研究生英語精讀 王蕙等主編第一單元課后答案ppt

1HospitalsShiftSmokingBanstoSmokerBan

Morehospitalsandmedicalbusinessesinmanystatesareadoptingstrictpoliciesthatmakesmoking

areasontoturnaway

jobapplicants,sayingtheywanttoincreaseworkerproductivity,reducehealthcarecostsandencouragehealthierliving.

Thepoliciesreflectafrustrationthatsofterefforts-likebanningsmokingoncompanygrounds,offeringcessationprogramsandincreasinghealthcarepremiumsforsmokers-havenotbeenpowerful-enoughincentivestoquit.

這種規(guī)定反映出某種失敗-禁止吸煙者不在工作場所吸煙，實施禁煙活動，增加吸煙者的醫(yī)療保健費用，這些軟措施已經(jīng)不能強有力地激勵人們戒煙了。Thenewrulesessentiallytreatcigarettes

asanillegalnarcotic.Applicationsnowexplicitlywarnof“tobacco-freehiring，”jobseekersmustsubmittourinetestsfornicotine

andnewemployeescaughtsmokingfacetermination.新的規(guī)定從根本上認為香煙是一種非法的麻醉品，雇傭合同公開警告“吸煙者禁用”，求職者必須提交尿檢報告，新雇傭的員工一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)吸煙將面臨解雇。Thisshift—fromsmoke-freetosmoker-freeworkplaces—haspromptedsharpdebate,evenamonganti-tobaccogroups,overwhetherthepoliciesestablishatroublingprecedentofemployersintrudingintoprivatelivestobanahabitthatislegal.這種轉(zhuǎn)變——在職場禁止吸煙轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻梦鼰熣摺鹆思ち业臓幷?，甚至在反對吸煙的人群中，人們在爭論這些規(guī)定是否提供了一個令人不安的先例：雇主侵犯人們的私生活，禁止人們合法的行為習慣?！癐fenoughofthesecompaniesadoptthesespoliciesanditreallybecomesdifficultfor

smokerstofindjobs,therearegoingtobeconsequences,”said

Dr.MichaelSiegel,

aprofessorattheBostonUniversitySchoolofPublicHealth,whohaswrittenaboutthetrend.“Unemploymentisalsobadforhealth.”1.enoughof=anumberof2.“Unemploymentisalsobadforhealth.”失業(yè)也有害于健康“如果有更多的公司采取這些規(guī)定，那么吸煙者找工作真地就會變得更加困難，由此會導致某些后果?！辈ㄋ诡D大學公共衛(wèi)生學院教授，邁克西格爾博士，談到，他曾寫過有關(guān)這種趨勢（轉(zhuǎn)變）的文章。他還說，“失業(yè)也有害于健康”。1.asurgeofinterest:一股熱情

asurgeofanger,pity，一陣怒氣，憐憫。2.healthcareproviders：醫(yī)療保健服務人員Smokershavebeenturnedawayfromjobsinthepast—promptingmorethanhalfthestatestopasslawsrejectingbansonsmokers—buttherecentgrowthinthenumberofcompaniesadoptingno-smokerruleshasbeendrivenbyasurgeofinterestamonghealthcareproviders,accordingtoacademics,humanresourcesexpertsandtobaccoopponents.過去，禁止錄用吸煙者—這種做法促使一半以上的州政府通過法律反對對吸煙者的限制—然而，根據(jù)學術(shù)界，人力資源專家和反對煙草的人所言，在保健服務人員中掀起了一股熱浪，這使得越來越多的公司采取措施拒絕招聘吸煙者。Thereisnoreliabledataonhowmanybusinesseshaveadoptedsuchpolicies.Butpeopletrackingtheissuesaythereareenoughexamplestosuggestthepoliciesarebecomingmoremainstream,andinsomestatescourtshaveupheldthelegalityofrefusingtoemploysmokers.

