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JohannGutenbergwasaGermangoldsmith,printer,andpublisherwhoisfamousforhisinventionofmechanicalmovableprinting.wasthefirstEuropeantousemovabletypeprintingEarlylife

Gutenbergwasina16thcenturycopper（銅幣）engraving（雕刻）GutenbergwasbornintheGermancityofMainz,theyoungestsonoftheupper-classmerchantwhowasagoldsmithforthebishopatMainz,butmostlikely,hewasinvolvedintheclothtrade.SothatGutenberggrewupknowingthetradeofgoldsmith.Heisassumedtohavestudiedatthe

university.inMarch1434,HealsoappearstohavebeenagoldsmithmemberenrolledintheStrasbourgmilitia.In1437,thereisevidencethathewasinstructingawealthytradesmanonpolishing(拋光)gems（寶石）,Followinghisfather'sdeathin1419,heismentionedintheinheritanceproceedings.JohnGutenbergJohnGutenbergThestoryofPrintingpressAtcourtLaterlifeLegacyThestoryofPrintingpressAround1439,Gutenbergwasinvolvedinafinancialmisadventuremakingpolishedmetalmirrors.Whenthequestionofsatisfyingtheinvestorscameup,Gutenbergissaidtohavepromisedtosharea"secret".Ithasbeenwidelyspeculatedthatthissecretmayhavebeentheideaofprintingwithmovabletype.Legendhasitthattheideacametohim"likearayoflight".By1450,thepresswasinoperation,andaGermanpoemhadbeenprinted,GutenbergwasabletoconvincethewealthymoneylenderJohannFustforaloanof8000guilders.AtcourtIn1456,therewasadisputebetweenGutenbergandFust,andFustdemandedhismoneyback,accusingGutenbergofmisusingthefunds.MeanwhiletheexpensesoftheBibleprojecthadproliferated,andGutenberg'sdebtnowexceeded20,000guilders.Fustbroughtsuitagainsthimatthearchbishop'scourt.ThecourtdecidedinfavorofFust,givinghimcontrolovertheBibleprintingworkshopandhalfofallprintedBibles.ThusGutenbergwaseffectivelybankrupt,butitappearsheretainedasmallprintingshop,andparticipatedintheprintingofaBibleinthetownofBambergaround1459,forwhichheseemsatleasttohavesuppliedthetypePrintedbooks-GutenbergBibleIn1455,GutenbergcompletedcopiesofabeautifullyexecutedfolioBiblewith42linesoneachpage.Afterprintingthetext,somecopieswererubricatedorhand-illuminatedinthesameelegantwayasmanuscriptBiblesfromthesameperiod.48substantiallycompletecopiesareknowntosurvive,includingtwoattheBritishLibrarythatcanbeviewedandcomparedonline.LaterlifeIn1462,duringaconflictbetweentwoarchbishops,GutenbergwasexiledInJanuary1465,Gutenberg'sachievementswererecognized.Gutenbergdiedin1468andwasburiedintheFranciscanchurchatMainz,hiscontributionslargelyunknown.In1504,hewasmentionedastheinventoroftypographyinabookbyProfessorIvoWittigIn1567thatthefirstportraitofGutenberg,almostcertainlyanimaginaryreconstruction,appearedinHeinrichPantaleon'sbiographyoffamousGermans.LegacyItisalsopossiblethatthelargeCathlicondictionary,300copiesof754pages,printedinMainzin1460,mayhavebeenexecutedinhisworkshop.Meanwhile,theFust–Sch?ffershopwasthefirstinEuropetobringoutabookwiththeprinter‘snameanddate.Legacy

EuropeanoutputofbooksprintedwithmovabletypesfromGutenbergproceedto1800MartinLuther's95theseswhichsparkedofftheReformationinaprinteditionfrom1522.Withinthespanofonlytwoyears,Luther'stractsweredistributedin300,000printedcopiesthroughoutGermanyandEurope.AlthoughGutenbergwasfinanciallyunsuccessfulinhislifetime,theprintingtechnologiesspreadquickly,andnewsandbooksbegantotravelacrossEuropemuchfasterthanbefore.ItfedthegrowingRenaissance,andsinceitgreatlyfacilitatedscientificpublishing,itwasamajorcatalystforthelaterscientificrevolution.LegacyThecapitalofprintinginEuropeshiftedtoVenice,wherevisionaryprinterslikeAldusManutiusensuredwidespreadavailabilityofthemajorGreekandLatintexts.printingwasalsoafactorinthe

Reformation.MartinLuther‘s95theseswereprintedandcirculatedwidely;subsequentlyheissued

broadsheetsoutlininghisanti-indulgencesposition.Thebroadsheetcontributedtodevelopmentofthenewspaper.ProjectGutenbergIt'saverygreatprojectThisprojectisnamedafter

Johann

GutenbergtocommemoratehisgreatnessGutenbergprojectstartedbyMichaelHartin1971.ItisthefirstdigitallibraryintheworldAllbooksareenteredintothecomputerbythevolunteers.MichaelHart

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