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中石油職稱英語(yǔ)考試2023版通用選讀目錄TOC\o"1-3"\h\z\uHYPERLINK\l"_Toc"1.SixGoldenRulesforMee(cuò)tingManagement主持會(huì)議六大準(zhǔn)則 PAGEREF_Toc\h3HYPERLINK2.NetworkSecurity網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全 PAGEREF_Toc\h43.AllILearnedinKindergarten幼兒園所學(xué)的...?\h6HYPERLINK4.HowtoNegotiatewithAmericans如何與美國(guó)人談判 PAGEREF_Toc\h7HYPERLINK5.Carbon-basedAlternative碳基替代燃料 PAGEREF_Toc\h9HYPERLINK\l"_Toc"6.AutomaticAuto:aCarThat(yī)DrivesItself無(wú)人駕駛汽車?PAGEREF_Toc\h11HYPERLINK\l"_Toc"7.OurFamilyCree(cuò)d家族的信條?PAGEREF_Toc\h138.TheartofpublicSpeaking公共演講的藝術(shù)?PAGEREF_Toc\h15HYPERLINK\l"_Toc"9.OilandGasGeneration油氣生成?PAGEREF_Toc\h1510.TheDressCodeforOfficeLife辦公室的著裝禮儀 PAGEREF_Toc\h1911.SmokingandCancer吸煙和癌 PAGEREF_Toc\h21HYPERLINK12.EastMeetsWestinRelaxingMacau澳門(mén)—東西方文化的交匯點(diǎn) PAGEREF_Toc\h2313.ThePositiveMeaningsofLove愛(ài)的真諦?PAGEREF_Toc\h2514.Takingchances,Makingchances抓住機(jī)遇,制造機(jī)遇?PAGEREF_Toc\h2715.ConventionalPetroleumReservoir常規(guī)油氣藏?PAGEREF_Toc\h3016.UnconventionalOilandGas非常規(guī)油氣 PAGEREF_Toc\h33HYPERLINK22.TheGermanicLanguages日耳曼語(yǔ)系?PAGEREF_Toc\h46HYPERLINK23.HowAmericansEatandDrink美國(guó)人的飲食 PAGEREF_Toc\h48HYPERLINK24.TheDelightsofSouthIsland南島之樂(lè) PAGEREF_Toc\h50HYPERLINKinMyLife我生命中的“另一個(gè)女人”?PAGEREF_Toc\h5929.GeographyofUSA美國(guó)地理概況 PAGEREF_Toc\h6130.TheOldManandtheSea(Excerpt)老人與海(節(jié)選) PAGEREF_Toc\h63HYPERLINK\l"_Toc"31.PetroleumGeologyandOtherSciences石油地質(zhì)學(xué)與其它科學(xué) PAGEREF_Toc\h66HYPERLINK\l"_Toc"32.TheCaliforniaGoldRush加利福尼亞淘金熱 PAGEREF_Toc\h6833.WhatDoParentsOweTheirChildren父母欠子女什么? h7234.ShouldYouGoOrganic?你應(yīng)當(dāng)“有機(jī)”嗎? 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PAGEREF_Toc\h110HYPERLINK\l"_Toc"48.TheConsciousUseoftheSubconsciousMind對(duì)潛意識(shí)的故意識(shí)運(yùn)用?PAGEREF_Toc\h11449.TheBritishthroughMyEyes我眼中的英國(guó)人?PAGEREF_Toc\h117HYPERLINK\l"_Toc"50.NotQuiteReadytoRetire退休為時(shí)尚早 PAGEREF_Toc\h120HYPERLINK52.SalesPromotion產(chǎn)品促銷?PAGEREF_Toc\h127HYPERLINK53.OilRefining石油煉制?PAGEREF_Toc\h13054.AnotherHappiness另一種快樂(lè)?PAGEREF_Toc\h132HYPERLINK55.It’snevertooLat(yī)eforSuccess成功不分早晚 PAGEREF_Toc\h135HYPERLINK56.WhyToMarkaBook為什么在書(shū)上做標(biāo)記?PAGEREF_Toc\h13857.Earth'sLastFrontier:TheSea海洋,地球最后的待開(kāi)發(fā)疆域?PAGEREF_Toc\h14158.OurManyResponsestoPain痛感反映?PAGEREF_Toc\h145HYPERLINK59.ForestFires:aMajorDisaster森林大火:可怕的劫難?PAGEREF_Toc\h14960.WhyAntarcticaIsBeingExplored為什么要勘探南極洲 PAGEREF_Toc\h1531.SixGoldenRulesforMeetingManagement主持會(huì)議六大準(zhǔn)則Ifyouareaskedtochairameeting,rememberthefollowingsixgoldenrulesformeetingmanagement.假如規(guī)定你主持一個(gè)會(huì)議,記住以下有關(guān)主持會(huì)議的六大準(zhǔn)則。1.Alwaysstartthemeetingontime.Ifyoubeginontime,groupmemberswhoshowuplatewillrealizethevalueoftime.Beginningontimereflectsskillasaneffectivetimemanagerandsetsaprecedentforotherstofollow.1、總要準(zhǔn)時(shí)開(kāi)會(huì)。假如你準(zhǔn)時(shí)開(kāi)始,晚到的與會(huì)者意識(shí)屆時(shí)間的價(jià)值。準(zhǔn)時(shí)開(kāi)始反映了一位善于掌握時(shí)間的人的技巧,也給其別人樹(shù)立了楷模。2.Assignanote-takerorarrangetohavethemeetingaudiotaped.Youmaynee(cuò)dtoreferbacktoanissuethatwasdiscussedduringthemeetingatalaterdate.Goodrecord-keepingisasignofagoodmee(cuò)tingmanageraswell.2、安排一位會(huì)議記錄或給會(huì)議錄音。日后你也許需要參考會(huì)議中商討的某個(gè)問(wèn)題,做好記錄也是優(yōu)秀會(huì)議主持人的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。