還沒有任何可靠的數(shù)據(jù)證實有多少公司采納了這些規(guī)定。但關(guān)心這一事件的人士說有足夠的實例可以證明這些規(guī)定已經(jīng)逐步發(fā)展成為一種社會趨勢，在一些州，法院已經(jīng)支持拒絕雇傭吸煙者是一種合法的行為。Forexample,hospitalsinFlorida,Georgia,Massachusetts,Missouri,Ohio,Pennsylvania,TennesseeandTexas,amongothers,stoppedhiringsmokersinthelastyearandmoreareopenlyconsideringtheoption.

比如，去年，在佛羅里達州，喬治亞州，馬薩諸塞州，密蘇里州，俄亥俄州，賓夕法尼亞州，田納西州，德克薩斯州以及其它一些州醫(yī)院，已停止雇傭吸煙者。還有一些州醫(yī)院公開表明它們也正在考慮這種選擇?！癢e’vehadanumberofinquiriesoverthelast6to12monthsabouthowtodothis,”saidPaulTerpeluk,adirectorattheClevelandClinicwhichstoppedhiringsmokersin2007andhaschampionedthepolicy.“Thetrendlineisgettingprettysteep,andI’dguessthatinthenextfewyearsyou’dseealotofmajorhospitalsgothisway.”

“關(guān)于怎樣做這件事情，我們已做了半年多的調(diào)查研究，”保羅Terpeluk說，“拒絕雇傭吸煙者這一現(xiàn)象正在迅猛發(fā)展，我猜想，近幾年內(nèi)大家會發(fā)現(xiàn)許多大醫(yī)院都會這樣做?！北Ａ_Terpeluk

是克里夫蘭醫(yī)療中心的主任，這家診所在2007年就開始停止雇傭吸煙者，支持這樣的規(guī)定。Anumberoftheseorganizationshavejustifiedthenewpoliciesasadvancingtheirinstitutionalmissionsofpromotingpersonalwell-beingandfindingwaystoreducethegrowthinhealthcarecosts.許多這種社會機構(gòu)認為這些新規(guī)定很合理，有利于機構(gòu)的工作任務，包括改善公民健康、解決醫(yī)療費用開支增長的問題。About1in5Americansstillsmoke,andsmokingremainstheleadingcauseofpreventabledeaths.Andemployeeswhosmokecost,onaverage,$3,391moreayeareachforhealthcareandlostproductivity,accordingtofederalestimates.

據(jù)聯(lián)邦政府估計：在美國仍然有五分之一的人在吸煙，吸煙仍然是引起死亡的主要原因。每年因醫(yī)療的問題、生產(chǎn)率降低的問題吸煙的雇員平均要耗損$3,391美元。“Wefeltitwasunfairforemployeeswhomaintainedhealthylifestylestohavetosubsidizethosewhodonot,”StevenC.Bjelich,chiefexecutiveofSt.FrancisMedicalCenterinCapeGirardeau,Mo.,whichstoppedhiringsmokerslastmonth.“Essentiallythat’swhathappens.”

“我們認為對那些保持健康生活方式的人是不公平的，他們不得不資助那些有吸煙習慣的人，”佛朗西斯醫(yī)療中心的主要負責人StevenC.Bjelich說，“這就是現(xiàn)狀。”在密蘇里州開普吉拉多市的佛朗西斯醫(yī)療中心上個月開始停止雇傭吸煙者。Twodecadesago—afterlargecompanieslikeAlaskaAirlines,UnionPacific

andTurnerBroadcastingadoptedsuchpolicies—29statesandtheDistrictofColumbiapassedlaws,withthestrongbackingofthetobaccolobbyandtheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion,which

prohibitdiscriminationagainstsmokersorthosewhouse“l(fā)awfulproducts.”Someofthosestates,likeMissouri,makeanexceptionforhealthcareorganizations.20年前，諸如阿拉斯加航空公司，聯(lián)合太平洋鐵路和特納廣播公司這些大公司采納了禁止雇傭吸煙者規(guī)定之后，29個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)立法（禁止雇傭吸煙者），也得到了煙草業(yè)游說團體和美國公民自由聯(lián)盟的強勁支持，雖然煙草業(yè)游說團體和美國公民自由聯(lián)盟反對歧視吸煙者、反對歧視那些使用“合法產(chǎn)品”的人。有些州，如密蘇里州，對醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生組織就采取了例外。AspokesmanforPhilipMorrissaidthecompanywasnolongeractivelyworkingontheissue,thoughitremainedstronglyopposedtothepolicies.MeghanFinegan,aspokeswomanfortheServiceEmployeesInternationalUnionwhichrepresents1.2millionhealthcareworkers,saidtheissuewas“notonourradaryet.”

