選項[A]項Although只管，[B]項Lest省得，惟恐，[D]Unless除非，不然都不吻合題意。6.[A]into[B]within[C]from[D]through[標準答案][A]into[考點解析]上下文語義及介詞辨析[選項解析]這里主若是看marry與相關(guān)介詞的固定搭配及句意理解。這里marryinto就是指“經(jīng)過婚姻獲取[成為]的一員”，而其余選項均沒有這層含義。7.[A]since[B]or[C]but[D]so[標準答案][C]but[考點解析]邏輯關(guān)系[選項解析]依據(jù)上文“以前婚禮會連續(xù)三天”，出處句子意為“到了20世紀80年代，婚禮只連續(xù)一天半”，顯然與前文發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變，為比較關(guān)系，所以選擇[C]項but但是。優(yōu)選8.[A]copy[B]test[C]recite[D]create[標準答案][C]recite[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞辨析[選項解析]空格處需要填一個動詞，和后邊的prayersofblessing所搭配，[C]項recite有“吟誦、朗誦”的意思，與所給短語搭配最為合理，譯為“吟誦祝愿的祈禱文”。9.[A]folding[B]piling[C]wrapping[D]tying[標準答案][D]tying[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞辨析[選項解析]本題需要依據(jù)上下文語義解析，空格處需要搭配后文“棉線”，縱觀四個選項[A]項折疊，[B]項聚積，[C]項包裹，[D]項系上，依據(jù)后文的“aroundthebride’sandgroom’swrists在新郎和新娘的腰間”，只有[D]項“將在圣水中浸過的棉線系在新郎和新娘的腰間”吻合句意。10.[A]passing[B]lighting[C]hiding[D]serving[標準答案][A]passing[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞辨析[選項解析]原文空格需要填寫一個動詞與后文“aroundacircle”來搭配，譯為“將蠟燭傳一圈”，故[A]項“傳達”為正確選項。[B]項點亮，[C]項隱蔽，[D]項服務。11.[A]meeting[B]collection[C]association[D]union[標準答案][D]union[考點解析]名詞辨析[選項解析]本句語義為“將蠟燭繞著幸福成婚和受人敬愛的夫婦傳達一圈來祝?！?，[D]項結(jié)合，引申為“婚姻”之意；依據(jù)語境，[D]項正確。12.[A]grow[B]part[C]deal[D]live[標準答案][D]live[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞辨析[選項解析]本題比較簡單。依據(jù)語義“依據(jù)傳統(tǒng)，新婚夫婦要搬到老婆父親母親家，與父母____一年”，[D]項“生活”為最正確答案。[C]項交易，[B]項分開，[A]項成長。13.[A]whereas[B]until[C]if[D]for[標準答案][B]until[考點解析]時間邏輯關(guān)系[選項解析]本句意為“_____他們在周邊建筑一棟新房子”，[A]項但是，[B]項直到，項因為，[C]項若是，結(jié)合前文“新婚夫婦依據(jù)傳統(tǒng)要和女方家人生活一年”，前后存在必然的時間關(guān)系，[B]項“直到”最吻合原文語境，搭配最為合理。優(yōu)選[B]whatever[C]項最吻合句意。14.[A]avoid[B]follow[C]challenge[D]obtain[標準答案][D]obtain[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞辨析[選項解析]Divorceislegalandrelativelyeasyto__14__,butnotcommon.該句句意為“離婚是合法的，且相對簡單____?！盵A]項avoid防備，[B]項follow隨從，[C]項challenge挑戰(zhàn)，思疑，[D]項obtain獲取，實現(xiàn)。依據(jù)要點詞“l(fā)egal”可知這里表達的是正面的意思，再依據(jù)句意選擇[D]項。15.[A]isolated[B]persuaded[C]viewed[D]exposed[標準答案][C]viewed[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞辨析[選項解析]Divorcedpersonsare__15__withsomedisapproval.離婚的人一些不認同。本段第一句提到“離婚是合法的且相對簡單獲取贊成，但是不常有。”這句實際上是在說明離婚其實不常有的原由，[A]項isolated孤立，[B]項persuaded勸告，[C]項viewed對待，[D]項exposed接觸，碰到的影響，16.[A]whereever[C]whenever[D]however[標準答案][B]whatever[考點解析]關(guān)系代詞辨析[選項解析]Eachspouseretains___16___propertyheorshe__17__intothemarriage.17小題四個選項都是動詞，所以該句意思為：夫婦兩方保有財富，這個財富是他或她進婚姻的。結(jié)合[A]項whereever“無論何地；任何（地方）=anyplacewhere(定從)”；[B]項whatever“無論什么；任何（東西）=anythingthat/any+Nthat”；[C]項whenever無論何時；任何時間=anytimewhen；[D]項however無論怎樣；無論多么。依據(jù)語義，這里應該不是退步的關(guān)系，并且填的這個詞還要能修飾property。所以，選擇[B]項，等于retainsanypropertythatheorshe。17.[A]changed[B]brought[C]shaped[D]pushed[標準答案][B]brought[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞義辨析[選項解析]Eachspouseretains___16___propertyheorshe__17__intothemarriage，結(jié)合[A]項changed“改變”，[B]項brought“帶來”，[C]項shaped“形成”，[D]項pushed“推，強迫”。結(jié)合語境只有[B]項吻合句意，意為“把財富帶入婚姻”。18.[A]invested[B]divided[C]donated[D]withdrawn[標準答案][B]divided[考點解析]上下文語義及動詞義辨析[選項解析]...andjointly-acquiredpropertyis__18__equally.結(jié)合[A]項invested投資；[B]優(yōu)選項divided分配；分開；[C]項donated捐贈；[D]項withdrawn撤出，提取。依據(jù)語義應該是共同財富被（夫婦兩方）均分，所以選擇[B]項。19.[A]warms[B]clears[C]shows[D]breaks[標準答案][C]shows[考點解析]動詞固定搭配[選項解析]Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice__19__up.