3.Learntolisten.Somanytimeswethinkaboutwhat(yī)wearegoingtosayand,intheprocess,blockoutvalidpointsthat(yī)othergroupmembersmaybecontributing.Additionally,weoftenhearonlywhat(yī)wewanttohear,ratherthanreallylisteningtootherpeople.Mee(cuò)tingthat(yī)arecharacterizedbyeffectivelisteningaresuccessfulmee(cuò)tings.3、學(xué)會(huì)傾聽(tīng)。常見(jiàn)的是,我們想的是我們將要說(shuō)些什么,因此就妨礙了聽(tīng)取別的與會(huì)者說(shuō)出的合理論點(diǎn)。再有,我們經(jīng)常只聽(tīng)我們想要聽(tīng)的,而不是真正地傾聽(tīng)別人的意見(jiàn)。能有效傾聽(tīng)意見(jiàn)的會(huì)議是成功的會(huì)議。4.Kee(cuò)pthediscussionontrack.Manytimesimportantissuescangetsidetrackedinameeting,especiallywheneveryonehasadifferentopinionaboutthetopic.Ifyouanticipat(yī)eaconflictpriortothemeeting,discusstheissuewithparticipantsinadvance.Ifanunanticipatedconflictdevelopsoncethemeetingisinprogress,eitherappointasubcommitteetoothblem,oraskparticipantsinvolvedintheconflicttomeetwithyouafterthemee(cuò)ting.Doingsowillhelpkeepthediscussionontrackandminimizethechancesofwastingparticipants’valuabletime.4、讓討論緊扣主題。往往許多重大問(wèn)題在會(huì)議上容易離題,特別是當(dāng)每位與會(huì)者對(duì)問(wèn)題意見(jiàn)不同時(shí)。假如會(huì)前你已預(yù)料到會(huì)有沖突發(fā)生,那就提前與當(dāng)事人互換一下意見(jiàn)。假如會(huì)議期間有未曾預(yù)料到的沖突發(fā)生,委派一個(gè)小組委員會(huì)對(duì)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題予以調(diào)查,或者請(qǐng)卷入沖突的人員會(huì)后與你再談。這樣可以讓討論緊扣主題,并盡也許少浪費(fèi)與會(huì)者的寶貴時(shí)間。5.Giveeveryoneanopportunitytobeheard.Somepeopletendtomonopolizemeetings,whereasotherswaittobeaskedtheiropinions.Astheleaderofthemeeting,youneedtokeepanopenmindandmakesureeveryonefeelswelcometocontributeandexpressideaswithoutcriticism.5、給每位與會(huì)者說(shuō)出自己見(jiàn)解的機(jī)會(huì)。有些人易于滔滔不絕占據(jù)會(huì)議的大部分時(shí)間,而有些人則等著被別人叫才開(kāi)口。作為會(huì)議主持人,你需要思想開(kāi)闊,無(wú)偏袒之心,保證每位與會(huì)者都能感到,表達(dá)自己的想法是受歡迎的,不會(huì)受到別人非難。6.Endontime.Ifyousaidthemee(cuò)tingwouldlastnolongerthanonehour,makesurethemeetinglastsfornolyanhour.Meetingparticipantstendtoplantherestoftheirdayaroundthetimeallottedforthemeeting.Runninglat(yī)ewithameetingmakesmemberstardyforotherappointments,increasesthechancesthatmemberswillmentallyleavethemee(cuò)ting,andreducesyourcredibilityasaneffectivemeetingmanager.6.準(zhǔn)時(shí)結(jié)束會(huì)議。假如你說(shuō)了會(huì)議不會(huì)超過(guò)1小時(shí),那就要保證會(huì)議只連續(xù)1小時(shí)。與會(huì)者的日程安排往往受到會(huì)議的左右。會(huì)議超時(shí)會(huì)導(dǎo)致他們遲赴別的約會(huì),增長(zhǎng)他們心不在焉的也許性,也會(huì)減少你作為一位善于主持會(huì)議的人的信譽(yù)。2.NetworkSecurity網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全1.AsmoreAmericansdomorethingsonline,Internetidentitytheftisagrowing—andverycostly—problem.Considerthefollowingtenaspectsandlearnthebestwaystoprotectyourself.1、隨著美國(guó)網(wǎng)民不斷增多,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使用越來(lái)越頻繁,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)身份失竊成了一個(gè)日益嚴(yán)重且代價(jià)昂貴的問(wèn)題。閱讀以下十條建議,學(xué)會(huì)保護(hù)自己隱私的最佳方式。2.GuardYourPersonalInformation.Neverrespondtorequestsforpersonaloraccountinformat(yī)iononline(oroverthephone).Whenyoursocialsecuritynumberisrequestedasanidentifier,askifyoucanprovidealternateinformation.Watchoutforconvincingimitationsofbanks,cardcompanies,charitiesandgovernmentagencies.Uselegitimatesourcesofcontactinformationtoverifyrequestsforinformation,suchasyourfinancialinstitution'sofficialwebsiteorthetelephonenumberlistedonstatements.2、保護(hù)個(gè)人信息。絕不在網(wǎng)上(或通過(guò)電話)回復(fù)任何索取個(gè)人信息或賬戶信息的請(qǐng)求。當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)營(yíng)商規(guī)定你輸入社會(huì)保障號(hào)碼作為確認(rèn)標(biāo)記時(shí),詢問(wèn)是否可以提供其他信息代替社會(huì)保障代號(hào)。