契訶夫英文簡(jiǎn)介

第契訶夫英文簡(jiǎn)介安東·巴甫洛維奇·契訶夫簡(jiǎn)介

AntonioPavlovich(hì)(January29,1860-July15,1904)isRussia'sworld-classshortstorymaster,isthelastoneofthelate19thcenturyRussiaCriticismofrealismartmaster,andtheFrenchwriterMaupassantandAmericanwriterOuHenrycalled"theworld'sthreeshortnovelists",isastrongsenseofhumorwriter,hisnovelcompactrefining,concise,tothereadertoindependentthinkingOftheroom.Theplayhashadagreatinfluenceonthe19thcenturydrama.Heinsistedonthetraditionofrealism,focusingondescribingthedailylifeoftheRussianpeople,shapingthetypicalcharacterofthelittlepeople,totrulyreflectthesituationofRussiansocietyatthattime.Thetwomajorfeaturesofhisworkarethemockeryoftheuglyphenomenonandthedeepsympathyforthepoor,andhisworkmercilesslyexposestheirrationalsocialsystemandtheuglinessofthesocietyunderthetsarrule.HewasconsideredanoutstandingrepresentativeofRussianrealistliteratureattheendofthe19thcentury.

安東·巴甫洛維奇·契訶夫生平經(jīng)歷

In1860,Chekhov(Russian:АнтонПавловичЧехов)wasbornonJanuary29thintheRussiantownofRostovsk,Russia.Rankthreeinthesixchildrenlivingathome.Hisgrandfatherandhisfatherwereserfs,byvirtueoftheirownhardworkandwisdom,Chekhov'sgrandfatherYeGuofudeChekhovwhenhewasonbehalfoftheowneroftheownerofthesugarfactorymanager,andgraduallyaccumulatedasumMoney,andfinallyin1841forhisfamilyransom.Chekhov'sfather,PavierYeluoLuoweiqiChekhov,wasfreetomarryadaughternamedYevgeny'sclothingbusinessman,whowastheownerofthegrocerystoreinTaganroge.Orthodoxisverydevoutandevenfanatical,whichChekhovlatercompassionhasadeepimpact.Thefather'sshopisbleak,whichmakesChekhov'shardlifefromchildhood.Fatherisveryharshonthechild,oftenbeaten.Inspiteofthis,Chekhovisalwaysfilialtohisparents.Hismotheroftentellsstoriestohischildrenandspeakswell.Shespeaksmainlyofherandherclothingbusinessman'sfathertravelsthroughoutthestoryofRussia.Chekhovgrewuplikecomedyandperformance,whichlaidthefoundationforhislaterplaywright'sroad.Chekhovlatersaid:"Ourtalentfromourfather,butoursoulfromthemother."In1867,heenteredalocalGreekprimaryschool.

In1879,Chekhovcompletedhighschool,wenttoMoscowandfamilyreunion.WherehereceivedascholarshiptoentertheMoscowUniversityDepartmentofMedicine.Attheendoftheyear,hewroteashortstory"Alettertoalearnedneighbor",whichwashisdebut.

In1880,duetofamilydifficulties,Chekhovbegantoliteraryjournalistidentityforsomehumorouspublicationstowritesomeshorthumorworks,inordertomaintainlife,hebeganhisliterarycareer.Theartisticvalueofthesefunnyworksisnotveryhigh,butthereadabilityisverystrong,butalsocanbeseenatthetimeofthemagazineprocuratorialorgans.Hegraduallyhasagroupofreaders.Gradually,hisfamebegantospread.However,hisearlyhumorworksalsohavesomeoftheshortcomings,satiricalsocialbadphenomenonandtheworld'smasterpiece.InMarch1880,hepublishedtheshortstory"Alettertothelearnedneighbor"inthe"dragonfly"magazine,becamehisfame.Atthattimehewasonthefirstyearoftheuniversity,andhisnamewas"AntaixuCheong"(АнтошаЧехонте).Thetextisironicandignorantofanold-fashionedlandlord,whohasbeendissatisfied,andhasbeenwarmlywelcomedbythereader(itisevidentthathehasbeeninfluencedbyalargenumberofpopularhumormagazinesinRussiaatthattime).Atthispointhewaswrittenveryquickly,thenumberofworksalot.Soonmanypeopleknowthatthereissuchalovesarcasticauthor,healsoattractedtheattentionofsomefamouswriters.Hebegantoliteraryjournalistidentitytothe"dragonfly","tidbits"andothermagazinescontribution,withthepenname.Hecontinuedhisownhabitsafterhisfame.In1880,afterhisdebut,hebecameacquaintedwiththefamouslandscapepainterLeviathanandbecameacross.

