2023年考研英語一真題及答案完整解析

2023年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題及答案具體解析SectionI

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SｅｃtｉｏｎIIRｅadｉnｇＣomprehension

ParｔADiｒectiｏns:Readｔhefｏlｌｏwｉngｆouｒｔextｓ．AnsweｒｔhｅquestｉonｓbeloweachtextbyｃhｏｏsｉngA，B，CorD.MaｒｋyouranswersoｎＡNＳWERSHEET１.(４０pointｓ)Tｅxt1Comeon–Everybody’sｄoinｇiｔ.Tｈatｗhispeｒeｄmｅssage,hａlfｉｎvitationaｎdhalfforciｎg,ｉswｈatｍostｏｆusthｉnｋofwｈenwehｅarｔhewordｓpeerpressure.Ｉtusuallyｌｅadsｔｏnoｇoｏｄ-drinｋｉng，drｕgsａnｄcasｕalsex.ＢutinheｒneｗｂoｏkJointheClub，ＴinaRoseｎbeｒgcoｎtｅndsｔｈａt(yī)ｐeerｐreｓsurｅcａｎalsobeaｐosiｔｉveforcethｒougｈｗｈatshecａｌlsthesociaｌcｕre,inｗhichorｇａｎizａｔionsａndofficialsusｅthｅｐｏｗｅrｏｆgroｕpｄｙnamicｓｔｏｈelｐindividuａlsimprｏvetheirlｉvesanｄpoｓsiblｙthｅｗorｄ.Rosenbｅrｇ,thｅｒｅｃipｉｅntofaPｕlitzeｒＰｒize,offersahostofｅxampleoftｈｅsocｉalｃｕreiｎａction:IｎSoutｈＣａrolina,ａstate-spｏnsorｅdaｎtismokingpｒogramｃalｌeｄRagｅAgainsttheHazeseｔsouttｏmakeｃｉｇａrｅttesｕnｃoｏｌ.ＩnSoｕthAfrｉca,anHＩV-prｅventioｎiniｔｉａｔiｖeknｏwnａsLoveＬｉfｅｒecruitsyoungpeopｌeｔｏpromoteｓafｅｓexamｏngthｅirpeers.Tｈeｉｄeａseemsprｏｍｉsｉnｇ，aｎｄRosenbergｉsapeｒceptｉveobｓervｅr.Hｅrcｒitiqueoｆtｈelamｅnessｏfmanypubic-ｈeａｌthcａmpaｉｇnsｉsspot-ｏn:theyfaｉltomｏｂｉlｉｚeｐeerprｅssurefｏrｈealthyhabｉts,andｔheydeｍonstｒatｅaserioｕslｙflaｗedunｄeｒｓtandｉngofpsｙｃhologｙ．”Daretｏbｅdiffｅrｅnt，pleａsedoｎ’tsmoke!”ｐｌeadsｏneｂiｌlｂoarｄcａmpaｉgnaimeｄatｒeducｉnｇsmｏkingamonｇｔｅenagｅｒs-teeｎａgeｒs，ｗhodesirenothｉngmoｒeｔhanfｉttinｇiｎ.Rｏsenbergarｇuesconvinｃingｌｙｔhａt(yī)publｉc-hｅaltｈaｄｖocatｅsouｇhttoｔakeaｐagｅfｒomadｖｅrtiｓｅrs,soｓｋiｌleｄatapｐlyingｐeerpｒesｓｕre.Bｕｔonthegeneraｌｅffectiveｎｅssoｆtheｓｏciaｌcure,Rosｅｎｂergｉsleｓspersuａｓｉｖｅ.ＪｏiｎtｈeClｕｂisfｉlledwiｔｈtoomｕｃｈirrｅｌevantdetaｉlandｎｏtenouｇheｘplorａｔioｎoｆｔhesoｃiａlaｎdbｉoｌoｇicａlｆａctorstｈatmａｋｅｐeerpｒｅｓsureｓｏpowｅｒfｕｌ.Tｈｅｍoｓtglarｉｎgｆlaｗoｆｔhesoｃialcuｒeaｓiｔ’sｐreseｎtedherｅiｓtｈａt(yī)itdｏesn’tｗorｋｖerywellｆoｒｖｅryloｎg.RａgｅAgainｓtｔｈeHazｅfaｉlｅdoncｅｓｔａt(yī)eｆｕndingwａｓｃut.EvｉdｅｎceｔhaｔtheLoveLｉｆeｐrogramproduceslaｓｔingchanｇesｉsｌimitedaｎdmｉｘeｄ．Tｈeｒｅ’snｏdoｕbｔthａt(yī)ｏurｐｅerｇｒｏuｐsexerｔenormousｉnfｌｕenceoｎourbｅhａvｉor.Ａneｍeｒgiｎgbodyofrｅsearchsｈowsthaｔpｏｓitｉvｅheａlthhａbits-aswelｌaｓｎeｇatｉｖeoｎes-sｐreadｔhrｏｕghnｅtｗorksoｆfriendｓviamｕｎiｃａｔｉon.Tｈisiｓasubtleformofｐeerpreｓsure:weunconｓciouslyimｉtatｅthebehａvｉoｒweseeevｅryday.Farlesscerｔａin,howｅvｅr,ishoｗsuccesｓfｕlｌyexpertｓaｎdbｕreaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteｅrtｈeｉｒactivitiesiｎvｉrtｕousｄｉrections．It’slikｅtheｔeacｈerｗhｏbｒeaksupｔhetrouｂleｍａｋeｒsiｎtｈebackrｏwｂypａirinｇthemwiｔhｂetｔer－behａveｄｃｌaｓsｍａｔes.Thｅtaｃticｎeverｒealｌywoｒkｓ．Anｄthat’sthｅprobｌemｗitｈasocialcｕｒeｅngineerｅdfromtheoｕtｓide:ｉnthｅrｅａlwoｒｌd,asinschooｌ,weinsistｏnchoosingｏurownfrｉends.2１.Accoｒdｉngtothefirsｔparagraph,peerpｒessurｅｏfteneｍｅrgｅsas[A]asuｐplementtoｔhesocｉａｌcure［B]aｓtimulustｏgroupdynamics[C]aｎobｓｔacletoｓchoｏlprｏｇreｓｓ[D]aｃaｕsｅofｕndesiraｂlebｅｈaviors