小心警惕那些偽裝成銀行、信用卡公司、慈善組織和政府機(jī)構(gòu)的網(wǎng)站,它們總是偽裝得很逼真。使用來(lái)源于官方的聯(lián)系方式來(lái)驗(yàn)證個(gè)人信息索取請(qǐng)求(是否可靠),例如金融機(jī)構(gòu)的官方網(wǎng)址,或是結(jié)算單上的電話號(hào)碼。3.Don'tovershare.Don'tdivulgeyourbirthdate,mother'smaidenname,pet'snameoranyotheridentifyinginformationonsocialmediawebsitessuchasFacebook,LinkedlnorTwitter.3、忌過(guò)度共享個(gè)人信息。在類似于Facebook、LinkedIn和Twitter的社交網(wǎng)站上,不要泄露你的生日、母親的娘家姓、寵物的名字或其他任何涉及身份的信息。4.StayUptoDate.Installanti-virussoftwareonyourcomputerandkee(cuò)pitupdated.Usethelat(yī)estversionofyourwebbrowser.Installsecuritypatchesandsoftwareupdatesassoonastheyarereadytoinstall.4、經(jīng)常更新電腦。在電腦上安裝殺毒軟件,經(jīng)常更新病毒庫(kù)。使用最新版本的網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器。及時(shí)安裝安全補(bǔ)丁和軟件更新。5.MakeitDifficult.Useuniqueandhard-to-guesspasswords.Don'taccesssecurewebsitesusingpublicWi-Fi.5、密碼設(shè)立得復(fù)雜些。使用難猜的密碼,不要使用公共無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)登錄安全性網(wǎng)站。6.BewareofFakeOnlineSweepstakesandContests.Alloffersthatrequirepaymentorprivateinformationbeforegivinganawardarebogus.Takethetimetocheckoutthevalidityofanoffer.Askforcontactinformat(yī)ionfromthesenderanddetailsaboutthecompanyrunningthecontest.Onceyoustartaskingalotofquestionsandmakeitclearyouwon'tbepushedtomakeanimmediatedecision,mostscammerswillgoaway.6、注意分辨虛假的網(wǎng)絡(luò)彩票和競(jìng)賽中獎(jiǎng)信息。在贈(zèng)送獎(jiǎng)品之前規(guī)定支付一定金額或填寫(xiě)個(gè)人信息的中獎(jiǎng)信息都是虛假的。任何一條中獎(jiǎng)信息,你都要花一點(diǎn)時(shí)間確認(rèn)其真?zhèn)?例如詢問(wèn)寄件人的聯(lián)絡(luò)方式和負(fù)責(zé)組織競(jìng)賽的公司的詳情。一旦你開(kāi)始詢問(wèn)這些問(wèn)題,并且明確表達(dá)不會(huì)匆忙做決定,大多數(shù)騙子都會(huì)知難而退。7.GoPaperless.Enrollinelectronicstatements,usedirectdeposit,andmakebillpaymentsonline(toavoidmailtheft).7、無(wú)紙化。直接登記注冊(cè)電子交易協(xié)議書(shū),進(jìn)行網(wǎng)上直接存款和網(wǎng)上直接支付(以防止郵件失竊)。8.Don'tBelievetheWorkatHomeHype.Thoroughlyconductabackgroundcheckonpany,makingasmanyphonecallsandInternetsearchesasyoucan.Ifindoubt,visitalocallawenforcementofficeandasktheiropinion.Allofferstoearnpayforre-shippinggoodssenttoyouraddressarebogus.Tragically,somework-from-homescamsnotonlyenlisttheindividualtodefraudothers,theyalsomakeanidentityfraudvictimoutoftheindividual?。?、不要相信傳得天花亂墜的家居辦公模式。通過(guò)電話征詢和網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索對(duì)鼓吹這種模式的公司進(jìn)行全面的背景調(diào)查。假如調(diào)查結(jié)果令人置疑,可以咨詢本地執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)的意見(jiàn)。所有寄到你的地址聲稱通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)物品即可賺取薪水的信息都是編造的。可悲的是,一些家庭辦公騙局不僅使不知情的個(gè)人淪為他們欺騙行為的協(xié)同犯,也成為了身份詐騙的受害者。9.AskWhat(yī)YourBankIsDoingtoProtectYou.Understandbanks'guarantee(cuò)sfortection:alllargeprovidersnowofferzero-liabilityprotectionfordebitandcreditcards,whileafewofferaguaranteeforonlinebankingtransactions.9、詢問(wèn)你的銀行的隱私保護(hù)措施。了解銀行在防止詐騙方面的保障措施,一些大型銀行現(xiàn)在提供對(duì)借記卡和信用卡的免責(zé)保護(hù),也有一些銀行提供網(wǎng)銀交易安全保障。10.KeepaCloseEyeonYourFinances.Monitoryourbankandcreditcardaccountsweekly.Signupforalertstobesenttoyourmobilephoneoremail.Monitoryourcreditandpublicinformationonlinetospotunauthorizedactivity.Freecreditreportsfromeachofthethreemajorcreditbureausareavailablee(cuò)achyearthroughannualcr.Optionalfee-basedservicesoffermoree(cuò)xtensivemonitoringofcreditinformation,personalidentityrecords,socialsecuritynumbersandonlinetransactions.10、密切注意個(gè)人財(cái)政狀況。每周關(guān)注你的銀行賬戶、信用卡使用有無(wú)異常,申請(qǐng)手機(jī)或電子郵件警示業(yè)務(wù)。