菲利普·莫里斯煙草公司的發(fā)言人說雖然本公司極力地反對這種規(guī)定，但是本公司不再就這個問題繼續(xù)糾纏下去了。代表一百二十萬健康工人的服務業(yè)員工國際聯(lián)合會的女發(fā)言人說這一問題還不在他們所考慮的范圍內(nèi)。Oneconcernvoicedbygroupslikethe

NationalWorkrightsInstituteisthatsuchpoliciesareaslipperyslope—thatiftheyprovesuccessfulin

drivingdownhealthcarecosts,employersmightbeemboldened

tocrackdownonotherbehaviorbytheirworkers,likedrinkingalcohol,eatingfastfoodandparticipatinginriskyhobbieslikemotorcycleriding.TheheadoftheClevelandClinicwasbothpraisedandcriticizedwhenhemusedinaninterviewtwoyearsagothat,wereitnotillegal,hewouldexpandthehospitalpolicytorefuseemploymenttoobesepeople.諸如美國工作權(quán)利協(xié)會這樣的機構(gòu)擔心，這樣的規(guī)定是一種災難性的滑坡現(xiàn)象—如果他們成功地降低了醫(yī)療費用，那么雇主很可能會得到鼓舞對員工的其他行為嚴加限制，如酗酒、吃快餐，以及表現(xiàn)飆摩托車之類的危險愛好。克利夫蘭診所的主任既受到表揚又受到批評，他回憶了兩年前的一場（非法）招聘，如果那場招聘不是非法，他會把醫(yī)院的政策擴展到拒絕招聘肥胖者。“Thereisnothinguniqueaboutsmoking,”saidLewisMaltby,presidentoftheWorkrightsInstitute,whohaslobbiedvigorouslyagainstthepractice.“Thenumberofthingsthatwealldoprivatelythathavenegativeimpacton

ourhealthisendless.Ifit’snotsmoking,it’sbeer.Ifit’snotbeer,it’scheeseburgers.Andwhataboutyoursexlife?”“這不僅僅是吸煙的問題，”工作權(quán)利協(xié)會主席路易斯.馬爾特比說，他非常反對拒絕雇傭吸煙者這種做法?！皩】挡焕膫€人生活不計其數(shù)。如果不涉及吸煙，就涉及啤酒。不涉及啤酒，就涉及干酪漢堡包。性生活呢？”Manycompaniesaddtheirownwrinkletothesmokingban.Someevenprohibitnicotinepatches.Somecompaniestesturinefortracesofnicotine,whileothersoperateonthehonorsystem.許多公司對禁止吸煙謀劃了自己的妙計。有些公司甚至反對員工貼尼古丁貼片。有些公司實行尿檢以檢測尼古丁含量，還有一些公司遵循信用制。Whilemostofthecompaniesappliedtheirrulesonlytonewemployees,afeweventuallymandatedthatexistingemployeesmustquitsmokingorlosetheirjobs.Thereisalsodisagreementoverwhethertofireemployeeswhoarecaughtsmokingaftertheyarehired.TheTrumanMedicalCenters,hereinKansasCity,forexample,willinvestigateaccusationsoftobaccousebyemployees.Inonerecentcaseanewemployeereturnedfromalunchbreaksmellingofsmokeand,whenconfrontedbyhissupervisor,admittedthathehadbeensmoking,saidMarcosDeLeon,headofhumanresourcesforthehospital.Theemployeewasfired.