In1885,hecreatedandpublished"boots","Masurname","wherecard","lostpeople","premeditatedguilty","fianceandfather(modernsketch)","guests(ascene)""Expensivedog","papercannotwrapfire","hum,thesepassengers!","PrishbieYevSergeant","hunter","sad"andothershortstories.Healsobegantotrytocreatethescript.In1883,hepublishedsomeoftheearlycreationofshortstories:"fatandthin","happy","onthenail","thewinnerofthetriumphantly(aretiredfourteenproductofficialstory)","Thedeathofasmallcivilservant"(Смертьчиновника),"unevenmirror","mysteryofthesamecharacter","webmaster",theseworkslaidhispositionintheRussianliteraryworld.In1884graduatedfromChekhovUniversity,receivedaBachelorofMedicinedegreeandpracticingmedicinelicense.Thisyear,healsopublishedanumberofshortstories:"civilexam","wearingamaskofpeople","chameleon"(Хамелеон),"surgery."Heinthe"chameleon"initssatiretousethemostvividly.Hiscreationbegantoturntothehardshipsofworkersliving,artisalsorising.Thisyear,hepublishedhisfirstbook,TheStoryofMelPomeranian(СказкиМельпомены),whichcollectedsixshortstoriespublishedinhumorousjournals.Thepublicationofthebookreinforceshisdeterminationinliterarycreation.Afterhegraduatedfromcollege,hegavehimselftothisposition:"Doctorismycareer,writingismyhobby."

In1886,hepublishedshortstoriessuchas"ladies","happypeople","inthevilla","romanticstoriesofcello","aworkofart","whitemouth",and"(Тоска),"wherecard"(Ванька)and"diners","principals"seriesofshortstories.Thisisthe"distress"and"wherecard"istheearlycreationofathoughtandartisticleap,henolongerwriteahumorousstoryinside.Then,hepublishedashortstorycollection"Motleystory",whichincludesthefamous"distress","wherecard",especiallytheformer,aboutalostoldhorsecoachmannowheretotalkabouttheirowndepression,butTellthestoryofyourhorse.Thisworklanguagesimple,emotionalandsincere,andlaterbymanyfamousunanimouslyappreciated.NewZealandshortstorykeeperCatherineMansfieldevensaid,"IftheFrenchalltheshortstoriesaredestroyed,and"depressed"tostay,Iwillnotfeelapity."Thisyear,ahumblenameThewriterofDmitryVasilyevichGrigorovich(ДмитрийВасильевичГригорович)discoveredChekhov'stalentandwrotealettertohim,surethathisliterarytalentwashisencouragement.Heisfullofhistalent,hopehecherisheshistalent,sothathisowncreativeattitudemorerigorous,moremeaningfulworks(thispersonisthereforeknownasthe"famouswriter").Chekhovwasinspired,begantotreatthewritingwithaseriousattitude,andlaterbegantowriteaseriesofprofoundideasofthemasterpiece.Thisyear,hewrotemorethanonehundredshortstories.Alsothisyear,hisscriptcreationattemptsfinallyhavetheresult:"onthetobaccohazards",whichisarelaxedcomedy.