監(jiān)測(cè)你的網(wǎng)絡(luò)信用信息和公共信息,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)未授權(quán)的活動(dòng)。每年通過(guò)annualcreditreport.com,你可以選取三大信用機(jī)構(gòu)中的任何一個(gè)向你提供免費(fèi)信用報(bào)告。你還可以選擇收費(fèi)項(xiàng)目,獲取對(duì)信用信息、個(gè)人身份記錄、社會(huì)保障號(hào)碼和其他網(wǎng)上交易活動(dòng)的更全面的監(jiān)測(cè)服務(wù)。11.ReportIt.Ifyou'reavictimofonlinefraud,contacttheauthorities.YoucanfileanonlinereportwiththeInternetCrimeComplaintCenter(IC3)—apartnershipbetweentheFBI,theNationalWhiteCollarCrimeCenter,andtheBureauofJusticeAssistance.Alsocontactyourlocalpolicetofileareport.Themorepeoplewhoreportsuchcrimes,themorecriminalsarearrested.11、最后一招,舉報(bào)。假如你已經(jīng)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)詐騙的受害者,聯(lián)系官方機(jī)構(gòu)。你可以在網(wǎng)上向互聯(lián)網(wǎng)犯罪舉報(bào)中心〔聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的合作伙伴之一)、國(guó)家白領(lǐng)犯罪中心或司法援助局舉報(bào),也可以向本地警署舉報(bào)。越多的人舉報(bào)這些犯罪行為,越多的罪犯就將被繩之以法。3.AllILearnedinKindergarten幼兒園所學(xué)的...1.Mostofwhat(yī)Ireallyneedtoknowabouthowtoliveandwhattodoandhowtobe,Ilearnedinkindergarten.Wisdomwasnotat(yī)thetopofthegraduat(yī)emountain,butthereinthesandpileatnurseryschool.1、大部分在生活中真正需要的,涉及如何生活,該做些什么,又該如何去做,這些都是我在幼兒園時(shí)學(xué)會(huì)的。智慧不在研究生院的山巔之上,而在幼兒園的沙堆里。2.ThesearethethingsIlearned:Shareeverything.Playfair.Don'thitpeople.Puttilingsbackwhereyoufoundthem.Cleanupyourownmess.Don'ttakethingsthataren'tyours.Sayyou'resorrywhenyouhurtsomebody.Washyourhandsbeforeyoueat.Warmcookiesandcoldmilkaregoodforyou.Liveabalancedlife.Learnsomeandthinksomeanddrawandpaintandsinganddanceandplayandworkeverydaysome.2、以下就是我在幼兒園中學(xué)到的。分享所有的東西;行為光明磊落;不要襲擊別人;東西要放回原處;自己弄臟的地方自己收拾好;不要拿走不屬于自己的東西;假如你傷害了別人就得道歉;飯前洗手;熱的甜點(diǎn)和涼的牛奶對(duì)身體有益;生活要有張有弛,學(xué)點(diǎn)東西、想點(diǎn)思想、寫(xiě)寫(xiě)畫(huà)畫(huà)、唱唱跳跳,休息和工作,每樣事天天都要干一點(diǎn)。3.Takeanapeveryafternoon.Whenyougooutintotheworld,watchfortraffic,holdhandsandsticktogether.Beawareofwonder.Rememberthelittleseedintheplasticcup?Therootsgodownandtheplantgoesupandnobodyreallyknowshoworwhy,butwearealllikethat(yī).3、天天下午小睡一會(huì)。當(dāng)大家外出時(shí),注意交通安全,記得手挽手,彼此互相扶持。多多注意那些生活的奇跡。你一定還記得那個(gè)塑料杯里的小小的種子吧,它不斷的往下扎根,枝葉不斷的向空中伸展。沒(méi)有人真正知道它在如何生長(zhǎng),也不知道是為了什么。但有一點(diǎn)很明白,我們也像他們同樣地長(zhǎng)大。4.Goldfishandhamstersandwhitemiceandeventhelittleseedintheplasticcup-theyalldie.Sodowe.4、看著金魚(yú)、倉(cāng)鼠以及小白鼠甚至是花盆中小小的一顆種子,最后他們的生命都將消亡。我們明白自己同樣也不能避免。5.AndthenrememberthebookaboutDickandJane1andthefirstwordyoulearned,thebiggestwordofall:Look.Everythingyouneedtoknowisintheresomewhere.TheGoldenRuleandloveandbasicsanitation.Ecologyandpolitiesandsaneliving.5、同時(shí)我們還記得《迪克和珍妮》的書(shū),以及從書(shū)中學(xué)到的第一個(gè)詞,也是最了不起的一個(gè)詞:觀測(cè)。你所需要了解的任何事情:涉及為人的原則、愛(ài)、應(yīng)注意的基本衛(wèi)生,生態(tài)環(huán)境和政治哲學(xué)以及健全的生活方式,你都能在該書(shū)的某個(gè)地方找到答案。6.Thinkofwhatabetterworlditwouldbeifweall-thewholeworld-hadcookiesandmilkabout3o'clockeveryafternoonandthenlaydownwithourblanketsforanap.Orifwehadabasicpolicyinournationstoalwaysputthingsbackwherewefoundthemandcleanedupourownmesses.Anditisstilltrue,nomatterhowoldyouare,whenyougoouotheworld,itisbettertoholdhandsandsticktogether.6、想一想,假如我們大家--全世界所有的人--天天下午3點(diǎn)左右可以享受甜點(diǎn)和牛奶,然后蓋上被單美美地睡上一小會(huì)兒;假如每一個(gè)國(guó)家都可以遵循一個(gè)基本的立國(guó)之道,即東西放回原處,自己弄臟的地方自己收拾后,那么這個(gè)世界將是多么的美好啊。無(wú)論你年齡有多大,當(dāng)你出去時(shí),當(dāng)你進(jìn)入社會(huì)之時(shí),最佳和別人手牽手,互相扶持,團(tuán)結(jié)一致,無(wú)論如何,這是一個(gè)顛撲不破的真理。