大多數(shù)的公司僅對新的員工執(zhí)行禁煙規(guī)定，一小部分公司最終強行迫使現(xiàn)有的員工必須禁煙，否則會失業(yè)。對已雇人員一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)吸煙是否予以解雇，人們的意見仍有分歧。例如，在堪薩斯城，杜魯門醫(yī)療中心將對雇員使用煙草的處罰情況進行調(diào)查。有家醫(yī)院人力資源部主任馬科斯.德里昂說：最近有個案例，有名新的雇員在吃完午飯返回公司時，身上帶有煙草味，面對上司時，承認自己剛吸過煙，結(jié)果被解雇了。Evenantismokingadvocateshavefoundtheissuetrickytonavigate.TheAmericanLungAssociation,theAmericanCancerSocietyandtheWorldHealthOrganizationdonothiresmokers,citingtheirowneffortstoreducesmoking.甚至主張反對吸煙者的擁護者也認為這是個難以操作的問題。美國肺病協(xié)會，美國癌癥協(xié)會以及世界衛(wèi)生組織沒有雇傭吸煙者，給大家做出表率盡最大的努力減少人們吸煙。ButtheAmericanLegacyFoundation,anantismokingnonprofitgroup,haswarnedthat

refusingtohiresmokerswhoareotherwisequalifiedessentiallypunishes

anaddictionthatisfarmorelikelyto

afflictajanitorthanasurgeon.(Indeed,ofthefirst14applicantsrejectedsincethepolicywentintoeffectinOctoberattheUniversityMedicalCenterinElPaso,Tex.,onewasapplyingtobeanurseandtherestforsupportpositions.)美國遺產(chǎn)基金會是一個反對吸煙非盈利的團體，它警示：拒絕聘用吸煙者，雖然在其他方面合格，這樣的做法實質(zhì)上懲罰了(醫(yī)療單位的門衛(wèi)而不是外科大夫)，煙癮使醫(yī)療單位的門衛(wèi)而不是外科大夫更受折磨。（的確，自從這種規(guī)定在德克薩斯州埃爾帕索大學醫(yī)療中心去年10月份實施以來，首批應聘人員14名被拒絕，其中一名是申請護士崗位，其余的都是申請其他輔助崗）?！癢ewanttobeverysupportiveofsmokers,andthebestthingwecandoishelpthemquit,notconditionemploymentonwhethertheyquit,”saidEllenVargyas,chiefcounselfortheAmericanLegacyFoundation.“Smokersarenottheenemy.”“我們想支持吸煙者，我們能辦到的最好的事是幫助他們戒煙，而不是使從業(yè)取決于他們是否戒煙，”美國遺產(chǎn)基金會首席顧問艾倫瓦亞斯談到，“吸煙者不是我們的敵人”。TakingadragofhercigaretteoutsidetheUniversityofKansasSchoolofNursing,justbeyondthesignwarningthatsmokingisprohibitedoncampus,MandyCarrollexplainedthatshewaswellawareofthepotentialconsequencesofherpack-a-dayhabit:bothherparentsdiedofsmoking-relatedillnesses.ButMs.Carroll,a26-year-oldnursingstudent,saidsheopposedanyeffortbyhospitalsto“discriminate”againstherandothersmokers.曼蒂.卡羅爾，26歲，堪薩斯大學護士學院的學生，在校外吸煙，遠離校園里張貼的禁止吸煙的警示牌，她解釋道自己對每天一包煙的習慣所帶來的潛在危險非常清楚：她的父母都死于與吸煙相關(guān)的疾病。但是，她說她反對醫(yī)院歧視她和其他吸煙者的任何行為。“Obviouslyweknowtheeffectsofsmoking,weseeiteverydayinthehospital,”Ms.Carrollsaid.“It’sastupidchoice,butit’sapersonalchoice.”“當然我們都知道吸煙的危害，每天在醫(yī)院里親眼目睹，”卡羅爾女士說，“這是一個愚蠢的選擇，但也是個人的選擇。”O(jiān)thersdonotmindthestrictpolicy.JohnJ.Stinson,68,saidhehadbeensmokingformorethanthreedecadeswhenhedecidedtoapplyforajobattheClevelandClinic,helpingincomingpatients,nearlythreeyearsago.而其他人不在乎這種嚴格的做法。約翰.斯丁森,68歲，他說差不多3年前，自己決定到克利夫蘭診所應聘，幫助新來的病人，那時自己已經(jīng)吸了30多年的煙了。Itturnedouttobethemotivationheneeded:hepassedtheurinetestandhasnothadacigarettesince.“It’sagoodidea,”Mr.Stinsonsaid.結(jié)果（應聘）激發(fā)了他戒煙的興趣：他通過了尿檢測試，從那以后再也沒有吸煙?！斑@是個很好的主意。”斯丁森說。27ExercisesReadingComprehension