2２.Rｏｓeｎｂｅrgholdｓｔｈatpublicadvoｃaｔeｓshould[A]recｒuiｔｐroｆessiｏｎaｌaｄｖeｒｔiｓｅrs[B］learnfroｍadvｅｒtiｓｅrs’ｅxpｅriencｅ[Ｃ]ｓtayawａyｆromｃoｍmercｉaladveｒｔisｅｒs[D]reｃｏｇnizethelimｉｔａｔionsofａdveｒtiｓeｍｅｎts

23.Intheauthor’sview，Rｏseｎｂeｒg’ｓbｏokfａilstｏ

[A]ａdequateｌyproｂesocｉalaｎｄｂioｌｏgicａｌfaｃtors[Ｂ]ｅffeｃｔiｖelｙevadeｔhｅflawsoｆｔhesociaｌcurｅ［C]illustratethｅfunctｉoｎｓｏfstatefunding［D]produceａlｏng-ｌastｉngsociａleffect

24.Pａｒagraph5shoｗsthatoｕrimitａt(yī)ioｎofbehavｉors[A]isharmｆulｔｏoｕrnetwoｒksoffrieｎｄｓ[B］wｉlｌmｉsleadbehavioralｓtｕdies[Ｃ]occuｒｓwithoutourreａliziｎgit[D]ｃanproducenｅgativehｅalｔhｈabｉts

25.Theauthorsuｇｇesｔsiｎthelasｔpａraｇraｐhthａt(yī)theefｆeｃtofpeerprｅsｓuｒeis［A]hａrmfuｌ［B]dｅｓirａble[Ｃ]pｒoｆound［D]queｓtionaｂle

Ｔｅxt2Ａdealｉｓａdeaｌ-ｅxcepｔ，aｐｐareｎtly,whenＥｎtｅrgｙisiｎvoｌｖed.Thecompany,ａmａjoreｎergysｕpplieｒinNewEnglanｄ,prｏvｏｋeｄjustiｆｉedoｕtｒageinVeｒｍontlasｔweｅkwｈｅniｔannouｎｃedｉtwasrｅnegingonalonｇstandinｇcommitｍｅnttoaｂidebyｔｈestｒictnucｌearregulａt(yī)ions．Instead,thecompaｎyhasdｏnepreciselｙwhatｉthadｌongpｒomisｅdiｔｗouldｎｏtｃhaｌｌｅngｅthｅｃｏnsｔitutioｎalityofVerｍoｎｔ’sｒuｌｅｓｉnthｅfｅｄeralcourt,asｐartofａdeｓpeｒａt(yī)eefforttoｋeepitsVermontYankeeｎuｃlｅarｐowerｐlａntｒｕnning.It’sasｔｕｎｎiｎgmove.Theconｆlictｈａsbeｅｎｓurfaｃiｎgsince２０23,ｗheｎｔheｃorporationｂouｇhtVermont’sonｌynuｃlearpｏwerplant,ａnaｇiｎgｒeacｔorｉnＶeｒｎｏn.Ａｓaｃonditiｏｎofreｃｅivingstａt(yī)eapprovalfｏrｔhesaｌe,thecomｐａnyaｇreeｄtoseeｋｐeｒｍissioｎfromｓtａt(yī)ｅregｕlatorstoｏｐeratｅpasｔ2０２3．In２023,thestatｅwentastepｆｕrtｈer,requｉｒｉngthatanｙｅxteｎsｉonofthepｌａnt’ｓlicｅnsｅbesuｂjｅｃtｔｏVermｏntlegisｌature’sａｐprovaｌ.Thｅn,too，ｔpanywentaｌong.ＥitｈerEntergyｎeverｒeallyｉntendedtolivebyｔhｏsecoｍmitｍents,oritsimpｌydｉdn’tforesｅeｗhatwｏｕldhａppennｅｘｔ.Aｓtｒｉnｇofaccidents,incluｄingthepａrｔialｃｏllａpseofａｃoｏlingｔｏｗｅrｉn２07andthediscoveryofａnundergｒoundpｉpeｓysteｍleakａｇｅ，raisedｓerｉoｕsｑuestionsabｏuｔbothVermontＹaｎkee’sｓａfetyａnｄEｎteｒgy’ｓmanaｇeｍent–especiallyａfterthｅｃoｍpanｙｍadｅｍiｓleadinｇｓtaｔeｍeｎtsaboｕtｔｈｅpiｐe.EｎｒagedｂyＥｎtergy’ｓbeｈavioｒ,theＶermｏntSeｎaｔeｖｏted２6to4lａstyeａraｇainsｔａｌｌowiｎgａnｅxtｅｎｓion.Ｎｏwtｈecomｐaｎyissｕddeｎlyclaimｉngthatthe２023ａgrｅeｍｅntisinvａlidｂｅｃaｕsｅofｔhe2023lｅgｉslaｔioｎ,ａndthａｔonlytｈefedeｒａlgｏveｒnｍｅntｈasｒeｇulatorypｏwerｏvernucｌｅarissueｓ.Ｔｈｅlegalissuesintｈecaｓeareobscure:ｗｈeｒeasｔheＳupremeCouｒthａsruｌedtｈatstａt(yī)ｅsdoｈaｖesomｅrｅｇulａｔoryauthｏｒiｔyovｅrnｕｃｌearpowｅr，leｇalｓｃhoｌａrssａythatＶeｒｍoｎtcaｓewiｌlofferaprｅcedｅnt-sｅttinｇtestofhowfarｔhosｅｐowersextend.Certaｉnlｙ，thｅreareｖalidconcerｎｓabｏutthepaｔchwoｒkregｕlatiｏnsｔｈatcｏuldresuｌｔｉｆｅverysｔaｔeｓｅtsitsownrｕｌes．BuｔｈａdEntｅrｇykeptｉtsword，thａt(yī)debatewoｕldｂebesideｔhｅpoｉnt.ThｅｃompanyseeｍｓtohavecｏncluｄｅdｔhatiｔsｒｅpｕtaｔｉoninVermoｎtisａlreadysodａmageｄtｈatitｈasnotｉngｌｅfttｏloｓｅbｙgoｉｎｇtowarwｉthtｈesｔaｔe．Butｔhereshouｌdbeｃｏnsｅｑuｅｎces.Peｒｍiｓsioｎtｏruｎanucleａｒpｌaｎtisapoｂliｃtrusｔ.Ｅntｅrgｙrunｓ1１otherreａctｏｒsｉntheUnｉtｅdStａt(yī)es,incluｄinｇPilgrｉｍNucleａrｓtａｔｉonｉnPｌyｍouth.PledｇiｎgtorunPｉlgriｍsafely,thecｏｍpanｙｈaｓapｐliedforfeｄｅｒaｌｐermissｉoｎｔokeｅpitopeｎforａｎothｅr20yｅars．ＢuｔａstｈｅＮuclｅaｒRegulaｔｏryCommissｉoｎ(NＲC)rｅviｅwｓtｈeｃompaｎy’ｓaｐplicａt(yī)ioｎ,iｔｓhouldkeepitmｉndwｈatpｒomiseｓfromEnｔergｙareｗortｈ.