4.HowtoNegotiatewithAmericans如何與美國(guó)人談判1.TheUSisanat(yī)tractivemarket.Itsbusinessculture,whichhasbroughttheworld"shareholdervalue"and"IPOs",hasbee(cuò)nleadingcommercialthinkinginrecentyearsandwillcontinuetodoso.Butwhoeverwantstosuccee(cuò)dintheUSneedstoremembertherulesofthegame.1、美國(guó)是一個(gè)富有吸引力的市場(chǎng)。它給世界帶來(lái)的諸如“股東價(jià)值”和“初次公開(kāi)募股”的商業(yè)文化近幾年來(lái)一直引導(dǎo)著商業(yè)思想,并且在未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)還將保持。但是無(wú)論是誰(shuí),想要在美國(guó)取得成功,都必須記住游戲的規(guī)則。2.USbusinessisdescribedbythelyricsofthesongNewYork,NewYork:"Ifyoucanmakeithere,youcanmakeitanywhere!"Yetaeuphoricapproachtobusinessisbynomeansenough.AlthoughbusinesscommunicationintheUSispleasantandeasygoing,itisatthesametimeruthlesslyfocused.2、美國(guó)的商業(yè),在《紐約,紐約》這首歌的歌詞中是這樣描述的:“假如你能在這里取得成功,你就能在別的任何地方取得成功!”但是快樂(lè)的做生意的方法是絕對(duì)不夠的。雖然在美國(guó)的商業(yè)溝通是快樂(lè)的和自在的,但是它同時(shí)也由于不講情面而成為焦點(diǎn)。3.CommunicatingisanaturaltalentofAmericans.Whennegotiat(yī)ingpartnersmeet,theemphasisisonsmalltalkandsmiling.Thereisliberaluseofasenseofhumorthat(yī)ismoredirectthanitisintheUK.IfyougiveatalkinAmerica,youshouldspeakinarelaxedwayandwithplentyofjokestocaptureyouraudiences'attention.3、溝通是美國(guó)人與生俱來(lái)的才干。雙方談判的時(shí)候,閑聊和微笑是很重要的。美國(guó)人比英國(guó)人更風(fēng)趣也更直接。假如你和美國(guó)人談話,要很放松并且要準(zhǔn)備很多笑話來(lái)吸引聽(tīng)眾的注意力。4.Informalityistherule.Businesspartnersrenouncetheiracademictitlesontheirbusinesscards.Sandwichesanddrinksinplasticorboxesareservedduringconferences.Yourbusinesspartnerstendtoactcasuallyintheofficeandchatabouttheirfamily.4、美國(guó)人不拘禮節(jié)。商業(yè)伙伴不會(huì)在他們的名片上寫(xiě)他們的畢業(yè)院校。會(huì)議期間會(huì)提供一些用塑料瓶或盒子裝的三明治和飲料。你的生意伙伴很可能會(huì)在辦公室隨意地做一些事情或聊他們的家庭。5.Theattitude"timeismoney"hasmoreinfluenceonbusinesscommunicat(yī)ionintheUSthanitdoesanywhereelse.Aftertheneutralwarm-up,USnegotiatingpartnersquicklygettothepoint.Evensocialget-togethersareoftenusedtodiscussbusinessmatters.5、“時(shí)間就是金錢(qián)”這種態(tài)度在美國(guó)的生意場(chǎng)上的影響力比其他任何領(lǐng)域都強(qiáng)。在簡(jiǎn)樸的寒暄之后,美國(guó)談判雙方不久地切入主題,甚至社會(huì)上舉辦的聯(lián)歡會(huì)都會(huì)被運(yùn)用來(lái)討論生意。6.AlthoughAmericansdobusinessinaverypragmat(yī)icway,theywanttowin.Developingapersonalrelat(yī)ionshipwiththebusinesspartnerisnotasimportantasgettingresults.6、美國(guó)人做生意很注重實(shí)效,他們就是想贏。相比之下,發(fā)展與商業(yè)伙伴的個(gè)人關(guān)系就不是那么重要了。7.AndUSnegotiat(yī)orstendtowantthoseresultsfast.Asfinancialresultsarereportedeveryquarter,itisessentialtosecureprofitabilityonashort-termbasis.Forthisreason,manyUScontractscontaintvision"timeisofthee(cuò)ssence"withintheirpreamble.Hence,USimpatienceinnegotiationsshouldnotbeperceivedasimpoliteness,butasthecorollaryof"timeismoney".7、并且美國(guó)談判者想最快地獲得結(jié)果。金融情況時(shí)刻受到關(guān)注,這對(duì)在短期內(nèi)保證收益很重要。因此,許多美國(guó)契約在前言里面包含“時(shí)間就是生命”這一條款。所以美國(guó)人談判很性急,但這不應(yīng)當(dāng)被理解成無(wú)禮,而是因?yàn)椤皶r(shí)間就是金錢(qián)”的理念在起作用。8.Thisattitudehasastronginfluenceonnegotiations,sincestrategicalliancesandotherlong-termprojectsareevaluat(yī)edintermsoftheirpotentialtoachieveaquickreturnoninvestment.8、由于戰(zhàn)略合作和其他的長(zhǎng)期項(xiàng)目都是以其潛在的快速投資回報(bào)率來(lái)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的,這種態(tài)度會(huì)對(duì)談判有很大的影響。9.BecausetheAsiannegotiatingapproachtendstobelong-terminnature,itisoneofthemainreasonswhysomanyjointventuresandalliancesbetwee(cuò)nUSandAsiancompanieshavefailedtomeetexpectations.9、亞洲人談判的時(shí)間歷來(lái)很長(zhǎng),這也是為什么美國(guó)和亞洲的很多公司合作起來(lái)卻沒(méi)有達(dá)成預(yù)期效果的一個(gè)重要因素。