英漢詞化程度對比 (second major)

英漢詞化對比

ContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChineseLexicalization

Instructor:WeiHaiyanOntheotherhand,somepeoplethinkthatsettingofffirecrackersisabadthing.Becausefirecrackersareverydangerous.Theymightcausethefire,maketheeyes

blindandevenkillsomebody.Sotheymustbebanned.Ithinkfirecrackersneedn’tbebanned,buttheymustbelimited.Firecrackersaregoodthings,butwhentheymakepeopledangeroustheybecomebadthings.Sowhenwearesettingofffirecrackers,wemustpaymuchattentiontosafety.1.AnintroductiontoLexicalizationItistheprocessofmakingawordtoexpressaconcept.Oritistherealizationofameaninginasinglewordormorphemeratherthaninagrammaticalconstruction.(詞化是指一個短語或句子在使用過程中逐漸凝固成一個詞或詞項)AccordingtoBanczerowski,forthesameconceptormeaning,ifitisexpressedbyaphrase,itisanalyticexpression(分析型表達法);ifitisexpressedbyaword,itissyntheticexpression(綜合型表達法)。Obviously,syntheticexpressionislexicalizedexpression.2.英漢詞化程度對比2.1derivativewords有前綴in-,inter-,en-,dis-,counter-等構(gòu)成的派生詞。Inflame:使燃燒；使交替Interlace:使交織；EnableEmbarrass:使窘;使不好意思,使局促不安Dispirit:使氣餒;使沮喪Counterpoise:使平衡expound用例子說明,enlist謀取……的支持disown否認同自己有關(guān),disfigure毀損外形/容貌,·有后綴–ize,-en,-fy,-ate等構(gòu)成的派生詞。Dramatize使……戲劇化；使惹人注目Flatten把……弄平；弄平；使失去光澤；Identify使等同于isolate使孤立;使脫離2.2convertedwords轉(zhuǎn)類詞Heraisedhiseyebrows,cockedhishead,andregardedmeasthoughmeasuringmeforasuit.·形容詞轉(zhuǎn)使役性動詞Empty把……弄空，Perfect使完美，Clear使明凈·具體名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞Plague使染上瘟疫，Bog使陷入泥塘，Wrinkle使起皺紋，Powder把……弄成粉末，F(xiàn)rown皺眉表示反對，Hedge用樹籬笆圍起來Spiral呈螺旋狀上升，Diagram用圖來表示，Shepherd向牧羊人一樣照料，Patent獲得……的專利這些官員只是在魚肉百姓。小朋友們很喜歡在舞臺上秀自己。“春風又綠江南岸”驢不勝怒蹄之湯武身之也Example:John'sfathermovedasmallgeneratorintothedownstairshallway,wiredseverallightbulbstoitandpreparedaconnectiontotherefrigerator.Windandrainnowwhippedthehouse.Waterincheditswayupthestepsasfirst-flooroutsidewallscollapsed.Stripsofclothingfestoonedthestandingtrees.

Householdandmedicalsuppliesstreamedinbyplane,train,truckandcar.Camille,meanwhile,hadrakeditswaynorthwardacrossMississippi,…2.3單純詞Asimplewordiscomposedofasinglemorpheme.Itiscomparativelyhighindegreeoflexicalization.hit使認識;使明白,merge使合并，使結(jié)合,baffle使困惑；使挫折，阻礙,flush使得意；使興奮；使臉上發(fā)紅,strike使人突然想到,deprive是不能有,afflict使遭受極大的痛苦，折磨；annoy使生氣,puzzle使迷惑,dim使……看不清,fidget使坐立不安,verbsfor“talk,laugh,shout,see,motion”exclaim大聲說,guffaw大笑著說,blurt脫口而出；突然說出,stammer吞吞吐吐地說，結(jié)結(jié)巴巴地說,howl吼叫著說出,snap厲聲說；憤怒地說,bet打賭說,reiterate反復說,grasp氣喘吁吁地說,mumble含糊地說,whisper低聲說,babble喋喋不休,ejaculate突然說出,flounder錯亂地說出,支吾hiss嘶嘶地說出;sneer輕蔑地笑,beam眉開眼笑,chortle哈哈大笑,titter嗤嗤地笑；傻笑;brawl高聲叫喊,clamor大聲叫喊;stare目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看,blink驚愕地看;quiver微微顫抖,feast大吃大喝,grip緊緊抓住,buffet反復不斷地撞擊,accost走向前與之攀談,slouch無精打采地站,swish刷刷地甩動,nudge臂肘輕推促使某人注意,dangle晃來晃去地吊著；懸垂著,dread極度的害怕RadioandtelevisionwarningshadsoundedthroughoutthatSunday,lastAugust17,asCamillelashednorthwestwardacrosstheGulfofMexico.ItwascertaintopummelGulfport,Miss.,wheretheKosherslived.Theplacehasbeenheresince1915,andnohurricanehaseverbotheredit.Johnwatchedthewaterlapatthesteps…"riseslowly"