In1887,ChekhovtraveledtotheeasternpartofUkraineduetooverworkandpoorhealth.Afterthetripcameback,hewrotethenovella"Prairie"(Степь).Alsothisyear,hiscreationpeakarrived.Thisyear,hepublishedthe"typhoid","kiss","Volvo","calamity","wedding","fugitive","helpless"andotherexcellentshortstories.Healsopublishedthepopularcomedy"idiot"andthefourcomedy"Ivanov".Thenhepublishedthenovel"AtDusk",forthefirsttimeinthisbook,andgaveittoDmitryVasilyevichGrigorovich.

In1888,hepublishedthenovella"Prairie"(Степь)intheseriousliteraryjournal"TheNorthernGuide"(Северныйвестник).Thisworkisquitewellreceived,markinghisfarewelltothecreationofcomedynovels,ishismaturesign.Hewasawardedthe"PushkinGoldAward"bytheRussianAcademyofSciences.Thenhecreatedanothershortessaymasterpiece"insanity".

InFebruary1889,"Ivanov"performedattheRoyalTheaterinPetersburg.Thenhepublishedthenovel"TheMeaninglessStory".Then,hewroteasingle-actcomedy"marry"andthefourcomedy"LinGod".Hasbecomeawell-knownplaywright,hejoinedtheplaywrightassociationfoundedbyAlexanderOstrovsky.

FromApriltoSeptemberin1890,Chekhovwasalone,firstbytrain,afterriding,byboat,cametothepoliticalprisonerstocarryoutfieldvisits.ThehorrifichorrorsofthehellontheislandandthepovertyofthecityofSiberialeftadeepimpressiononChekhov,makinghimadeeperunderstandingofthedarknessofthereality,graduallychangingthementalityofpolitics,TheinsideroftheRussianautocraticsystem,thefamousnovella"SixthWard"(Палата№6)andthereportliterature"SakhalinTravel"aretheproductsafterthisstudy.Thisyear,hepublishedashortstory"thief","Geshev",createdasingle-actcomedy"forcedthetragicrole","married."

In1891,hecreatedandpublishedtheshortstory"village",novella"duel",theonlycomedy"anniversary",which"duel"isthefirstinthehistoryofliteraturetoLeoTolstoy"Donotanti-evil"pointofviewtochallengetheliteraryworks.Thisyear,Chekhovwillfocusondramacreation,butdidnotstopthenovelcreation.

In1892,hecreatedandpublished"jumpingandjumpingwoman","neighbor"and"sixthward"(Палата№6)."Sixthward"isamajorsocialissue,thefiercecriticismofthetsardictatorshiptyranny,againstthespiritofthepeopleofthedestruction,worksoflanguagesimple,depressedatmosphere,finewriting,butthoughtful.Leninreadtheworkaftertheyoung"feelterrible",thathe"seemstohavebeenlockedinthesixthward.""SixthWard"markstheturningpointofChekhov'screation,agreatachievementafterhistriptoSakhalinIsland.Sincethen,Chekhov'sshortstorieshaveastrongersocial,criticalspiritanddemocraticspirit,theartisnottheslightestweakening."Sixthward"alsoadheringtothe"duel"spirit,LeoTolstoy's"donotfightagainstevil"thoughtmoreviolentimpact.Thisyear,hecarriedoutatripabroad,toVenice,Florence,Rome,Paristravel.

In1893,heauthoredandpublishedtheshortstory"AnonymousStory"and"GreatVolgaandLittleVolga".Thisyear,hewasinthecareofpatientsinfectedwithtuberculosis(thentuberculosisisalmostincurable),forwhichhewenttoNicetocultivate.

In1894,hecreatedandpublishedintheshortstory"awoman'sheavenandearth","blackmonks","collegestudents",andthereportofliterature"Sakhalintravel"."SakhalinTravel"directedatthedictatorshipoftheRussianCommunistPartyandtheoppressionofthepoliticalprisoners.