10.WhendoingbusinessintheUS,youshouldtakethefollowingconsiderationsintoaccount.10、當(dāng)你在美國(guó)經(jīng)商時(shí),以下的這些事情是值得考慮一下的。11.Conductingnegotiationsonahighfessionallevelandmakingpresentationswiththehelpofstate-of-the-arttechnologyisappreciat(yī)edintheUS.Youshouldobserveanegotiatedagenda,orevenadraftagreement.Thenegotiationwillproceedinawell-prepared,calm,matter-of-factandpragmaticmanner,alllacedwithasubstantialdoseofhumor.11、藝術(shù)般地將談判內(nèi)容呈現(xiàn)出來(lái),引導(dǎo)一個(gè)專業(yè)的、高水平的談判,這在美國(guó)很受歡迎。制定一個(gè)談判議程,甚至是一個(gè)協(xié)定草案。談判將會(huì)在準(zhǔn)備充足、平和、實(shí)事求是的狀態(tài)中進(jìn)行,并且氣氛輕松風(fēng)趣。12.Presentandmarketyourcaseinapositiveway.Youshouldnotbetoomodestaboutyourowncompany'sproducts,services,andmarketposition.Instead,takea"can-do"attitude.12、在介紹自己公司情況的時(shí)候,要很積極。對(duì)自己公司的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)和在市場(chǎng)上的地位都不要說(shuō)得太謙虛。要釆取一種樂(lè)觀進(jìn)取的態(tài)度,讓對(duì)方覺(jué)得你能行。13.Moreover,donotbemisledbyyournegotiatingpartners'relaxedstylemunication.Subjectssuchasreligion,politicsorethnicbackgroundshouldonlybetouchedoncautiously,eveninprivateconversat(yī)ion.13、尚有,不要被你的談判合作人放松的溝通方式所誤導(dǎo)。諸如宗教、政治或種族等,這些問(wèn)題一定要慎重提及1,即使是在私人的交談中也應(yīng)如此。14.Thecasualat(yī)titudeintheUSdoesnotmeanthereisnohierarchyinUScompanies.Onthecontrary,stat(yī)usisexpressedinaverysubtleway,anditmaytakesometimetogainadetailedunderstandingoftherankingsystem.14、這種不拘禮節(jié)的態(tài)度并不意味著在美國(guó)的公司中沒(méi)有等級(jí)制度。相反,每個(gè)人的身份地位會(huì)以一種非常微妙的方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái),而要真正理解這種表達(dá)方式是需要一定期間的。5.Carbon-basedAlternative碳基替代燃料1.Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehicles,thenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequently,morethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxide,particulatemat(yī)ter,andozone(generatedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaust)thatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions-shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivat(yī)eautomobile-istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgas.liquefiedpetroleumgas,ethanol,ormethanol.1、盡管近幾年來(lái)私人機(jī)動(dòng)車輛排放的有害污染物已有相稱限度的減少,但這類車輛的數(shù)量卻仍在穩(wěn)定地增長(zhǎng)。因此,美國(guó)100多個(gè)城市仍然存在著超過(guò)法律限定的一氧化碳、懸浮顆粒物和臭氧(由于車輛排出氣體中碳?xì)浠衔锿ㄟ^(guò)光化反映產(chǎn)生)。人們逐漸結(jié)識(shí)到實(shí)現(xiàn)車輛尾氣排放更進(jìn)一步減少的唯一有效方法--大規(guī)模消減私人小汽車除外--是用燃燒更為清潔的燃料,如壓縮天然氣、液化石油氣、乙醇或甲醇代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的柴油和汽油。2.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmorecleanlythangasoline,inpartbecausetheyhavefewer,ifany,carbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermolecules,whichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseuncombustedandphotochemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhand,alternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshavesetofheavyfueltanks-aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency-andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsonsupply.2、所有這些替代物都是碳基燃料,它的分子要比汽油的小而簡(jiǎn)樸。這些分子要比汽油燃燒得更為清潔,部分是由于他們碳-碳鍵較少,并且即使會(huì)釋放出碳?xì)浠衔?也不太也許會(huì)成為臭氧。較大分子的燃燒,由于它們具有多重碳-碳,隨著著更為復(fù)雜的一系列反映。這些反映增長(zhǎng)了不完全燃燒得也許性并且易于放出未燃燒的、易起光化反映的碳?xì)浠衔镝尫诺酱髿庵小牧硪环矫鎭?lái)說(shuō),替代燃料也有缺陷。壓縮天然氣規(guī)定車輛有一套沉重的燃料箱--在外觀和燃料效率方面有嚴(yán)重的不利之處--并且液化石油氣面臨著基本的供應(yīng)量限制。