2６．Tｈeｐhraｓe“ｒeneｇｉnｇon”(Line3.paｒa．1)isclｏｓestinmeaｎｉｎgtｏ[Ａ]coｎdemning.［B]reaffirmｉng.[C]ｄiｓhoｎorｉng.[Ｄ]seｃuriｎg.27.Byenteringｉntｏtｈe2０2３ａｇreemeｎｔ,Entｅrgyinｔenｄｅdto［A]ｏbtａinｐrotｅcｔｉonｆrｏmVｅrmontreguｌａt(yī)oｒs.［B］seeｋｆavｏｒfｒomｔｈefedｅrallegｉｓｌaｔure．［C]acquｉｒｅaｎextensionofｉtｓbusiｎesslicenｓe.[D］getperｍiｓsｉｏｎｔｏpｕrｃｈaｓeaｐoｗerplant.

28.AccordingｔｏＰaｒagrａph4,Entｅｒgysｅeｍstｏhavepｒoblemｓwithits[A］manaｇerｉalｐrａcｔiｃeｓ.[B]teｃhnicalinnovativｅness．[Ｃ］ｆiｎanciaｌgoａlｓ.[Ｄ]ｂｕsinessvisｉon

2９．Ｉntheａutｈｏｒ’sviｅw，theＶｅｒｍonｔcasewilltest[A]Eｎtｅrgy’sｃaｐaciｔyｔofuｌfｉｌlａlｌｉｔspromiｓeｓ.[Ｂ]ｔhematureofsｔatｅｓ’patchwoｒkｒeｇulａt(yī)ionｓ.［Ｃ]tｈeｆｅdｅｒalａuthoriｔyovｅrnuｃｌearissues.[D］thelimitｓofstａｔes’powｅrovｅrnuclｅａrｉｓsｕes.

30.Itcaｎbｅinferredfromthelasｔparagrａｐｈthａｔ[A］Entergy’sbusinesｓeｌｓｅwｈeｒemｉghtbeaｆfected.[B]thｅauthoｒityｏfｔheＮRＣwｉｌlbedefiｅd.［Ｃ］EnterｇywilｌwiｔｈｄrａwitsＰｌymｏuthappｌicatiｏn.［D]Ｖｅｒｍoｎt’sreｐutａt(yī)ｉonｍｉｇhｔbeｄaｍagｅd.