In1895,heauthoredandpublishedtheshortstory"Anna","murder","whiteforehead"hangingaroundhisneck,andfinishedthefour-actcomedy"ɡайка"(Чайка).

In1896,thecomedy"Seagull"failedintheRoyalTheaterofPetersburg,andinthecriticismofpublicopinion,thedisappointedChekhovoncevowednevertocreateascript.Thenhepublishedthenovella"MyLife".

In1897,hepublishedshortstories"Farmers","PeggyNiger","inthehometown","inthecart"andsoon.Thenheviolatedtheoathofthepreviousyearandwrotethefour-actdrama"Uncleяяя"(ДядяВаня),whichreflectsthesceneofrurallife."UncleWanNiya"tellsthestoryofablindadmireronthe"famousprofessor"despairandawanttobenefitthefuturegenerationsofruraldoctorsfantasyburst.TheplayisoneofthemasterpiecesofChekhov'splays,whichhavebeenperformedseveraltimesattheMoscowArtTheater.

In1898,hejoinedtheMoscowArtTheater,metGolgi,andestablishedadeepfriendshipwithhim.ThetwoofthemoftenstudythedevelopmentofdramaandnovelsandstudyhowtoopenupnewwaysforthedevelopmentofRussiandrama.HebeganwithKonstantinStanislavsky,Danqinko,whohadacreativecooperation,thestagearthasmadesignificantchanges.HealsohelpedStanislavskyformhisowntheoryofdrama.Thisyear,hecompletedandpublishedthenovella"YaoNeiqi"(Ионыч),"peoplechangemediocrity"madeaprofoundartisticshow.Thenhecreatedandpublishedthe"ShortTrilogy":"Curcuma","Heroes"(Человеквфутляре),"TheStoryoftheAegean".Thesethreenovelslaughedandcriticizedthevulgarphenomenaandrigidthoughtsinsociety.TheseworksreflectthecharacteristicsofChekhovfiction:donotpursuetheplotoftheattractive,payattentiontothecharacteroftheshape,sothatthecharacterofthedifferentcharacterstoformaconflictandcontradiction,andthenreflectthesocialreality.Whichmakeshisshortstoriescangivereadersathoughtandlong-termimpressed.Inthespecificdescription,hesaid:"Themoreclosely,themorecompact,themoreexpressive,themoreclear."LeoTolstoysoveryrespectedChekhov,said:"HeislikeImpressionistpainter,Seeminglymeaningless,buttherecannotreplacetheartisticeffect."Gorkyalsosaid:"RussianshortstoriesisChekhovwithPushkin,Turgenevcreatedtogether,theyare'cannotmatch'of."

In1898,thecomedy"Seagull"(Чайка)wasstagedattheMoscowArtTheater.Later,GaoXiang'sseagullsbecametheemblemoftheMoscowArtTheater.Thisyear,hetraveledwithSuvolintotraveltoWesternEurope.HesupportedZola'sjustactionintheDreyfuscaseandthusalienatedtheoppositeofSuvolin'srelationship.Afterreturninghome,hemovedtoYaltaduetothedeteriorationofthetuberculosiscondition,whereheoftenassociatedwithLeoTolstoy,Gorky,IvanLeccevicPuin(1933NobelPrizewinner)andKuplinandotherscommunicatewitheachother.HehadwantedtocometoChinawithGolgi,buthadtogiveupforhealthreasons.Yaltabecamethebackgroundofhisnovel"TheWomanwithDog"(1899).

In1899,hepublishedhisownnovelssuchas"Baby","NewVilla","Tolerance","DogwithaDog",andhis"UncleUncle"(ДядяВаня)attheMoscowArtTheaterStaged.

In1900,hecreatedandpublishedthefour-actdrama"ThreeSisters"(Трисестры),aswellastheshortstories"atChristmasFestival","intheGorge".Thisyear,hewaselectedhonoraryacademicianoftheRussianRoyalAcademyofSciences.Inthesameyear,atYaltametwithTolstoy.

In1903,hecompletedthesh