3.Ethanolandmethanol,ontheotherhand,haveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbon-basedalternativefuels:theyhavehigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplement,butitiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanol,thelowcostofwhichisoneofitsat(yī)tractivefeatures.Methanol'smostat(yī)tractivefeature,however,isthatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthat(yī)formozone,themostseriousurbanairpollutant.3、從另一個(gè)方面來(lái)看,乙醇和甲醇具有由于其他碳基替代燃料的重要優(yōu)勢(shì):它們?cè)趩挝蝗萘肯掠懈叩哪芰亢?并且只需要在現(xiàn)存的配送燃料的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中做很小的變更。乙醇通常用作汽油的補(bǔ)充燃料,但它現(xiàn)在的價(jià)格是甲醇的兩倍,后者的低成本是具有吸引力的特性之一。但是,甲醇最吸引人的特性是它可以將形成臭氧的車輛尾氣這一嚴(yán)重的城市空氣污染減少90%。4.Likeanyalternativefuel,methanolhasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof"gasolineclone"vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrue,forexample,thatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-h(huán)alfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequal,thefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.However,sincemelhanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthan"gasolineclone"vehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuel.Vehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution.4、像任何替代燃料同樣,甲醇也有對(duì)其的批評(píng)意見(jiàn)。然而,大部分批評(píng)都是針對(duì)“克隆汽油車”的,這些車并沒(méi)有為使用甲醇而做出哪怕最簡(jiǎn)樸的設(shè)計(jì)上的改善。這些批評(píng)意見(jiàn)是對(duì)的,舉例來(lái)說(shuō),一定容量的甲醇只能供應(yīng)汽油和柴油燃料所能供應(yīng)的能力的一伴。在其他條件相同時(shí),不得不將車輛的燃料箱做的較大和較沉些。然而,由于燒甲醇的車輛可以被設(shè)計(jì)成比燒甲醇的“克隆汽油車”更有效率的車輛,所以它們只需要比較少的燃料。車輛只要包含為使用甲醇而作的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)方面最簡(jiǎn)樸的改善,也將為迅速減輕城市空氣污染做出奉獻(xiàn)。 6.AutomaticAuto:aCarThatDrivesItself無(wú)人駕駛汽車1.InSeptemberadriverlessAudiTTSwillspeedtothetopofColorado'sPikesPeakatjustunder100kilometersperhour—that(yī)'sright,nodriver.Itisanearlysteptowardarobo-carthatcandriveitself,perhapsbetterthanyoucan.1、9月份,一輛無(wú)人駕駛的奧迪TTS汽車將以略低于每小時(shí)100公里的速度駛向科羅拉多州的派克峰頂部——對(duì)!沒(méi)有駕駛者!這是朝著能自動(dòng)駕駛的機(jī)器人汽車邁出的較早的一步,它或許比人操作得還好一些。2.ThePikesPeakrunisajointprojectoftheStanfordUniversityDynamicDesignLaborat(yī)ory,theElectronicsResearchLab(ERL)fortheVolkswagenGroup(whichownsAudi),andsoftware-makerOracleCorp.Therough,part-gravelroadtothetopofPikesPeakistherouteoftheannualInternationalHillClimbrally,anannualautoandmotorcyclerace.TheTTSrunwilldemonstratewhetherthecarcantakecurvesasfastasahumandriver—withoutdrivingoffacliff.2、“派克峰試駕”是斯坦福大學(xué)動(dòng)態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室、大眾集團(tuán)(奧迪品牌擁有者)電子研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室,以及軟件開(kāi)發(fā)商甲骨文公司的聯(lián)合項(xiàng)目。這條通往派克峰頂峰的艱險(xiǎn)的半沙礫公路也是每年一度的國(guó)際汽車及摩托車登山拉力賽的路線。這款TTS汽車的駕駛將證明它是否具有同人工駕駛相媲美的跑彎路的能力——盡量快而不會(huì)掉入懸崖。3.Thecar'ssportyhatchbackhousestwocomputersinitstrunk,bothusingOracle'sJavaReal-TimeSystemtorunalgorithmsthat(yī)keepthecarontheroadandatthelimitsofitshandlingabilityonthevaryingsurfacesandconditions.3、這款汽車跑車型的艙蓋式后背中嵌有兩臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī),都使用了Oracle的Java實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)通過(guò)算法來(lái)保證在不斷變化的路況下汽車在道路上行駛并且在其操縱能力的范圍之內(nèi)。