Ｔeｘt3Intheidｅaliｚedversｉonｏfhoｗsｃiｅnceisdｏne，ｆａctsabouｔtheworldareｗaitingtobｅobｓerｖedａｎdcolｌecteｄｂyｏｂｊectｉvｅresearｃherswhｏusｅｔhesciｅntificmethodtｏcarryoｕttｈｅirwork．Bｕtinthｅeverｙdayｐｒaｃticeofsciｅnｃe,diｓcoveryfrequentlyｆollowsanａmｂigｕousandcｏｍplｉcatedroute.Weaｉmtobeobjeｃｔiｖe，butwecanｎｏtescaｐeｔheconｔeｘtoｆouｒｕniquelifeexｐeriｅnce.Priorkｎｏwlｅdgｅaｎdiｎｔｅreｓtiｎfluencｅｗｈatweexpｅrieｎce,ｗhatwethiｎkourｅxｐｅｒｉencesmｅａn,andthｅsubsｅｑueｎtacｔionswｅtakｅ．Ｏpｐortunｉｔiｅｓformisinｔerｐreｔａt(yī)ion,ｅrｒｏｒ，andsｅlf-decｅptｉｏnａｂｏunｄ.Conseｑuently,discｏｖeryclaimsshoｕldbeｔhougｈｔoｆasprｏtｏscience.Sｉmilartoｎewlystaｋedｍiｎiｎｇclaims，theyａreｆullｏfｐotential.Butiｔtaｋescoｌlectiveｓcrutinyandacceptanｃetotrａnsforｍadisｃoveryｃlａoａmaｔurediscｏveｒy.Ｔhiｓiｓthecrediｂｉlｉtyprocesｓ,throuｇhwhichtheiｎdividｕａlreｓearｃｈeｒ’ｓme,here,nｏwbecoｍeｓtheｃｏｍmunｉty’sanyone,anyｗｈere,aｎyｔimｅ．Objectiveｋnoｗleｄｇeｉｓｔｈegoａl，ｎoｔthestａrtingｐoｉnt．Onｃｅadiscovｅrｙclaiｍbeｃoｍespｕblic,thｅdiscoｖerｅrｒecｅivｅsintellectualｃreｄｉt.Buｔ,ｕｎｌikewiｔhmiｎingcｌaims,ｔｈecoｍmuｎitytakｅsconｔｒoｌofｗhaｔhaｐpensｎext．Witｈiｎthecoｍpｌexｓocｉａlstｒｕctureｏｆthｅｓcｉｅntifｉcｃｏmmunity,ｒesｅarchｅｒsmakediscoverieｓ;editｏrsandｒｅviewｅrsactaｓgaｔekeepersbycｏnｔrｏlliｎｇｔhｅpubｌiｃationprocess;ｏtherscieｎtisｔｓusethenｅwｆindｉnｇtosuittheｉｒownpurpｏｓes;andfinａllｙ,tｈeｐuｂliｃ(incluｄingothｅrsｃｉentists）ｒeceivestheｎewdｉscoｖerｙandｐossｉblyａccomｐａｎyinｇtecｈnology．Aｓaｄｉsｃoｖerｙclａimwｏｒksitthroｕghｔｈeｃommunｉｔy，tｈeinteraｃtiｏnａndcｏnfrontａt(yī)iｏnbetweensharｅｄandcompetingbeliefｓaboｕtthesｃienceandｔｈetｅｃhnologｙinvｏlvedtransfｏｒmｓanindiｖidual’sdiscoverｙclaimintomuniｔy’ｓcreｄibledisｃoｖｅｒy．Twoparadoxesｅｘistｔｈrouｇhｏuｔthｉscrediｂiliｔyｐｒocesｓ.Ｆｉrｓｔ，sｃiｅｎｔｉficwoｒktenｄｓtofｏcusｏnｓomeａspeｃtｏｆprevａilingKnowleｄgethａt(yī)iｓviewedasinｃompleteorｉncorrｅct.Liｔｔlerewａrdａccomｐａnｉesduplicationaｎdconfiｒmａｔiｏnofｗhatisalrｅadyknｏwｎaｎdｂｅｌieved.Ｔｈegoaliｓnew-sｅaｒch,nｏtre-seａrch．Ｎotsurprisiｎgｌy,newｌypｕblisheddisｃoverｙcｌaimsandcreｄiblediscovｅrｉesthatａｐpearｔobeｉmｐｏｒtantandｃoｎviｎcｉnｇｗilｌalwaｙsｂeopenｔochalｌeｎgeａｎdpｏｔｅntiａlmodiｆicationorrｅfutatiｏnbyｆuturｅｒesｅaｒchｅrs.Ｓecond,noveltyｉtselｆｆｒequentlｙｐｒovokｅsｄisｂeｌiｅf.NｏbｅlＬaureａt(yī)eandphysiolｏgistＡlbertＡzent-Gyoｒgyioncedｅｓcribeｄdiscoveryａs“sｅeingwｈａt(yī)everｙbodｙhasseeｎaｎｄthｉｎｋingwhａt(yī)nobｏdyｈaｓthｏughｔ.”Buｔthinkiｎｇｗhaｔnobodyｅlｓehasthｏｕghtandｔelｌｉngｏthersｗhａt(yī)tｈｅyhavｅmisｓｅdｍaynotｃhａngetｈeirvｉews.Ｓomｅtimeｓyeａｒｓareｒequｉredfortruｌynoveldｉｓcｏｖeryclaimstobeacｃepteｄandappreciateｄ.Ｉntｈｅｅnd,ｃrediｂiｌitｙ“haｐｐｅｎs”toadisｃoveｒyclaｉm–aprocessｔｈatcｏrreｓpondstowhaｔｐhilosoｐhｅrAnneｔｔeBａieｒhａsｄeｓｃｒｉbeｄasthｅｃomｍoｎsofthemind.“Wereａsonｔogeｔｈer,cｈalleｎge,revise,ａndcoｍｐlｅtｅeaｃｈｏther’srｅaｓoｎiｎgandｅachotheｒ’ｓconcｅptｉonsoｆreasoｎ.”

31.Aｃcｏrdｉnｇtｏtｈｅfirsｔpaｒagrａph,thｅprｏｃｅssｏｆdｉｓｃovｅrｙｉsｃｈaｒacｔｅrizedbyiｔｓ[A]ｕｎceｒtaiｎtｙandcｏmplexｉty．［B]mｉsｃｏnceｐtionaｎddｅｃeptiveｎeｓs．[Ｃ]ｌogｉcaｌｉtyaｎdobｊｅctiviｔｙ.［D］systｅmatiｃneｓsandregｕｌａriｔｙ．

32．ItcanbeiｎferredfromParagraph2thatｃｒceｓｓrｅquires[Ａ]stricｔｉnｓｐｅｃｔion.[B]ｓharedeffortｓ．[C］ｉnｄiviｄｕalwisdｏm.［D]persiｓｔenｔiｎnovatiｏn.

３3．Paragrapｈ3shｏwｓthatadisｃovｅｒｙcｌaimbｅｃomescrｅｄiｂｌeaftｅrit[A］haｓａｔｔrａctｅdｔheatｔentiｏnoftｈegeneraｌpublic．[B]hasbｅeｎｅｘaminedbythescienｔifｉｃcommｕnｉｔy．[Ｃ］hasｒｅｃｅivedrecｏgｎiｔionｆromeｄiｔorsaｎdrevｉewers.[Ｄ]hａsbeenｆrｅqueｎtｌyｑｕoｔeｄbｙpｅerscientists.

３４．AlbertＳｚeｎt-Gｙ?rgyiwouldmｏstlikeｌｙａgreｅthat［A]scientificcｌａimswiｌlsurvivecｈaｌｌenｇｅｓ.[B]discoveｒiｅｓtoｄaｙinspirefutuｒeresearch.[C]eｆforｔｓｔomaｋeｄｉscoｖeｒieｓarejｕsｔiｆieｄ.[D］scｉenｔｉficworｋｃaｌlsforａcriｔiｃalmind．

3５.Whｉchoftheｆollowｉngwouldbethｅbesttitleoftheｔest?[Ａ]ＮｏveｌtyａｓanEnｇｉneｏfSｃientificDevｅlｏpmeｎt．[B]CoｌｌecｔivｅScrutｉnｙｉnScientｉficDiscovery．［C]EｖolutiｏｎｏfCreｄibiliｔｙｉｎDｏｉngＳｃiencｅ.[Ｄ］ChａｌleｎgｅtoCrｅdｉｂilityaｔtｈeＧａt(yī)ｅtoＳcience.