該句語義為離過婚的人或許會再婚，但是性別成見。[A]項warmup加熱，熱身；[B]項clearup（天氣）變晴，整理，除掉；[C]項showup展現(xiàn)；[D]項breakup分裂，分開；依據(jù)句意，選擇[C]項。20.[A]while[B]sothat[C]once[D]inthat[標準答案][A]while[選項解析]上下文語義[考點解析]本句句意為：離婚的男性再婚不需要等待期，女性一定等十個月。顯然前后兩句存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，只有[A]項while“但是”能夠表達這個意思。SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep—andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.優(yōu)選Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrance’sactions,Denmark’sfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:“Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.’Thecharter’smaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek,whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.【答案】[A]Physicalbeautywouldberedefined【解析】推斷題。依據(jù)France定位到文章前兩段，第一段講法國決準時裝業(yè)失掉了定義（define）形體美（physicalbeauty）的絕對權(quán)利。法國的立法者經(jīng)過了一項法律，聘任超瘦的模特屬于犯罪，議會也嚴禁網(wǎng)站經(jīng)過尊崇極端節(jié)食“煽動過分瘦小”。第二段第二句提到“Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.That’sastart.他們建議漂亮不應該以損害身體健康為代價的表面來界定。”由此可知，法國經(jīng)過立法手段來改變法國時裝業(yè)模特超瘦的現(xiàn)狀，即[A]項的“形體美將會被重新定義”，是對原文內(nèi)容的合理推斷。[B]項“將會建筑新的舞臺”，[C]項“相關(guān)節(jié)食的網(wǎng)站將會流行”，[D]項“時裝業(yè)將會衰落”，均不能夠從文中推斷出來，屬于“招惹是非”。Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para2)isclosestinmeaningto____[A]heighteningthevalueof.[B]indicatingthestateof.losingfaithin.doingharmto.【答案】[D]doingharmto【解析】猜詞題。定位到第二段第二句“Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.他們建議漂亮不應該以身體健康為代價的表面來界定。”impingingon后邊的賓語為“health”，即對健康的某種影響。依據(jù)第二段第三句“對超瘦模特的禁令憂如不只是是在防備模特受餓致死——正如曾有人這么做過的”，可見法國目前的對漂亮的定義致使了有人為了保持身材，受餓致死，所以推斷出這一短語在這里的意思為“入侵，損害”，[D]項“對有害”正確。[A]項“加強了的價值”，[B]項“反響優(yōu)選了的狀態(tài)”，[C]項“對失掉信心”均不吻合句意。Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?[A]TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.[B]NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.[C]Modelarenolongerunderpeerpressure.[D]Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.【答案】[B]NewStandardsarebeingsetinDenmark【解析】細節(jié)題。依據(jù)第五段第二句話“InDenmark,...itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashion...在丹麥，它正試一試為模特設定自發(fā)的標準”，可知[B]項“在丹麥新的標準正在被設定”是對原文的同義替代。[A]項“法國的舉措失敗了”；[C]項“不再有來自同行執(zhí)法的壓力”，文章第五段第二句后半句提到“imagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement”，屬于“正反混淆”；[D]項“它固有的問題變得更嚴重了”，文中第五段只提實時裝業(yè)有固有的問題，并未說起“變得更嚴重”，屬于“招惹是非”。AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor____[A]settingahighagethresholdformodels.[B]caringtoomuchaboutmodels’character.[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.[D]pursuingperfectphysicalconditions.【答案】[C]showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors【解析】推斷題。題設為“一個設計師很可能因為何原由被CFW拒絕”，依據(jù)要點詞CFW可回到文中定位至倒數(shù)第二段，該段提到丹麥的時髦界就相關(guān)模特的年齡、健康及其他特點的內(nèi)容達成一致建議，且一項新法案也明確規(guī)定，他們已經(jīng)意識到時髦界關(guān)于人們尤其是年輕人的身體健康所帶來的影響，并且應該對此肩負責任，這一法規(guī)的執(zhí)行方式就是拒絕一些設計師和模特經(jīng)紀機構(gòu)參加哥本哈根時裝周（CFW）。所以[C]項的“不關(guān)懷健康要素”吻合題意，為正確答案。[D]項“追求圓滿的身體狀況”，[B]項的“過多關(guān)注模特的性格”，項“設定了一個模特高齡門檻”，均不吻合題意。Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?[A]TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustry[B]JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeauty[C]ADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFrance[D]AChallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdeals【答案】[D]AchallengetotheFashionIndustry’sBodyIdeals【解析】主旨題。