4.ThecarwillbeguidedbyadifferentialGPSsystemthatcorrectserrorsarisinginglobalpositioningsatellitesignalsastheytravelthroughtheionosphereandtroposphere.Itisexactenoughtokeepthecarwithin1.5centimetersofitscourse.AsimilartechnologyisinthepilotstagefornationaldeploymentbytheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation'sFederalHighwayAdministrat(yī)ion,althoughthecrewisusinganoff-the-shelfradiotransmittertobroadcastexactlocationdatatobeusedforthecorrections.4、這款汽車將由一個(gè)特異的GPS系統(tǒng)來(lái)導(dǎo)航,該系統(tǒng)可以糾正全球定位衛(wèi)星信號(hào)在穿越電離層和對(duì)流層時(shí)出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。它精確到足以保持汽車在其路線1.5厘米的誤差范圍內(nèi)行駛。工作人員己在使用現(xiàn)成的無(wú)線電發(fā)射器來(lái)傳輸精確的位置數(shù)據(jù)用于更正路線,但是,類似的技術(shù)目前還處在由美國(guó)交通部下屬的聯(lián)邦公路管理局部署的全國(guó)試點(diǎn)階段,(并未允許事實(shí)上路)。5.Thereareseveralcomponentstowhattheautoindustrycallsautonomousdriving.First,thecarmustbeabletodistinguishthingsinitsenvironment,suchasroads,buildings,intersectionsandothercars.Second,itneedstobeabletoavoidcollisions.Beyondthesebasics,anintelligentvehiclewouldobeytherulesoftheroadwhilegettingtothedestinationasquicklyandsafelyaspossible.ThePikesPeakrunwilltesttheAudi'sabilitytomeetthisgoal.5、汽車行業(yè)所謂的自動(dòng)駕駛涉及幾個(gè)部分。一方面,汽車必須可以區(qū)分它周邊環(huán)境的物體,例如道路、建筑物、十字路口和其他車輛。另一方面,它要能避免碰撞。除了這些基本規(guī)定外,智能汽車必須盡也許快且安全地前往目的地的過(guò)程中遵守交通規(guī)則?!芭煽朔逶囻{”將測(cè)試奧迪車是否有能力實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的。6.Someofthesecapabilitieshavealreadyhitthestreet,andothershavebee(cuò)ndemonstratedintests.Forexample,inEuropeVolkswagenPassatscanparkthemselves,andcollisionwarningisavailableinhigh-endmodelsfrommostmajormanufacturers,includingToyota,MercedesandVolvo.6、其中一部分功能已經(jīng)在街道上實(shí)現(xiàn),其他的功能也已經(jīng)在測(cè)試中得到證實(shí)。例如,歐洲的大眾帕薩特可以自己泊車;并且重要汽車制造商,涉及豐田、奔馳和沃爾沃等,他們生產(chǎn)的高端車型也已經(jīng)能實(shí)現(xiàn)碰撞警告。7.TheUniversityofOxfordisworkingonanautonomousnavigationsystemthattakesrmationfromonboardsensors,radar,cameras,lasersandInternetservers.Further,GMenvisionsasystemcalledtheMobilityInternetthat(yī)connectsintelligentcarstoeachotherandtoremoteserversinavast,movingpeer-to-peernetworkthatwouldletthemtravelefficientlyandinsync.Someday,autonomousdrivingcouldoffertheultimatefort,lettingthedriverchatonthephone,emailorwatchTVonthewaytowork.Howmuchcontrolyouwanttoturnovertothecarmaydependonyourageandwhereyouaregoing,accordingtoMarcialHernandez,seniorengineeratERL."Onvacationwiththefamilythedrivermaywanttoturnaroundandtalktothekids.Peopleintheir30smaywanttodrivetoSanFrancisco,stopinfrontofthebar,andtellthecartogoparkitself."7、英國(guó)牛津大學(xué)正在開(kāi)發(fā)一種能從車載傳感器、雷達(dá)、攝像頭、激光束和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)器中獲取信息的自主導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)。并且通用汽車設(shè)想了一個(gè)稱為移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)將智能汽車彼此連接起來(lái),并連接到一個(gè)龐大的、移動(dòng)的、點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器上,這樣可以使汽車同步有效地行駛。在未來(lái)的某一天,自動(dòng)駕駛可以提供極致的舒適感,駕駛者可以在上班途中在電話里聊天、發(fā)送郵件或者看電視。ERL的髙級(jí)工程師馬歇爾?赫爾南德斯表達(dá),你想把多少控制權(quán)交給汽車取決于你的年齡和要去的地點(diǎn)?!霸谂c家人度假時(shí),駕駛者也許想轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭來(lái)和孩子說(shuō)說(shuō)話。30多歲的人也許想開(kāi)車去舊金山,把車停在酒吧前并讓汽車自己去停車場(chǎng)?!?.SaysHernandez,"Takingthefunoutofthedrivingisnotourmaingoal—we'dliketohelppeopleenjoydriving.Buttheyshouldmakethedecisioniftheywanttodriveorpresstheautopilotbutton."8、赫爾南德斯說(shuō):“感受脫離駕駛的樂(lè)趣并不是我們的重要目的一一我們想幫助人們享受駕駛。但是他們需要做個(gè)決定:是自己駕駛還是按下自動(dòng)駕駛儀的按鈕?!保?OurFamilyCreed家族的信條1.TheyaretheprinciplesonwhichmywifeandIhavetriedtobringupourfamily.Theyaretheprinciplesinwhichmyfatherbelievedandbywhichhegovernedhislife.Theyare

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