VocabularyClozeTranslationClozeClozeCloze28Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.（1）ThoughfundingfromtheIMF,theWorldBank,theUnitedStatesandotherdonorshasmadeitpossibletostreatmentandpreventionmethodsinAfrica,localgovernmentsalsohaveakeyroletoplayinmobilizingtheirpopulationsanderadicatingmalariainthelongterm.Vocabularyubsidize

29Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.

(2)

Otherindustrygroupsseeanygovernmentinterventionandoversightintheirpoliciesasasslopetowardgovernmentcontroloftheinternet.Vocabularylippery30Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(3)TheU.N.SecretaryGeneralsaidhisrolewouldbeasana

fortheworld'spoorestpeople,whohefearswillsufferthemostifdonorcountriesreducetheirinternationalassistanceordonotfulfilltheiraidcommitments.Vocabularydvocate31Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(4)OurmistocollectanythingthatrelatestoAfrica,andthisisanimportantevent.Vocabularyandate32Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(5)

Entrepreneursareapowerfulforceforchange.Theyimprovethebusinessclimateintheirowncountriesandcnecessarypolicyreforms.Andtheyimprovepracticesinglobalmarkets.Vocabularyhampion33Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(6)

Andleadersarehavingtomaketoughchoicesabouthowton

throughthiseconomicstorm.Vocabularyavigate34Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(7)Whendeflationstrikes,it'shardtoe

consumersandbusinessestospend.Vocabularymbolden35Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(8)Bothfirmshaveanitoundercuttheotherfirm,drivingdownprofitsforboth.Vocabularyncentive

36Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(9)Governmentaidtofilmandtelevision,however,neednotbejinsolelyeconomicterms.Vocabulary

ustified

37Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(10)Thepeopleofthewholeworldareattentivelyfollowingthiswar,whichhasnopinthehistoryoftheEast,andwhichwillgodownasagreatwarinworldhistorytoo.Vocabulary

recedent

38Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromthefollowinglisttofillineachofthefollowingblanks.EachwordcanbeusedonlyONCE.Changetheformwherenecessary.implementationscreendisparateaslipperyslopeUnemploymentbudgetinnovativeSpotcessationadvocatesubstantiallyimplicationunleash

incentivewellnessexplosionpremisedistractionimpracticalillCloze39A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.Translation40(1)TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.大學校園禁煙難抵初衷盡管大學校園全面禁煙有著良好的初衷，然而較告知癮君子們吸煙的后果及戒煙的好處而言，強迫他們?nèi)e處吞云吐霧并非是提倡健康生活方式的有效途徑。41(1)TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.校園禁煙極有可能導致學生們偷偷吸煙或者干脆對禁令置之不理。且不說已經(jīng)有規(guī)定禁止學生在室內(nèi)、宿舍樓內(nèi)以及餐廳和教學樓周圍吸煙以保護不吸煙者的權(quán)利。42(1)TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.提倡無煙校園的確是一種進步，不過完全絕對的禁煙卻是一種倒退。當然，有更多富有成效的辦法和途徑來幫助我們營造無煙校園，既不會損害自主選擇的權(quán)利，同時也保護了個人的自由。43(1)TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.作為教育機構(gòu)的大學，增加其戒煙扶助計劃的意義可謂深遠而重大。我們?yōu)楹我仁箤W生服從禁煙的各種條條框框，何不把無煙校園作為大學建設的一個目標？44（2）TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1、中國政府致力于打擊各行各業(yè)的腐敗現(xiàn)象。(crackdownon)

TheChinesegovernmentismakinganefforttocrackdownoncorruptionindifferentwalksoflife.45（2）TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.2)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，煙民傾向于集體戒煙，這意味著以小組形式組織的戒煙活動比個人單獨戒煙更見成效。(cessatio