本文從首段就開始闡述法國經(jīng)過立法嚴禁聘任超瘦的模特，時裝業(yè)已經(jīng)失掉了定義女性身體之美的絕對權(quán)利，且議會也嚴禁網(wǎng)站經(jīng)過宣傳過分節(jié)食來重申過分消瘦。第二段連續(xù)說明漂亮不能夠只看表面，更不能夠以犧牲健康為代價，時裝業(yè)應該為傳達給女性的不良信息負責。第三段說明女性不該讓別人來評判自己的漂亮。第四段講法國的舉措更多的是依靠嚴格的處分。最后三段提到了丹麥與法國截然相反的舉措?？v觀全文，文章主要在講各個國家對解決目前模特超瘦的現(xiàn)狀的舉措，所以[D]項的“對時裝業(yè)身體典范的挑戰(zhàn)”優(yōu)選是對原文的“高度概括”。Text2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone--avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspect'spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof"cloudcomputing,"meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremeCourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto[A]searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.[B]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneoftolerance.indifference.disapproval.cautiousness.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentiscomparableto[A]gettingintoone'sresidence.[B]handingone'shistoricalrecords.[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.[D]goingthroughone'swallet.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.優(yōu)選thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.citizens'privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.(C)California'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.T226答案Bchecksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized解析：細節(jié)題。依據(jù)自然段定位原則，定位到首段。依據(jù)題干要點詞supremecourt，whether精確定位到第一段最后一句whetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephone.，與選項進行對應，即為B在不受權(quán)的狀況下檢查嫌疑人的電話信息。注意A選項應是searchcontents。27答案Cdisapproval解析：態(tài)度題。依據(jù)題干California'sargument定位到第二段最后一句及第三段首句，這些句子中提到hardrecklesslymodest等負向詞，表達的是負面態(tài)度?？催x項屬于負面的就是disapproval。A容忍，B冷淡是典型錯誤，D馬虎。28答案Agettingintoone'sresidence解析：細節(jié)題。題干問：作者以為找尋電話薄就相當于什么？依據(jù)段落界定原則定位到第四段轉(zhuǎn)折處，提到Butexploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.與選項對應，A中的residence對應home，是原文的贊成替代。注意D選項不是作者的看法，不能將文中人物看法看作作者看法。29答案Dcitizens'privacyisnoteffectiveprotected解析：細節(jié)題。依據(jù)題干定位到5段和6段，題干問作者最關(guān)注的是什么，即是相應段落的段落中心。所以，該題表面是細節(jié)題，實質(zhì)為段落核心。5段首句為中心句提到，應采取舉措保護數(shù)據(jù)隱私；6段又連續(xù)陳述原則的不適合之處。依據(jù)這些內(nèi)容，對應答案D市民隱私未能獲取有效保護。30答案BNewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution解析：例證題。題干問的是引用OrinKerr的目的是什么，即OrinKerr是論據(jù)，其目的是論點。論點經(jīng)常在論據(jù)的前面，所以要找例子前面的一句話，即New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.與選項對應，就是Bnewtechnology是原詞復現(xiàn)，require等同于demands，reinterpretationoftheConstitution同義替代applicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections。Text3“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinesses,”wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.”ButevenifyouacceptFiredman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies-atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompany’sproducts優(yōu)選areofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany’sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms’politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany’srecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabourorincreasingcorporagivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbridingforeignofficials,”saysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffectratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSRwithtoleranceskepticismuncertaintyapproval【答案】[B]【解析】看法態(tài)度題。