Text4IfthｅｔrａｄeunｉonisｔJimmyHoffawereａliｖetodａy,ｈewｏｕldpｒobabｌyrepresenｔcivilservａnｔ．WhenHｏｆfａ’sTeａｍsterｓwereiｎｔhｅirpriｍeiｎ1960,onlyonｅiｎteｎＡmeｒｅrｎmeｎtｗｏrkerｓｂelｏngeｄｔoaunion;ｎow3６%do.Ｉｎ2023tｈenumbｅrofunｉoｎiｓtｓinAmeｒｉcａ’sｐｕｂlicseｃtoｒｐａｓｓedｔhaｔoftheiｒfelｌowｍembeｒsｉntheprｉvatesecｔｏr.InBｒｉｔａin，morethａｎｈalfofpuｂlic-sｅctorwoｒkersbutonｌｙａboｕt15%ofpｒivａt(yī)e－ｓecｔoronesareｕnionizeｄ.Therearethrｅerｅasoｎｓfoｒｔｈｅpubｌｉｃ-sectorｕnions’thｒiｖｉnｇ.First,theyｃａnshｕttｈinｇsdownwｉthoｕｔsufｆｅriｎgmucｈiｎtｈｅwayofcｏnsequences.Ｓecond，ｔheyarｅmｏｓtlybrightaｎdwell-educａt(yī)ed.AquａrterｏfAmericａ’spuｂlic-sectｏrｗｏrｋeｒｓｈaveａuniversitydeｇrｅe.Ｔｈird,theｙnowdｏminatｅlｅft-of－cenｔrｅｐoliｔiｃs.Someoftheｉrtiesgobackaloｎgｗay．Bｒｉtain’sLａboｒＰarｔy，ａsiｔｓnameiｍplies，haｓloｎgｂeｅｎaｓsｏｃiａt(yī)edwithtradeｕnioniｓm．Ｉｔｓcurｒeｎtleader,ＥdMilibａｎd，oweshispositiontovｏｔｅsfrompuｂｌic－sｅｃtoｒunｉons.Ａttｈeｓtａt(yī)elevelｔheirinflｕencｅｃaｎｂeeｖｅｎmoreｆｅａrｓｏｍe.MarkBaldasｓａrｅoｆtｈePublicPolｉcyInsｔiｔuｔeofCａlifoｒｎiapｏintsoutｔhａt(yī)muchoｆthestaｔｅ’ｓbudgetｉｓpatrolｌｅｄbyunions.Thｅtｅacｈerｓ’ｕnionskeepaneyeｏnｓchools,theCCＰOAonpriｓonsａｎdaｖarieｔyｏｆlａboｒｇｒｏupsoｎhｅalthcare．Ｉnmanｙｒichｃｏuntriesaｖerａｇｅwagesｉnthestaｔesectorarehigherthanｉnｔｈｅｐrivatｅone.Ｂutthereａlｇａinｓｃomeｉnｂenefｉtsaｎｄworkpｒaｃtiｃes.Ｐｏｌiticiansｈａvereｐeatedly“bacｋｌoadeｄ”public－sectorpａyｄeａls,keeｐingtｈｅpａyiｎcrｅａsｅsmodesｔｂｕtａddingtoholｉｄａysanｄesｐｅｃｉallｙpｅnsｉoｎsｔhataｒeaｌreadｙgeｎerouｓ.Refｏrmhasｂｅｅnvigｏrouslyｏppｏｓed，perhapsmosteｇrｅｇiｏｕｓｌyiｎeｄuｃation,ｗhｅｒeｃhａｒtｅrschｏols,academieｓａnｄmerｉtpaｙaｌlfａceddraｗn-ｏutbａt(yī)tles．Eventhｏｕgｈthereisplenｔｙofevidenｃethaｔｔheｑuａlityoftheｔeacherｓisthｅmｏstimｐortantvariable，teacｈeｒs’unionsｈａｖefｏughｔａgainｓtgettingrｉｄｏfbadoｎｅsanｄpｒｏmotiｎggoodoｎｅｓ.Aｓthｅcosｔtoｅveryoneelseｈasbeｃomecｌearｅr,poｌitiｃiａnshavｅbegｕntoｃlａmpdowｎ.InWｉsconsintｈｅuniｏｎshavｅralliedｔhｏusａｎdsｏfｓｕpporteｒsagａｉnsｔSｃｏttWalkeｒ,thehaｒdlｉｎｅReｐublｉｃanｇoverｎｏr.Butｍanｙwｉｔｈinthepｕblicsectorsuffeｒｕndertｈecｕrrenｔsyｓｔｅｍ,toｏ.JoｈnDｏｎahueａt(yī)Harｖarｄ’ｓKenｎeｄyScｈoｏlｐointsoｕttｈattｈenormsofｃuｌtureiｎWesｔerｎcｉviｌservicｅssuiｔthｏseｗｈｏwanttoｓtａyputｂｕｔiｓbaｄfoｒhighachieverｓ.TheoｎlｙAmerｉｃanｐｕblic-sectorｗｏｒkeｒswhｏeａrnwｅlｌabove$2５0，00０ayeａrａｒｅunｉvｅrsｉｔysｐoｒtscoａchesandthｅｐreｓiｄentoｆtｈeUnｉtedＳtatｅs.Baｎkeｒｓ’ｆatpaｙpacｋeｔshaveaｔtｒactedｍuchcrｉtiｃism,butapublｉc-ｓｅctｏｒｓystｅmthatｄoesnoｔreｗａrｄhiｇhaｃhiｅvｅｒsmayｂｅamuchbiggerｐrｏｂlｅmfｏrAmeｒicａ.

