2023年考研外語(yǔ)提分試卷10

考研外語(yǔ)提分試卷10

一、UseofEnglish

1、What'syourearliestchildhoodmemory?Canyourememberlearningtowalk?Ortalk?Thefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogram?Adultsseldom(1)_____eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool,(2)_____childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour(3)_____retainanyspecific,personalexperiences.

Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen(4)_____bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis(5)_____forformingmemories,doesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory(6)_____that,sinceadultsdon'tthinklikechildren,theycannot(7)_____childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwords,andtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor(8)_____oneeventfollows(9)_____asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental(10)_____forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory,theydon'tfindanythatfitthe(11)_____.It'sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary.

NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew(12)_____forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren'tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto(13)_____.AccordingtoDr.Simms,childrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse'sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal(14)_____inordertoturntheirownshort-term,quicklyforgotten(15)_____ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother(16)_____,childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout(17)_____—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon(18)_____lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis(19)_____reinforcement,saysDr.Simms,childrencannotform.(20)_____memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences.

Notes:childhoodamnesia兒童失憶癥。

A.figure

B.interpret

C.recall

D.affirm

2、(2)

A.nowthat

B.evenif

C.asthough

D.justas

3、(3)

A.largely

B.rarely

C.merely

D.really

4、(4)

A.refuted

B.defied

C.proposed

D.witnessed

5、(5)

A.responsible

B.suitable

C.favorable

D.available

6、(6)

A.declines

B.assesses

C.estimates

D.maintains

7、(7)

A.reflect

B.attain

C.access

D.acquire

8、(8)

A.narratives

B.forecasts

C.communications

D.descriptions

9、(9)

A.therest

B.another

C.theother

D.others

10、(10)

A.deposits

B.dreams

C.flashes

D.files

11、(11)

A.model

B.pattern

C.frame

D.formula

12、(12)

A.emphasis

B.assertion

C.explanation

D.assumption

13、(13)

A.recall

B.remember

C.reflect

D.respond

14、(14)

A.instincts

B.feelings

C.sensations

D.experiences

15、(15)

A.impressions

B.beliefs

C.minds

D.insights

16、(16)

A.senses

B.cases

C.words

D.aspects

17、(17)

A.him

B.their

C.it

D.them

18、(18)

A.taken

B.utilized

C.applied

D.spent

19、(19)

A.habitual

B.verbal

C.unique

D.particular

20、(20)

A.permanent

B.mental

C.spiritual

D.conscious

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheempiricalevidenceconcerningcomparativevalidity,anduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined(forexample,abilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogram)andleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined(forexample,personalityorcreativity).Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.Forexample,theydon'tcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdon'ttellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.

Notes:divertattentionfrom沒(méi)有留意到。keepcarefulscore認(rèn)真記分。definevt.界定。

Whatistheessenceofthistext?

A.Attackingstandardizedtests.

B.Don'tBlamethetestblametheuser.

C.Standardizedtestsandtheirwideapplications.

D.Thestandardizedtest—ausefulmeansofassessment.

2、

Theselectionimpliesthat,moreoften,thevalueofaneducationaltestrestswith_____.

A.theinterpretationoftestresults.

B.theanalysisofthestudentstested.

C.theskillandwisdomofthetestitself.

D.theaccuracyoftheinformationprovided.

3、

Thethirdparagraphiswrittenmainlytostate_____.

A.thefunctionsofeducationaltests.

B.thedimensionsofstandardizedtests.

C.thebasesforusingstandardizedtests.

D.themixedresultsofstandardizedtests.

4、

Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingstatementsisnottrue?

A.Predictionsdonotalwaysholdtrue.

B.Somestudents"shine"unexpectedly.

C.Thesupervisorofthetestmustbewelltrained.

D.Personalitytestsoftenfallshortoftheirpurpose.

5、

Accordingtothetext.theauthor'sattitudetowardthevalueofstandardizedtestsseemstobe_____.

A.critical

B.dubious.

C.objective.

D.ambiguous.

6、MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.

Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesy,andthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold.thesickandtheburdened.

Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehavior.oftheseaboutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringthewar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen?

Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday'swork,arenotangels,either—farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogelonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.

Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsurgent,notonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon'tbothertoassist,taxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebus.andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.

Notes:

muchless更不用說(shuō)。Continentalman歐洲大陸上的人。ratrace激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。belostto全然不顧。alltoo實(shí)在太。behardonsth.對(duì)…太嚴(yán)峻。duen.應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫降臇|西。communicationsIntransport運(yùn)輸工具。won'tbothertodosth.不愿費(fèi)心去做某事。pullthehell(售票員)拉鈴(以便讓司機(jī)開(kāi)動(dòng)車(chē)輛)。doone'spart某人的責(zé)任。

Fromwhatyouhaveread,wouldyouexpectmannerstoimproveamongpeoplewho_____.

A.arephysicallystrong.

B.liveinbigmoderncities.

C.arefromtheoldergeneration.

D.liveonlyinmetropolitancities.

7、

Whatisthewriter'sopinionconcerningcourteousmannerstowardwomen?

A.Menshouldgiveuptheirseatstoyoungwomen.

B.Womenneedn'tbetreateddifferentlyfrommen.

C.LadyFirstshouldheuniversallypracticed.

D.Specialconsiderationoughttobeshowntothem.

8、

Accordingtotheauthor,communicationbetweenhumanbeingswouldbesmootherif_____.

A.publictransportcouldbeimproved.

B.peoplewerenotsotiredandirritable.

C.womenweretreatedwithmorecourtesy.

D.peoplewereconsideratetowardeachother.

9、

Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheword"deterioration"inthelastparagraph?

A.Spreadingofevilconduct.

B.Loweringofmoralstandards.

C.Worseningofgeneralsituation.

D.Decliningofphysicalconstitution.

10、

Intheauthor'sview.thebestremedyforcopingwiththehardconditionsintravelincitieswouldbeto_____.

A.attachsignificancetothemoraleducationofyoungpeople.

B.improvethemeansoftransportationandthepublicmorality.

C.treatpeople,betheyyoungandold,withcourtesyandsympathy.

D.demandthateveryoneavoidbriskargumentsandinsultingquarrels.

11、Forme,scientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciences,naturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworld(physicalandbiologicalsciences),andsciencesdealingwithmankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesofculturalachievements.everykindofhistoricalknowledge).

Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophy,aboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplace,allthisispureortheoreticalknowledge,soughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstanding,inordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexisted,andthattheworldwasofacertainkind,thathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkind,hewouldn'tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportance,becausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.

Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogress,manmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.Knowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeuseful,itwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperiments,carriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity,wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnology,withoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.

Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsake,becausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Buttinaddition,itisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.

Notes:

intrinsic固有的。con-substantial同體的。autonomy自主性。zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicion熱忱地并絲毫也沒(méi)有想到。forthemostpart大部分，主要地。Utopian烏托邦，抱負(fù)主義。disinterestedly不偏不倚地。resignoneselfto聽(tīng)任，服從。

Theauthordoesnotincludeamongthesciencesthestudyof_____.

A.literature.

B.chemistry.

C.astronomy.

D.anthropology.

12、

Intheauthor'sview,theGreekswhostudiedconicsections_____.

A.weremathematicians.

B.workedwithelectricity.

C.wereinterestedinnavigation.

D.wereunawareofthevalueoftheirstudies.

13、

Accordingtothetext,themostimportantadvancesmadebymankindmostprobablystemfrom_____.

A.innovations.

B.thenaturalsciences.

C.technicalapplications.

D.apparentlyuselessinformation.

14、

Whyiselectricaltechnologymentionedinthethirdparagraph?

A.Toconfirmitsimportanceinthemodernworld.

B.Toshowthepowerfulinfluenceofitsinventions.

C.Toverifytheusefulnessoftheoreticalknowledge.

D.Togiveanexampleofsuccessinpracticalscience.

15、

Thetitlewhichbestexpressestheideaofthistextis_____.

A.ProgressinPureScience.

B.LearningforItsOwnSake.

C.Man'sScienceandInventions.

D.DifferencebetweenScienceandTechnology.

16、Despitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspective,Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,andWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonature,history,andultimatelythecosmositself.Withoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeity(theGod)orofirrationalmatter,thisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;therefore,allknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge.

Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmerican,butuponthehumanasuniversal,freedfromtheaccidentsoftime,space,birth,andtalent.Thus,forEmerson,the"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";while,forWhitman,the"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe"childrenofAdam",where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou".

Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realization,which,inturn,dependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies:first,theself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdraw,toremainuniqueandseparate,andtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherself;andsecond,theself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualism,thepreservationoftheindividual'sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoself,whichisimpliedbytheconceptofliberty,andthedutytosociety,whichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity.

Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceas.inessence,symbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmos,ofwhichonlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters'faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights.

Notes:

Transcendentalist先驗(yàn)論的。self-transcending超越自我的。ethic倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，道德規(guī)范。betornbetween在...之間左右犯難。fraternity博愛(ài)。introspection反省。seer預(yù)言家，先知。metaphysical形而上學(xué)的。

Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthehumanisticperspectiveofthefivewriters?

A.Thespiritualandthematerialworldsareincompatible.

B.Humanitycanscarcelyaccountforhumansandtheworld.

C.Self-knowledgestemspartlyfromtheperceptionoftheuniverse.

D.Thestructureoftheuniversecanbediscoveredthroughself-knowledge.

17、

ByquotingWhitmaninparagraph2,theauthorintendsto_____.

A.showthatthepoetdoesnotcompletelyagreewithEmerson.

B.indicatethewaythepoetusesthehumanistidealtoappraisehimself.

C.demonstratethatthepoetisconcernedwiththewell-beingofallhumans.

D.illustrateawaythepoetexpressestherelationshipoftheindividualtothehumanisticuniverse.

18、

Theauthordiscusses"thedemocraticethic"inparagraph3inorderto_____.

A.explaintherelationshipbetweenexternalexperienceandinnerimagination.

B.supportthenotionthattheselfcontainstwoconflictingandirreconcilablearguments.

C.illustratetherelationshipbetweentheself'sdesiretobeindividualanditsdesiretomergewithallotherselves.

D.elaborateontheconceptthattheselfconstantlydesirestorealizeitspotential.

19、

Itcanbeinferredthattheideaof"anorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmos"inparagraph4isnecessarytothethinkingofthefivewritersbecausesucharelationship_____.

A.isthefoundationoftheirhumanisticviewofexistence.

B.justifiestheirconceptofthefreedomoftheindividual.

C.enablesthemtoasserttheimportanceofthedemocraticethic.

D.deniestheirfaithintheexistenceofintuitionandimagination.

20、

Theauthordiscussesthefivewritersmainlytoexplainsomeoftheirbeliefsabout_____.

A.therelationshipofhumanstotheexternalnature.

B.theimmensedifficultiesinvolvedinself-realization.

C.theemphasisupontheindividualasanuniversalone.

D.thehumannatureanditsdependencyontheworldanduniverse.

21、PartB(10points)

YouaregoingtoreadatextaboutstudyingintheUnitedStates,followedbyalistofexamples.Choosethebestexamplefromthelistforeachnumberedsubheading.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.

(41)Conflicts:

Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitory,itislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithanotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanways,therewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences.

(42)Sex:

Withregardtosexingeneral,Americanbehavior.isquitedifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina.

(43)RelationshipBetweenTeachersStudents:

Onthecampus,particularlywhereclassesaresmall,Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors.

(44)Gifts:

InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends,Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasions,itcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates,"gifts",givenonmanydifferentoccasions,areonlyservices.

(45)SocialIntercourse:

WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomes,youwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole,Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings.

A.Iwasastonished,forexample,whenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthday—thiswasagifttohim.Forus,thiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriends'gesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here.

B.Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors,"Professor"soandsoor"Dr.",soandso,someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformality,manyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.AgoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfilloutClassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse.

C.Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.Onenight,aftermidnight,Ihadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman'svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee,Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters.

D.Onmanyoccasions,forinstance,closefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriends,thetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman'swife!

E.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,ifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerparty,theinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate,theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded.

F.Forexample,manyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForSomereason,manywilltellyou,musichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrate,anideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We'dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

UnitedStatesSenatorJohnGlennreturnedtoorbitaboardthespaceshuttleDiscoveryinlateOctober,1998,36yearsafterhisfirstlift-offfromCapeCanaveralinFlorida.(46)