題干問的是作者對相關(guān)CSR方面MiltonFriedman的說法是什么態(tài)度。依據(jù)信號詞MiltonFriedman這個人定位到首段。注意題干問的是作者的看法，所以定位到第二句but轉(zhuǎn)折處。But后句子的骨干為：thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut，可見作者對MiltonFriedman所說的內(nèi)容其實不完整贊成，應選擇答案[B]項思疑。[A]項容忍，[C]項不確立，[D]項贊成，這三項均不是作者的態(tài)度，故消除。AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby[A]winningtrustfromconsumers.[B]guardingitagainstmalpractices.[C]protectingitfrombeingdefamed.[D]raisingthequalityofitsproducts.【答案】[A]【解析】細節(jié)題。依據(jù)題干中的出處提示“Paragraph2”定位到第二段第二句：Thiscould優(yōu)選addvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.This指的是CSR，依據(jù)接下來講到的三點：第一點是，花費者以為這樣的公司產(chǎn)質(zhì)量量比較高；第二點是，顧客更愿意購買這樣公司的產(chǎn)品；第三點是，經(jīng)過一個更為廣泛的“暈輪效應”，花費者會更多地考慮這樣的公司的產(chǎn)品?？芍蠧SR支出的公司會吸引更多的花費者，[A]項“博得花費者的相信”，是對整個三點的總結(jié)，故為正確答案。[B]項防備公司里的玩忽職責，[C]項保護公司免受誹謗，[D]項提高公司產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量，均在原文中未說起，故消除。33.Theexpression“morelenient’(Line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningtomoreeffectivelesscontroversiallessseveremorelasting【答案】[C]【解析】猜詞題。依據(jù)題干中的出處提示“l(fā)ine2,para.4”及信號詞“morelenient”定位到原文中的第四段第一句：Thestudyfoundthat...penalties。顯然此句中morelenient修飾penalties(處分)，要想推斷出morelenient的含義，需要知道被起訴的公司中，那些有著全面的CSR項目的公司和penalties之間的聯(lián)系。本項在第五段的最后一句最簡單被看出來，第五段最后一句提到那些在CSR有較大投資的公司，當被起訴有賄賂行為時，所碰到的罰金要比平時的罰金低40%左右，可知這樣的公司會碰到較輕的處分，故morelenient是較輕，即較不嚴重的意思，應選[C]項。[A]項更有效的，[B]項較稀有爭議的，[D]項更長久的，這三項均不是morelenient的意思，故消除。Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany’sCSRrecord[A]hasanimpactontheirdecision.[B]comesacrossasreliableevidence.[C]increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized.[D]constitutespartoftheinvestigation.【答案】[A]【解析】細節(jié)題。題干問的是CSRrecord與prosecutorsevaluateacase的關(guān)系，依據(jù)題干中的信號詞prosecutorsevaluateacase可回文中定位到第五段第一句：Inall...inCSR。這里的beinfluenced與[A]項hasanimpact對應，即一個公司的CSR會影響檢察官對其案件的評估，應選[A]項。[B]項被檢察官以為是靠譜的憑據(jù)，[C]項增添了被處分的時機，[D]項組成了檢查的一部分，這三項均在原文中沒有說起，故消除。WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?[A]Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.[B]Thenecessaryamountofcompanies’spendingonitisunknown.[C]Companies’financialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.[D]Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.【答案】[B]【解析】判斷題題干問的是依據(jù)最后一段，相關(guān)CSR的闡述哪個是對的。定位到原文最優(yōu)選后一段，依據(jù)其內(nèi)容可知“研究人員認可到其研究沒有回答以下問題：公司應該在CSR方面花銷多少錢”。[B]項的意思是“公司在CSR方面的花銷是未知的”，屬于原文的同義替代，故正確。[A]項CSR對公司的負面影響經(jīng)常被忽略，[C]項公司對CSR的經(jīng)濟肩負力被過高預計了，[D]項CSR給銀行業(yè)帶來了好多好處，這三項在文中均為說起，故消除。Text4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe"unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions".Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit".Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom."ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thissagastillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefensewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby(A)theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.(B)companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices(C)governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.(D)thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that(A)GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.