Rainfellsteadilythatafternoon;graycloudsscuddedinfromtheGulfontherisingwind.TheFrenchdoorsinanupstairsroomblewinwithanexplosivesoundButthecarswouldn'tstart;theelectricalsystemshadbeenkilledbywater.Shepeerednervouslyatherlitter.Amomentlater,thehurricane,inonemightyswipe,liftedtheentireroofoffthehouseandskimmedit40feetthroughtheair.Telephonepolesand20-inch-thickpinescrackedlikegunsasthewindssnappedthem.Atthatmoment,thewindtoreoutonewallandextinguishedthelantern.Asecondwallmoved,wavered,CharlieHilltriedtosupportit,butittoppledonhim,injuringhisback.Thelargerchildrensprawledonthefloor,withthesmalleronesinalayerontopofthem,andtheadultsbentoverallnine.Thefloortilted.TheKoshaksandtheirfriendshadsurvived.3.英漢詞化差異對英語教學的影響

Turnthefollowinganalyticexpressionsintosyntheticexpressions.1.Thenewsmadeusnolongeranxiousbutjoyful.2.WatchingtoomuchTVmakeschildrenunabletostudywell.3.Thisopportunitymakesmesharetheirexperienceandknowledge.4.Thelessonmakesmeneverforget.5.Allthefactsmakemeconcludethatmoneydoesn’tmeaneverything.6.TVmakespeoplehavefewchancestocommunicateeachother.7.Inasensethesocietymakeswomenunabletoenjoytheequalright.8.TVmakesusknowabouttheoutsideworld.9.Thisfailuremakesthemlearnthatcarefulpreparationisalwaysimportant.10.Ithinkitmakesmedealwithaffairslogically.11.Herdeparturefrommylifealsomademebecometodistrustthefriendship.12.Familylifemakesmefeelhappy.13.Settingofffirecrackersmightmakepeople’slivesdangerous14.Thepresentsituationsmakeushavethereasontobeoptimistic.15.Thecampaignshave,however,mademoreandmorepeoplerealizetheimportanceoftrafficrules.16.Thefloodcausedsome500peopletolosetheirlives.17)UsuallyIwillreadthenewspaperveryquicklyandtrytofindsomeinterestingstories.18)Itisnoteasytolookafteraspoiledchildlikeamother.19)Itrytohidemyinnerfearwithamaskofshowingconfidence.20)TakingaBoeing767plane,wewenttoShanghai.21)Thestreetsofthecityarecomplex,whichmakesmanyvisitorspuzzled.正如何善芬(2002:135)指出：“中國學生在用母語即漢語表達時，大多說情況習慣采用分析型表達，只偶爾用一用復合詞，這是語言的形態(tài)使然。但這種定式對用英語表達相應的漢語意義時選擇表達法干擾甚大，而英語動詞本身的情況（詞化程度的單純詞占絕大多數(shù)）則要求中國學生在用英語表達時不能只使用或太多太濫的使用分析型表達法，必須采用一些綜合型表達發(fā)來表達用分析型表達法來表達的一些漢語意義。否則，不可能學會比較地道、簡練的英語，無法做到盡可能縮小中國式英語和地道英語的差距。”翻譯1)…whoattachsuchgreatimportancetostayingalivethattheyclawtheirneighborstodeathjustfortheprivilege.2)Thenewspapersheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.3)Theprocessmadeisdwarfedbytheextentoftheproblem.4)Thedroughtisexpectednotonlytocripplethemodestindustrialdevelopmentofthosecountriesbutalsotoweakenprospectsforpoliticalstability.5)Thepresentpositionandpotentialitiesofthisregionjustifyoptimism.AnAmericanteacheroncesaid,toproducevivid,economic,andidiomaticlanguage,oneshouldtrytoavoidusing“bePattern”,usingmorepowerfulactionverbs（強有力的行為動詞）。1)TheSummerpalaceisoneofthebiggestandoldestparksinChina.ItisthemostbeautifulparkinBeijingaswell.Inthepark,therearemanyfamousarchitectureswhichmakeitquietdifferentfromotherparks.ManyfamousarchitecturalfeaturesdistinguishtheSummerPalace,oneofthebiggestandoldestparksinChina,fromjustanyotherpark.2)Afteritsnaturalscenery,thedominantfeatureofNankingistheYangtzeRiverBridge.Secondonlytothenaturalscenery,theYangtzeRiverBridgedominatesNanking.3)Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse.ThenameoftheparkisTian-tanPark,whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago.ItisthebiggestparkinBeijing.TheTian-Tanparkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell.NearmyhousestandsTian-Tan,thebiggestparkinBeijing,builtseveralhundredyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness.4)Thereisaplacewheredreamsofparadiseremotearetransformedintoreality.ItisverymuchtherealChina,embracingallofthetraditionalChinesegoods,cultureandhistory.Theplacetransformsdreamsofaremoteparadiseintoreality.ItembracesallofthetraditionalChinesegoods,cultureandhistory.5)Nanking’sclimateismarkedbyintensedryheatduringsummermonths,theoriginofitsreputationasoneoft