36．Itcanbeleａrｎｅｄfrｏｍｔheｆｉrstpａragｒaphthａt(yī)［A]Teaｍsteｒsstillhaｖealａrgebodyofmembers.[B]JimmyHofｆauｓedｔowoｒｋasaｃivilservanｔ．［C]ｕniｏnshａveｅnｌargedthｅirｐuｂliｃ－ｓectormembership.[D]tｈｅｒnmenthasｉmpｒoｖｅditsｒelaｔiｏnshipｗithunioniｓts.

37.WhichoftｈｅｆollowinｇisｔrueofParagｒａph2?［A］Public-ｓｅctorunioｎsareｐｒｕdentintakｉngactｉonｓ.[B]Ｅducaｔioｎisｒeｑuiredfoｒpubｌｉc-sｅctｏrunionｍembｅｒship.[C]LaboｒPａｒtｙhaslonｇbeｅｎfｉghｔingａgａinｓｔpublic-ｓecｔoｒuniｏns．［D]Pｕblic-seｃtorｕnｉonｓsｅldｏｍｇetinｔｒoｕbｌeforｔheｉracｔions.

38.ItcaｎｂeｌearnｅdfrｏｍPaｒａgｒaph4thattheｉncomeintｈestaｔｅsecｔｏris[A]illegallyｓecｕｒｅd．[Ｂ]inｄirｅctlyaugmeｎted.[Ｃ]excesｓivｅlｙincreasｅｄ.[Ｄ]fａirlyaｄjusteｄ.

３9.TheexａｍpleoｆtheuｎionsｉnＷｉsｃonsｉｎｓhowｓthatｕnions[A]oｆtenrunagａiｎstthｅcurreｎｔpoliticａlsyｓｔeｍ．[B]caｎchangｅpｅｏｐle’spｏlitｉcaｌaｔｔｉtudeｓ．［Ｃ]mayｂeａbarrｉｅrtopｕblic－secｔorrｅformｓ．［D］aredｏmiｎaｎtineｒｎment．

4０．ＪohｎDonahuｅ’saｔtitｕdeｔowardｓthepubｌic-secｔorsysteｍisoneof[A]disａpｐrovａl.[Ｂ］appｒeciatioｎ.[C]tolｅranｃe.[D]iｎｄｉffeｒｅncｅ.

PartＢDiｒectｉoｎs:Iｎtｈｅfｏｌｌｏwｉｎgｔexｔ，someｓeｎteｎcｅｓｈａvebeｅnremoved.FｏｒQuesｔionｓ41-45,cｈooｓethｅｍosｔsｕiｔablｅonefromthelｉsｔＡ-Gtofitinｔoeａcｈoｆthenuｍbeｒedｂlankｓ．Theｒearetwoextracｈoices,wｈiｃhｄonｏtｆitiｎａｎyoftｈebｌanks.MarkyourａnswｅrsｏnANSＷＥＲSHEＥT1.(1０ｐointｓ）Ｔhinkoftｈｏseflｅetinｇmｏmｅntswhenyoｕloｏkoutoｆａｎａeｒoplanｅｗinｄowａndrｅａliseｔhａt(yī)ｙoｕaｒeflyｉｎg,hiｇheｒthanabirｄ.Ｎowthinｋofｙoｕrｌaｐtｏp,tｈｉnneｒthanaｂrown-papｅrenｖeｌope,ｏryｏurcｅllpｈoneiｎthepaｌmoｆyoｕrhaｎd．Tａkeamｏmentoｒｔｗotoｗｏndｅraｔthoseｍaｒvels．Youareｔhelucｋyinhｅｒitoｒofaｄｒeaｍｃomeｔrue.Thｅsｅｃondｈalｆofｔhe20ｔhｃentｕｒysaｗacollectionofｇｅniusｅs，warrioｒs，entreｐｒeneurｓanｄｖｉsiｏnarieslａbｏｕrｔoｃreateafabulouｓmachinethatｃｏulｄfunctiｏnasatyｐewritｅｒandprinｔｉngｐress,stuｄioandtheａt(yī)re,ｐａintｂｒuｓhandgalleｒy,piａnoandraｄｉo,themailａsweｌlａｓthｅmaｉｌｃａrrieｒ.(41)Ｔｈｅnetｗorkedcomputerｉsanａｍaziｎgdevice,ｔhefirｓtmｅdiamacｈinethatservｅｓasthemodeofｐｒoｄucｔioｎ，mｅansofｄiｓtribuｔioｎ,ｓｉteofreｃｅption,andｐlaceofｐｒａiseａndcｒiｔique.Ｔｈecompｕｔｅｒｉsｔhe21stcenｔｕry'ｓｃuｌtｕreｍaｃhｉne.Butfｏｒalltheｒeａsｏnstherearetocｅlebrａt(yī)ethecompｕｔｅr,ｗｅmｕｓtａlsoｔreadｗiｔhcautｉｏｎ．(42)Ｉｃalｌｉtasｅcｒｅtwaｒｆｏrtwｏｒeａsons．First,mosｔpeｏpleｄonotreaｌiｓethatthereａrｅstrongcommｅrcｉalａgｅndａsａt(yī)wｏrktoｋeepｔhｅminｐａssiｖecoｎsuｍptionmｏｄe.Seconｄ,themaｊoriｔyｏfpeｏplewｈousｅneｔｗoｒkeｄcomputeｒstｏuｐloadａreｎotｅveｎawareofthesignifｉｃanceoｆｗhattheyａreｄoiｎｇ．Aｌｌａnimalsdｏwnlｏad,butoｎｌyａfewｕpｌoaｄ．Beavｅｒsｂuildｄamsaｎdｂirdsmakeneｓts．Yetｆｏrｔheｍostｐarｔ,thｅanimalkingdommovesthroｕghtheｗorldｄoｗnloading.Hｕmanｓarｅuniqｕeintheircaｐａｃｉtytoｎoｔonｌyｍaketooｌsbutｔhenturｎaｒoundaｎduseｔhｅmtｏｃreatｅsｕperｆluouｓmaterialgｏods-paｉｎtings,sculｐturｅａndａｒchiｔecture－andsuperflｕousexｐerienceｓ-musiｃ,liｔeratｕrｅ，reｌigｉonandphilosophy.（4３）Fｏrａllthｅpｏssibiｌiｔiｅsofoｕrｎewcｕｌｔuremachines,mostpeoplearｅstiｌlｓtucｋindownｌoａdmode.Eveｎafｔertｈｅadｖentofwidｅsprｅａdｓｏciａlmeｄia，apyraｍidductionremaiｎs,withaｓｍalｌnumｂerｏｆpeopｌeuploａdiｎｇmateriaｌ，aslｉghtｌyｌarｇergｒouｐｃoｍmeｎｔingonormodifｙiｎgthaｔconｔｅnt,ａｎdahugepeｒceｎtageremaininｇconｔｅnttojｕｓtconsume.（４4)Televisｉoｎisaoｎe-waytapflowｉngintoourhomｅs．Thehardesｔｔaskｔｈattｅlｅvisionasｋsoｆanyｏｎeistoturnthｅｐoweｒoffaｆｔerheｈａsｔurnｅditon．（45）Whaｔcｏｕｎtsaｓmeanｉngfｕluploading?Mydｅfｉnitｉｏnrevolveｓaｒｏｕnｄthecｏnceptoｆ"ｓtｉckineｓｓ"-cｒeatioｎsaｎdexｐeｒiencestowｈichotｈersａdherｅ.

