-新教材高中英語Unit1RELATIONSHIPSSectionⅢGrammar-過去完成時(shí)學(xué)案北師大版選擇性必修第一冊(cè)

PAGEPAGE6Grammar——過去完成時(shí)語法圖解探究發(fā)現(xiàn)①HeaskedmewhereIhadbeenduringthesummerholidays.②WhathadJanedonebythetimeshewasseven?③Ihadlearned900EnglishwordsbythetimeIwasten.④ShehadlivedhereforafewyearsbeforeshemovedtoBeijing⑤Bythetimemyparentsreachedhomeyesterday,Ihadcookedthedinneralready.⑥Hadyoueverseenherbeforethat?[我的發(fā)現(xiàn)]1．過去完成時(shí)由“had＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成。2．過去完成時(shí)的疑問句，將had提前。一、概念及基本結(jié)構(gòu)過去完成時(shí)表示過去的過去，其構(gòu)成是：had＋過去分詞。1．肯定句：主語＋had＋過去分詞。2．否定句：主語＋had＋not＋過去分詞。3．一般疑問句：Had＋主語＋過去分詞？肯定回答：Yes，主語＋had。否定回答：No，主語＋hadnot。4．特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞或詞組＋一般疑問句(had＋主語＋過去分詞)?[即時(shí)演練1]用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①Shesaidshehadseen(see)theprinciplealready.②Shesaidherfamilyhadhidden(hide)themselvesfromthearmyduringthewar.二、基本用法1．表示某一動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)刻之前已完成。Hehadgonetobedby10：00lastnight.昨夜十點(diǎn)鐘之前他已上床去睡了。2．與一般過去時(shí)搭配，表達(dá)某一動(dòng)作在過去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)已完成。ThetrainhadleftwhenIgottothestation.當(dāng)我到達(dá)車站時(shí)火車已開走了。TheminuteIsawaladygettingoffthebus,Iknewitwasher,forIhadseenherbefore.我一看到正在下公共汽車的那位女士就知道是她，因?yàn)槲乙郧耙娺^她。3．表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常與for(后跟時(shí)間段)或since(后跟時(shí)間點(diǎn))等連用。Shehadworkedinthisschoolsinceitopened25yearsago.自從這所學(xué)校25年前開辦以來，她一直在這里工作。4．使用過去完成時(shí)在簡(jiǎn)單句里表達(dá)某一動(dòng)作在過去的某一時(shí)刻已完成時(shí)，該過去的時(shí)刻常以“by＋過去時(shí)間”的短語來表達(dá)。例如下面的說法是不正確的：Hehadgonetobedat10：00lastnight.若是要說“at10：00lastnight”就必須用一般過去時(shí)“Hewenttobed...”。請(qǐng)?jiān)儆^察下面的句子試比較：Ithadrainedyesterday.(誤)Itrainedyesterday.(正)[即時(shí)演練2]補(bǔ)全句子①Ihadreachedthestationbeforesixo'clock.六點(diǎn)之前我已到達(dá)車站。②Bythetimewearrived,everyonehadreceivedmedicalcare.我們到達(dá)時(shí)，每個(gè)人已接受了醫(yī)療護(hù)理。三、常見句型過去完成時(shí)既可表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前所發(fā)生的事情，也可表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間，下面是過去完成時(shí)的常見句型：1．Bytheendof＋名詞(短語)，主語＋haddone...Bytheendoftheday,mostoftheinhabitantshadlefttheirhomes.到這一天結(jié)束的時(shí)候，大部分居民已離開他們的家園。2．主句＋haddone＋before＋過去時(shí)間狀語Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforefiveo'clock.五點(diǎn)之前我已完成作業(yè)。3．用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在這些動(dòng)作之前。ShesaidthatshehadneverbeentoParis.她說她從未去過巴黎。4．Bythetime＋從句(did/was/were),主語＋haddone...Bythetimewearrived,someonehadgrabbedallthegoodseats.我們到達(dá)時(shí)，所有的好位子都給人占了。5．主語＋haddone...＋before從句(did/was/were)Fortunately,thepopulationhadleftthevillagebeforethevolcanoerupted.幸運(yùn)的是，火山噴發(fā)前人們已離開了村莊。6．主語＋haddone...＋when從句(did/was/were)TheyhadalreadyputthefireoutwhenIreturnedtothevillage.當(dāng)我返回村子時(shí)，人們已將大火撲滅。7．主語＋(did/was/were)＋after從句(haddone)Theearthquakehappenedinthedaytimeafterpeoplehadalreadylefthomeforworkorschool.地震發(fā)生在白天，當(dāng)時(shí)人們已離開家去上班或上學(xué)。8．Hardly(scarcely,barely)had＋主語＋done＋when從句(did/was/were);Nosoonerhad＋主語＋done＋than從句(did/was/were)HardlyhadIgothomewhentherainpoureddown.我剛到家大雨就傾盆而下。Nosoonerhadhelefthomethanitbegantorain.他一離開家天就下起雨來。9．It/This/Thatwasthefirst/...time＋that從句(haddone)Itwasthethirdtimethathehadmadethesamemistake.這是他第三次犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤了。10．Itwas/hadbeen＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句(haddone)Itwastenyearssincewehadhadsuchawonderfultime.我們已經(jīng)有十年都沒這么高興過了。11．hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose,want,think等動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用過去完成時(shí)表示一件本來打算做而未做，曾經(jīng)設(shè)想而未實(shí)現(xiàn)的事。Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldnotgethereintime.他們本想來幫忙，但未及時(shí)趕到。Ihadthoughtthathehaddiedatleasttwentyyearsago.我原以為他至少死了二十年。Ihadintendedtocomeovertoseeyou,butwaspreventedfromdoingso.我原打算過來看你，但受阻未成。12．用于表示與過去事實(shí)相反的if虛擬條件句中Ifshehadseenyouyesterday,shewouldhavetoldyouthetruth.如果她昨天見過你，她就會(huì)告訴你事實(shí)的真相。13．用在wish后的賓語從句中，表示與過去事實(shí)相反。Iwishedthathehadn'tmadesuchamistake.我希望他從未犯過這樣的錯(cuò)誤。[即時(shí)演練3]用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①Bythetimeshereachedhospital,shehadslipped(slip)intoacoma.②BytheendofJune,theyhadtreated(treat)over10,000patients.③Hehadlearned(learn)alotbeforehewas10yearsold.四、過去完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別過去完成時(shí)有特殊的語法規(guī)則，它與其他完成時(shí)有明顯不同，不僅結(jié)構(gòu)上不同，內(nèi)容、含義上也不同。(一)過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞have(has)＋過去分詞”；過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。比較：Ihavelearned1,000Englishwordssofar.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1,000個(gè)英語單詞。Ihadlearned1,000Englishwordstillthen.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1,000個(gè)英語單詞。—I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.—Oh,notatall.Ihavebeenhereonlyafewminutes.——對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。——沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)(二)過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1．時(shí)間狀語不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。比較：Theyhadarrivedatthestationbytenyesterday.他們昨天十點(diǎn)就到了車站。Theyarrivedatthestationattenyesterday.他們昨天十點(diǎn)到達(dá)車站。2．在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。Shewasveryhappy.Herwholefamilywerepleasedwithher,too.Shehadjustwonthefirstinthecompositioncompetition.她非常高興。她的全家也都對(duì)她很滿意。她剛在作文比賽中獲得第一名。3．當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用and或but連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)；另外，在before,after,assoonas引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。Heenteredtheroom,turnedonthelightandreadaneveningpaper.他走進(jìn)房間，打開燈，讀了一份晚報(bào)。Ourneighboursmadeuswelcomeassoonaswearrived.我們一到就受到了鄰居們的歡迎。[即時(shí)演練4]補(bǔ)全句子①HesaidthathehadbeeninChinaforovertenyears.他說他在中國(guó)已經(jīng)有十多年了。②Hardlyhadwearrivedwhentheproblemsstarted.我們剛到，問題就來了。③ShehadrushedoutofthedoorbeforeIcouldstopher.我還沒來得及阻止她，她就沖出門去了。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Ihadfinished(finish)halfoftheworkbyyesterday.2．Shefoundthatshehadleft(leave)herluggageonthebus.3．Shealreadyknewthesecretbutnoonehadtold(tell)her.4．Ifhehaddone(do)otherwise,Ishouldhavethoughthimabadman.5．Sheturnedscarletfromembarrassment,oncesherealized(realize)whatshehaddone.Ⅱ.補(bǔ)全句子1．NosoonerhadIsatdownthantherewasaloudknockonthedoor.我剛坐下就有人大聲敲門。2．ItwasthefirsttimethatIhadbeeninaforeigncountry.那是我第一次到國(guó)外。3．Itwasthreeyearssincehehadlefthisgrandfather.他離開他的外祖父已有三年。4．IwishedthatIhadn'twrittenthatarticle.我希望我從未寫過那篇文章。5．Ifhehadstudiedhard,hewouldhavepassedtheexam.如果他努力學(xué)習(xí)了，他就能通過考試了。Ⅲ.語法填空IwasonmywaytotheTaiyetosMountains.Thesunwassetting1mycarbrokedownneararemotevillage.Cursingmy2(fortune)，IwaswonderingwhereIwasgoingtospendthenightwhenIrealisedthatthevillagerswhohadgatheredaroundme3(argue)astowhoshouldhavethehonourofreceivingme4aguestintheirhouse.Finally，Iacceptedtheofferof580-year-oldpeasantwomanwholivedaloneinalittlehouse.Whileshewasgettingmesettledintoatinybutcleanroom，theheadofthevillagewastyinguphishorse6mycartopullittoasmalltownsome20kilometersaway7therewasagarage.Ihadnoticedthreehens8(run)freelyinmyhostess'courtyardandthatnightoneofthemendedupinadishonmytable.Othervillagersbroughtmegoats'cheeseandhoney.Wedranktogetherandtalked9(merry)tillfarintothenight.Whenthetimecameformetosaygoodbyetomyfriendsinthevillage，Iwanted