優(yōu)選morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks'sdefenserevealedacunningpersonality.centeredontrivialissues.washardlyconvincing.(D)waspartofaconspiracy.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows(A)generallydistortedvalues.(B)unfairwealthdistribution.(C)amarginalizedlifestyle.(D)arigidmoralcode.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?(A)Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.(B)Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.(C)Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.(D)Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.36.答案A.Theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.因果細節(jié)題題目問到Elisbeth因什么而感覺沮喪。定位在第一段第二句Intergrityhadcollapsed,...,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism"insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket,因為社會中唯一的分類體系是利潤和市場這一共同的看法，致使了正直這類道德品質(zhì)的淪喪。37.答案Bmorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking段落推斷題定位到第三段第一句Asthehackingtrialconcludesthewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands正如竊聽案總結(jié)的那樣，依舊存在更廣泛的dearthofintegrity的事件，與選項B對應。38.答案Cwashardlyconvincing看法細節(jié)題依據(jù)第四段第二句中astonishing，howlittle...,howlittle...Shenever...以及第三句中Sheknewnothing的語氣判斷作者的態(tài)度是認為RB的辯解是沒有說服力的。39.答案Agenerallydistortedvalues看法細節(jié)題題干定位在第五段第三句，答案定位在隨后的第四、第五句。Thecurrentcollectivedoctrine以為重要的是efficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,而以為justice,fairness不重要，故扭曲了價值觀。40.答案是Cmoralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.段落推斷題定位在最后一段前兩句。世界新聞雜志的目的不是提高讀者的理解能力。。。。而是為了刊行量和影響力而毀了人們的生活。從ruinedthelives的表達能看出作者希望雜志所做的是提高其道德意識，與C選項對應。PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearly,youtrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyour優(yōu)選implicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)________________.Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisevolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere?Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehensionbuttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)________________Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationshipofthetexttotheworld.(43)_____________Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)_____________.Thisdoesnot,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcernsdebatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit._____________.Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggestasothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo--thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesnotthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity-inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationsorpatterningweperceiveinatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.優(yōu)選【C】解析：41段中空，所以要看上句?？涨芭c空后句中的主語是you,所以正確選項在C、D中存在，此其一也；Ｄ中出現(xiàn)了reconstruct（重組）邏輯上是再次發(fā)生，與位于句首的邏輯發(fā)生了表達上的矛盾。故消除Ｄ選擇Ｃ。別的，Ｃ中的wordsoridioms和meanings在41空前句重現(xiàn)，因為前句中有identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem。42【E】解析：42段尾空，所以看上一句話?？涨耙痪渲械闹髡Z是you,所以正確選項在C、D、E中存在，此其一也；其二，該句中主句謂語動詞是infer,與E中的賓語inferences組成邏輯對應關(guān)系。故消除Ｃ和Ｄ選擇E。別的,42空前兩句提到了閱讀時我們會activeengagementininferenceandproblem-solving,并針對作者文中的specificevidenceandclues進行信息的推斷。Ｅ選項中further一詞表示連續(xù)此話題，用forinstance詳細舉例說明我們對文章信息作怎么樣的推斷。43【G】解析：43段尾空，應要點看本段上一句。同時下段開頭出現(xiàn)了代詞suchbackground，而G中最后一句中的backg