[Ａ]Ofｃourse,itiｓpｒecｉselytheｓｅsupｅｒflｕousthiｎgsthａt(yī)definehｕmanｃultｕreandultｉｍatelｙwhatｉｔisｔoｂeｈumａn.Doｗnloａdｉｎgａndcｏnｓuminｇcultureｒequiresgｒeａｔｓkiｌls,bｕtfailiｎgtｏmovebeyondｄownloadingistostriponeｓeｌfｏｆadeｆiningcoｎstituentoｆhｕmanity．[B]Ａｐplｉcatiｏｎsｌikｅｔｕmｂlr.coｍ,whiｃhａlｌｏwｕsｅｒstocｏmｂinepictures,worｄｓandoｔherｍeｄｉaiｎcrｅatiｖewayｓandthｅnshａｒeｔｈeｍ,havethepoｔentiaｌｔoadｄｓｔiｃkinessbyaｍｕｓing，entertaｉningaｎdenlighteniｎｇoｔｈerｓ.[C]Ｎoｔonlｙdidtheydevｅｌｏpsｕchadevicebｕtbytheturnofｔhemiｌｌeｎｎｉｕmｔheyhａdａlｓomanａgｅdtoemｂeｄiｔiｎaworldwidesｙstｅmaccessｅdbybillｉｏnsofpeopｌeeverydaｙ.[D]Tｈisｉsbecaｕsethenｅtworkｅdcomputerhaｓsｐarkedasｅcreｔwarｂｅｔweｅndownloａdinｇanｄuｐlｏadinｇ－betweeｎｐaｓｓｉveconsumptｉonanｄactivecreatｉｏn-whoseoutｃｏmeｗillｓｈapｅourcollｅcｔivefutureinwaｙsweｃanoｎlybeginｔoiｍagｉne.[E]TｈeｃhallengetheｃomputermountstotelevisionthusｂeaｒslittleｓimilariｔytooneｆorｍatbeinｇreｐｌacｅｄbyａnoｔhｅrｉｎthemａnnerofrecoｒdplayeｒｓbｅｉｎgreｐｌacｅdbｙCDplayerｓ.[F]Onｅｒeasｏｎｆoｒｔhepersistenceoｆthｉspyramidofprｏductｉoｎiｓｔhaｔfｏｒｔhepastｈａlf－century,muｃhｏfthｅwoｒｌd＇smediaculｔureｈasｂeeｎdｅｆiｎeｄbyasingｌｅmedium-televisｉon－ａndteleｖｉｓｉoｎiｓdefinedbydownlｏaｄｉng.[G］Theｎetworｋedcｏmputerｏfｆｅｒsthｅfiｒsｔchancein50yeａｒstorｅversethｅfｌow，tｏeｎcouｒagetｈoｕｇhｔｆuldownloadｉngａｎd，evenmoreiｍｐｏｒｔaｎtly，meaningfuluｐlｏaｄｉｎg．

ＰaｒtCDｉｒectiｏns:

SeｃtiｏｎIII

Writｉng

PartA5１．Ｄｉrｅctions:

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PartB52.Directions:writeaｎesｓayof1６０-200woｒdsｂaseｄonthefｏlｌowinｇdrawiｎg.Ｉｎyｏuresｓayyｏushoｕlｄ1）ｄescribetｈeｄｒａｗingbｒieｆly2）eｘplａinｉtｓintｅｎdedmeaｎing,anｄ３）gｉvｅyouｒｃｏmmeｎｔsYｏushouｌｄwriteｎeaｔlyonＡＮSWＥRSHEET2．（20poｉnts)1．【答案】B【解析】從空后信息可以看出，這句表達的是“＿_法官表現(xiàn)得像政治家”的情況下，法庭就不能保持其作為法律法規(guī)的合法衛(wèi)士的形象，所以應當選Ｃ,ｍａiｎtaｉn“維持，保持”，其他顯然語義不通。２.【答案】A【解析】從第三段可以看出,文章認為法院和政治之間應當是有界線的。所以這里應當是當法官像政治家同樣行事，模糊了兩者之間的區(qū)別時,就失去了其作為法律衛(wèi)士的合法性。只有B，when表達這個意思。３．【答案】B【解析】第二段給的具體事例說明,法官出現(xiàn)在政治活動中會使法官形象受損,影響他們獨立、公正的名聲。只有B，weaｋｅn能表達這個意思。4．【答案】D【解析】空前信息顯示,法官出席政治活動會讓法院的審判收到影響，人們就會認為其審判不公正,所以選Ｄ，ｂeacｃｅptedａs...“被認為是”。5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的語境為:產(chǎn)生這樣的問題，部分因素在于“法官沒有_＿道德規(guī)范”。后一句話說,至少法院應當遵守行為規(guī)范，這顯然是進一步說明上一句話。所以上一句是說法官沒有受到道德規(guī)范的約束，選C，ｂouｎd。6.【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)解析５可以看出,這里應當是說遵守行為規(guī)范,subjｅct與ｔo連用,表達“服從某物，受…支配”。故本題選Ｂ。7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子結構可知,這里是由thａｔ引導的定語從句修飾說明前面的行為規(guī)范，是說法院也應當遵守合用于其他聯(lián)邦司法部的行為規(guī)范。ａｐｐlyto“合用于”符合題意。ｒｅｓｏrｔto“求助于”;ｓｔickｔo“堅持(原則等)”語意不通。8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的語境為，類似這樣的案例提出了這樣一個問題:法院和政治之間是否還存在著界線。提出問題,產(chǎn)生問題用只能選rａｉsｅ。9．【答案】A【解析】根據(jù)第8題可知,空內應填ｌｉne，“界線”。barｒｉer“障礙”,siｍilａrity“相似性”，confｌｉｃｔ“沖突”都不合題意。10.【答案】Ｂ【解析】根據(jù)句意，憲法的起草者們預想的是將司法從政治中分出來，讓其享有獨立的權力。envisionaｓ“將…想象成…”。所以選Ｂ。11．【答案】A【解析】本題考察邏輯搭配。本選項答案的擬定需結合前句意思，制憲者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影響,這樣一來，法官就可以免受掌權者的影響了。此空就是考察由此所帶來的結果,故選［A］。12.【答案】Ｃ【解析】此題承接上題，可知法律不受政治的影響,從而法官也不用緊張掌權者(thoseiｎｐower)。13.【答案】C【解析】此題承接上題,結合句意,可知該半句重要表達“法官也無需政治支持了?！边x項Ｃ最符題意。１４.【答案】D【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。原句表達“我們的法律體系是法律完全不受政治的影響,是由于這兩者是緊密。。。”。結合句意思,[D]最合題意.15．【答案】A【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。文中說“憲法具有政治性,是因其的選擇都是植根于諸如自由，財產(chǎn)之類的基本社會。。。中?！弊杂?財產(chǎn)是西方社會的一些基本社會理念或概念，故選［Ａ］。16.【答案】Ｃ【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。一方面分析該句,可知空白處添加上一動詞可構成一定語從句,限定“thelaw”。另一方面,文中語境表達“當法律解決社會政策決策問題時,。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四個選項中，[C]為最佳答案。17.【答案】A【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。可由文中語境得知,該半句重要表達“這也就解釋了為什么背離思想路線的決策被看作是不公正的，從而被容易的….”。結合語境,以及四個選項的意思，可知［A]最佳。18.【答案】Ｃ【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。由文中語境可知該句重要表達“法官必須。。。有關法庭(裁決的)公正合理的質疑?！彼膫€選項中,僅［C]符合題意。19.【答案】D【解析】本題考察短語搭配及相似短語辨析。四個選項均可與連用，其中accessibleｔo易接近的;可歸屬的;可得到的可歸因的amiａblｅto可親，多指人和藹可親，易于接近agreeableｔo欣然批準的；適合的,適宜的ａccouｎtabｌeｔo對…負責此題的理解需承接整個句,一方面此空所在后半句乃一方式狀語，承接前半句說明法官如何來解決有關法庭(裁決的）公正合理的質疑。將此四個選項分別代入,可得出對的答案[D]，法官只有對對行為準則負責，也即是遵循一定的行為準則才可保證其裁決的公正與合理。２0.【答案】D【解析】此題考察邏輯搭配。此句承接上句，旨在說明由此帶來的結果,也即是文中所說的“。。。使得裁決看起來完全不受政治的影響,如法律一般令人信服。”結合四個選項意思，可知選［D]。ＳectioｎIIReadingＣompreｈeｎｓionPartATｅxt１２1.【答案】Ｄ【解析】文章首段包含了兩方面的內容,作者先簡樸介紹Peｅrｐreｓsｕre,再引出TiｎaＲoseｎbｅrg在她的新書JoｉｎtheCｌub中對于peerｐrｅssurｅ的見解，這篇文章是以一篇書評的形式出現(xiàn)。而題目“根據(jù)第一段，同伴壓力的出現(xiàn)經(jīng)常是…”問的僅僅是同伴壓力，并無涉及到TinaＲoｓenberg或者她的新書,因此答案則應重要涉及文章對于peeｒｐressuｒe的介紹，而非Tina對于pｅeｒpressuｒｅ的見解。首段第三句說“(同伴壓力）通常引起不好的事情,如酗酒，嗑藥,亂交”，故答案選D，說明同伴壓力出現(xiàn)導致的結果，這里的答案使用了同義替換的方式。２2.【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“ｐublic－h(huán)eaｌthadvｏcaｔes”可以定位到第三段最后一句話“Roｓeｎbｅrｇarguｅsconvincinglythａt(yī)pubｌｉｃ－h(huán)ｅaｌthａｄvocatesoughttｏｔakeapageｆｒomadvertiｓers，ｓoskiｌｌｅｄａt(yī)applyｉngpｅerpｒessure”,即應當向廣告商學習,這里重要是對于短語“ｔaｋeaｐａｇefrｏm”的理解,答案選Ｂ23.【答案】A【解析】根據(jù)題干“在作者看來,Roｓｅnbｅrg的書沒能…”,所選答案是要找出作者看來這本書的缺陷是什么。文章第四段第一句話說“但是，在…方面，Rｏｓenberg不太有說服力”，緊接著說“JoinｔhｅCｌub中太多無關的細節(jié),而對于使同伴壓力能產(chǎn)生如此大作用的社會和生物因素并未做足夠的探究”，這句話充足說明了在作者心目中這本書的局限性在哪兒,故答案選A24．【答案】Ｃ【解析】這是一道細節(jié)題。文章第五段首句告訴我們pｅeｒgｒoups的確會對行為產(chǎn)生很大的影響，第二句具體說明影響的內容，即好的習慣和不好的習慣都會通過社會交際在朋友圈中傳遞,最后一句則對這種影響進行了總結，“這是同伴壓力